Este documento trata sobre la NIC 39 Instrumentos Financieros: Reconocimiento y Medición. La NIC 39 modifica significativamente la contabilización de los instrumentos financieros y aspira a proveer principios contables con respecto a los activos y pasivos financieros. Algunos de los aspectos más importantes de la NIC 39 son la identificación de instrumentos derivados independientes e implícitos, la clasificación y medición, la eliminación, el deterioro y la contabilidad de cobertura.
Before IAS 39, companies may have been parties to derivative instruments that were not recorded on the balance sheet or only a premium paid/received was recorded (examples: forward contracts, options contracts). Under IAS 39, not only are all financial instruments required to be recorded on the balance sheet, but all derivatives and many more financial assets must be carried at fair value. This represents a significant change from previous accounting. Under IAS 25 (whose scope is investments) many investments were carried either at cost or at the lower of cost or market (ie, “LOCOM”) with some subjectivity. In a hedge relationship, it is the change in value of the hedging instrument that drives the hedge accounting entries to be recorded by an enterprise. Under the hedge accounting models (fair value, cash flow, net investment – all discussed in a later module) it is the change in value of the hedging instrument that must be recorded each period that the hedge relationship is measured. IAS: IAS 39.27-29 (recognition) IAS 39.66-69 (measurement at fair value) IAS 39.153, 158 (changes in value of hedging instrument)
The main IAS that address financial instruments are IAS 39, 32, and 21. IAS 39 and 32 should be viewed together. IAS 39: deals with recognition and derecognition; initial and subsequent measurement; and hedge accounting IAS 32: deals with disclosures on financial instruments as well as certain important presentation issues (eg, offsetting, liability vs equity classification) IAS 21: deals with foreign exchange, and is fundamentally unchanged (except for referring to 39) and continues to be relevant. This standard also covers the accounting for net investments in foreign entities, and hedging of these net investments. Treatment of monetary instruments for FX changes continues to be applicable, ie, these must still be remeasured for FX at the spot rate (even if the instrument is HTM) Finance lease receivables and payables meet the definition of a financial instrument and are within the scope of IAS 32, therefore all the presentation and disclosure requirements of IAS 32 should be applied to lease receivables and payables. Lease receivables and payables are however scoped out of IAS 39 and the principles set out in IAS 17 should be applied in respect of recognition and measurement of these instruments.
These are basic types of derivatives commonly used by enterprises. Some significant features of each type of instrument include: Forward contract entered by two parties, usually directly (over the counter/ OTC contract) generally no premium settlement is mandatory Future exchange-traded forward contract, where there is an intermediary rather than entering the contract directly Option a premium is paid by one party to the other holder is allowed to let option expire unused (ie, settlement is not mandatory) Swap no premium paid settlement is mandatory IAS: IAS 32.9
Explain the participants the purpose of the standard, its relevance for all enterprises and the effective date.
The major principles introduced by IAS 39 are: Recognition of all derivatives Before IAS 39, many derivative instruments were not recorded on the balance sheet or only the premium paid/received was recorded (e.g.. options). Fair value measurement of derivatives and most financial assets Under IAS 39, not only are all financial instruments required to be recorded on the balance sheet, but all derivatives and many more financial assets must be carried at fair value. This represents a significant change from most GAAPs. Hedge accounting In the past, there were no rules in IFRS and in many other GAAPs on hedge accounting. Practice has varied, but typically the accounting treatment of the hedging instrument has followed the accounting treatment of the underlying transaction. IAS 39 establishes requirements governing when, and whether, economic hedging transactions will qualify for hedge accounting. Since hedge accounting allows a different accounting treatment to what would normally be applied, the conditions for hedge accounting are highly restrictive. All the above issues are discussed later during the presentation in more detail. These principles reflect all main trends in the development of IAS. Ref : IAS 39.27-29 (recognition) IAS 39.66-69 (measurement at fair value) IAS 39.142 (requirements for hedge accounting)
Each of these aspects of IAS 39 is expected to have a significant impact and will be addressed in the presentation.
Instruments that meet the definition of financial instruments as defined in IAS 39 and IAS 32 will fall in the scope of these standards (but for certain exceptions discussed later). Presenters may wish to choose an example of a financial asset or liability, for instance, from the list on the next slide to demonstrate application of the above definitions. The term “contract” in the above definitions refer to an agreement between two or more parties that has clear economic consequences and that the parties have little, if any, discretion to avoid, usually because the agreement is enforceable by law. An example of item not meeting the definition would be a tax liability, as it is not based on a contract between two or more parties. Ref: IAS 32.5-17 IAS 39.8-21
The scope of IAS 39 is broad and covers all financial instruments, both primary and derivatives. Ref: IAS 39.1,8,10
Exclusions are because: IASB did not intend to override other standards in existence IASB anticipates future standards to address Insurance Contracts, inc. weather derivatives However, an insurance company must follow IAS 39 for its other financial instruments (just not for insurance contracts) Ref: IAS. 39.1-5
It will help your audience to provide examples of the specific instruments that fall within the scope of the standard. Discuss each of the items on the slide in terms of the definition. Adjust the list as appropriate to your audience. For example if your audience has a banking background you should discuss loans and advances, bonds, trading instruments etc. The following are financial instruments – debtors; creditors; foreign currency forward contract; put and call options; equity investments.
Exclusions are because: IASB did not intend to override other standards in existence IASB anticipates future standards to address Insurance Contracts, inc. weather derivatives However, an insurance company must follow IAS 39 for its other financial instruments (just not for insurance contracts) Ref: IAS. 39.1-5
Explain that IAS 39 does not override the requirement to consolidate subsidiaries and to equity account associates. This is an issue that is particularly important for venture capitalists and other enterprises that have investment banking activities. In cases where an investor holds 20 – 50% of the shares in an enterprise there is a presumption that the investor has significant influence and therefore the investment must be accounted for under the equity method in terms of IAS 28, except in exceptional circumstances. Similarly, where an investor holds in excess of 50% the investor is presumed to have control unless it can be clearly demonstrated this is not the case. An investment is only exempted from being consolidated or equity accounted where: The investment is acquired and held solely with the intention of its disposal in the near future (the KPMG interpretation of near future is within 12 months of the first annual accounting period after the acquisition – see IAS Desk Alert 2001/5). Similarly being in the venture capital industry or having a ‘temporary’ intention does not qualify a company to apply this exemption. The investee operates under severe long term restrictions that severely restrict its ability to transfer funds to the investor. Recent development The IASB has agreed to allow an exception for investment banking or venture capital investments from being equity accounted and accounted for under IAS 39. No exception from consolidation is allowed.
Exclusions are because: IASB did not intend to override other standards in existence IASB anticipates future standards to address Insurance Contracts, inc. weather derivatives However, an insurance company must follow IAS 39 for its other financial instruments (just not for insurance contracts) Ref: IAS. 39.1-5
There are three characteristics noted in IAS that are used to determine whether a financial instrument is a derivative. An underlying is the source from which the derivative “derives” its value. It is a variable factor whose changes are observable/measurable. The requirement relating to no or little initial net investment has been interpreted to mean any amount that is less than the investment needed to acquire a primary financial instrument that has a similar response to market changes. The contract should be settled at a future date. A derivative instrument should have all three characteristics. Ref: IAS 39.10, 13-16
Commodities and commodity-based contracts: A commodity itself is not a financial instrument, and is therefore excluded from the scope of IAS 39. However, a commodity-based contract, ie, a commitment to purchase or a sale of commodities (broad definition) is a forward (if it meets all of the criteria of a derivative), and falls within the scope of IAS 39. IAS 39.6: commodity based contracts that give the right (to either party) to settle in cash or another financial instrument are within the scope. This can also be achieved if it is easy to sell the contract in the market prior to settlement. An exception to the general rule is made under IAS 39 for those commodity-based contracts that will be settled by actual physical delivery rather than settled through a net cash payment. This is the normal purchase and sale exemption. Regular way transactions: Why is the regular way exclusion necessary? Otherwise a derivative would be recognised between trade and settlement dates (essentially a forward) as the two parties have locked into a price for a transaction to be settled at a future date. If not for this exclusion, most transactions that do not settle on the same day they are entered would be considered to have a derivative that would fall within the accounting requirements of IAS 39 (ie, recorded on the balance sheet at FV). What is a regular way transaction A transaction that occurs within the time frame regulated by a market regulation or convention that dictates a short period between trade and settlement date For example: A security traded on an exchange with 3 or 6 day settlement period A fixed rate loan commitment that is made within the time frame established in the market for finalising the documentation Although these transactions would meet the definition of a derivative, it would not be recognised as a derivative if the transaction is settled within the time frame that is established in the market. Ref: IAS 39.6, 14 (normal purchases and sales) IAS 39.30-31 (regular way transactions )
It is necessary to distinguish embedded derivatives in order to achieve consistent treatment of all derivatives, whether embedded or not, and prevent enterprises from circumventing the requirement of carrying derivatives at their fair value with changes recorded in the income statement. For this reason IAS 39 requires to identify hybrid instruments that contain a derivative element. The derivative element can be based on an interest rate, security or commodity price, foreign exchange rate, index of prices or rates, or other variable. A derivative element may need to be separated and accounted for separately if certain conditions are met. These conditions are discussed on the next slide. Ref: IAS 39.22-26 (embedded derivatives)
If the host contract is already carried at fair value with adjustments recorded in P&L, there is no need to separate the embedded derivative from the host contract (effectively the embedded derivative is being carried at fair value already). If the features of the embedded are closely related to those of the host contract, there is also no need to separate the embedded derivative. To determine whether closely related, one should evaluate the interdependency between the embedded derivative and the host contract. We will discuss this further on a later slide. Ref: IAS 39.22-26
If the host contract is NOT a financial instrument, other IAS may apply. The enterprise should follow the relevant standard to account for the host contract. If there is an embedded derivative that should be separated, however the enterprise determines that it cannot measure it reliably, the enterprise must record the entire contract at fair value with changes recorded to P&L. Ref: IAS 39.23, 26
Previously IAS 21, IAS 25, IAS 32 were the only standards addressing financial instruments. No standard addressed recognition and measurement of financial instruments as a whole; only certain specific types of financial instruments were covered. Also, many more instruments were carried at cost (only trading and certain other investments were at fair value). Under IAS 39, all trading assets (which includes derivatives) and available for sale assets are at fair value. Main changes are: All derivatives are recognised Derivatives are at FV Some other financial assets are now recognised (generally related to derecognitions) Hedge accounting rules are set out IAS 39 provides a comprehensive approach to hedge accounting. The standard notes the criteria that must be met in order to apply hedge accounting. The standard then specifies the three hedge accounting models that may be used, and the accounting impact of each.
No enterprises are specifically excluded; however certain instruments are excluded, since they are not financial instruments or since they are dealt with in other standards. As discussed in previous notes, IAS 39 and IAS 32 (Disclosures) should be viewed together as a comprehensive set of standards on financial instruments. IAS 39 includes some additional disclosure requirements relating to financial risk management, hedge accounting, and activity recorded in equity (relating to AFS remeasurement and cash flow hedging). The IASB’s Implementation Guidance Committee (IGC) has issued implementation guidance in the form of Questions and Answers (Q&A’s). Note that Q&A’s do not have the same authority as a Standard or Interpretation, however the expectation is that this guidance should be adhered to by enterprises. The IASB announced in August 2001 that IAS 39 will be going through and improvements project. The improvements project will focus on amending IAS 39 based on comments received on application difficulties. The improvements project will also consider updating IAS 39 to include a number of the issues that have been addressed by the Q&As. IAS: IAS 39.1 (scope)
IAS 39 is considered to be an interim standard. IASB issued this standard to meet its commitment to IOSCO of a comprehensive body of GAAP by 1998. The standard was based mainly on US GAAP (SFAS 115, 125, 133). However, a financial instruments project continues with the Joint Working Group (JWG). This group with participation of standards setters from 13 countries + IASB released a new draft standard in December 2000. This draft standard proposes FV measurement for all financial instruments with all fair value changes recognised in the income statement and does not allow hedge accounting. Once the JWG finalises its standard, the IASB is expected to release this as a new exposure draft (that will eventually replace IAS 32 and 39).
Exclusions are because: IASB did not intend to override other standards in existence IASB anticipates future standards to address Insurance Contracts, inc. weather derivatives However, an insurance company must follow IAS 39 for its other financial instruments (just not for insurance contracts) Other exclusions are, for example, ‘taxes’ since they are not a financial instrument (do not comply with the definition, being based on the law rather than on a contractual obligation). IAS: IAS 39.1-5 FIA: Chapter 2.1
Exclusions are because: IASB did not intend to override other standards in existence IASB anticipates future standards to address Insurance Contracts, inc. weather derivatives However, an insurance company must follow IAS 39 for its other financial instruments (just not for insurance contracts) Other exclusions are, for example, ‘taxes’ since they are not a financial instrument (do not comply with the definition, being based on the law rather than on a contractual obligation). IAS: IAS 39.1-5 FIA: Chapter 2.1
IAS: IAS 32.9 FIA: Chapter 2.2.3 An informal definition of a financial instrument is that it is an instrument in the last step before becoming cash.
IAS: IAS 32.9 FIA: Chapter 2.2.3 An informal definition of a financial instrument is that it is an instrument in the last step before becoming cash.
IAS: IAS 32.9 FIA: Chapter 2.2.3 An informal definition of a financial instrument is that it is an instrument in the last step before becoming cash.
IAS: IAS 32.9 FIA: Chapter 2.2.3 An informal definition of a financial instrument is that it is an instrument in the last step before becoming cash.
IAS: IAS 32.9 FIA: Chapter 2.2.3 An informal definition of a financial instrument is that it is an instrument in the last step before becoming cash.
IAS: IAS 32.9 FIA: Chapter 2.2.3 An informal definition of a financial instrument is that it is an instrument in the last step before becoming cash.
IAS: IAS 32.9 FIA: Chapter 2.2.3 An informal definition of a financial instrument is that it is an instrument in the last step before becoming cash.
IAS: IAS 32.9 FIA: Chapter 2.2.3 An informal definition of a financial instrument is that it is an instrument in the last step before becoming cash.
IAS: IAS 32.9 FIA: Chapter 2.2.3 An informal definition of a financial instrument is that it is an instrument in the last step before becoming cash.
IAS: IAS 32.9 FIA: Chapter 2.2.3 An informal definition of a financial instrument is that it is an instrument in the last step before becoming cash.
IAS: IAS 32.9 FIA: Chapter 2.2.3 An informal definition of a financial instrument is that it is an instrument in the last step before becoming cash.
IAS: IAS 32.9 FIA: Chapter 2.2.3 An informal definition of a financial instrument is that it is an instrument in the last step before becoming cash.
If the host contract is already carried at fair value with adjustments recorded in P&L, there is no need to separate the embedded derivative from the host contract (effectively the embedded derivative is being carried at fair value already). If the features of the embedded are closely related to those of the host contract, there is also no need to separate the embedded derivative. To determine whether closely related, one should evaluate the interdependency between the embedded derivative and the host contract. We will discuss this further on a later slide. IAS: IAS 39.22-26 FIA: Chapter 3 (entire chapter on embedded derivatives)
IAS: IAS 32.9 FIA: Chapter 2.2.3 An informal definition of a financial instrument is that it is an instrument in the last step before becoming cash.
Fundamental principals are: ALL financial assets and liabilities are recognised WHEN under a contractual arrangement (not necessarily a written one) Presenter might consider an example of recognition of a forward contract as explained in IAS 39.29 (c). Ref: IAS 39.27-29
Presenters should emphasise the fact that at initial measurement Cost = FV given or received It should be emphasized that it is necessary to fair value zero or low interest loans at initial recognition following the requirements in paragraphs IAS 39.66 and 67 to recognise a financial instrument at its cost, which is the fair value of the consideration given or received. Although these paragraphs do not provide a clear definition of "consideration given/received", the guidance in this respect can be found in Q&A 66-3: "On initial recognition, the carrying amount of the loan is the fair value of the consideration given to obtain the right to a payment of 1000 in five years. The fair value of that right is the present value of the future payment of 1000 discounted using the market rate of interest of 10% for a similar loan for five years.“ Q&A 66-3 clarifies that if the cash proceeds exceed the fair value of the loan, the cash given/received is not only for the loan, but also for other economic benefits (not necessarily an asset). The cash proceeds relating to the other economic benefits can be expensed immediately, recognised as an asset or as capital contribution following the applicable accounting principles of generally other standards than IAS 39. Ref: IAS.39.66-67 IAS 18.11-12
Direct costs of the transaction Subsequently transaction costs are NOT included in the FV measurement of the instrument What happens to the transaction costs in subsequent measurement follows the same treatment as the financial instrument itself. Therefore if the instrument is subsequently measured at: Historical cost: transaction costs remain in the carrying amount until disposal/impairment Amortised cost: transaction costs are amortised over the life of the instrument FV with changes in equity: transaction costs make up part of the adjustment recorded in equity FV with changes to P&L: transaction costs are immediately recorded to P&L in the first period the instrument is remeasured Therefore, if the instrument is at (amortised) cost, the transaction costs are realised by either: Amortised to the income statement Taken to the income statement upon impairment or through realisation, if the instrument is sold or disposed of Ref: IAS 39.17, 66
All categories should be presented separately, normally on the face of the balance sheet Trading instrument acquired with the intent of short term profit taking (based on initial intention); or part of a portfolio in which there is evidence of an actual pattern of profit taking, regardless of intention. There is no definition of short-term in IAS 39. An enterprise should adopt a definition of short-term and apply this consistently. An instrument that is acquired with an intention to hold it for a long period should not be classified as held for trading. After being designated held for trading, a single instrument in a portfolio may, however, be held for a longer period of time. (Q&A 10-15) Loans and receivables originated. This category was included in IAS 39 at the specific request of financial institutions. Banks felt that their loans and other receivables portfolios should be at cost, but did not want these to be subject to the strict tainting rules of the HTM category. This categorisation gives banks the flexibility to later sell their loans or other originated receivables without tainting all these instruments. Assets generally created from an enterprise’s primary activities (loans, trade receivables) funds must be provided directly from lender to borrower, or funds provided at the moment of origination (through a 3rd party) HTM – most rules surrounding this category. For that reason it is addressed separately in this module presumption in IAS that HTM is an EXCEPTION category strict tainting rules AFS - residual category Ref: IAS 39.10, 19-21 IAS 39.68
One of the fundamental changes introduced in IAS 39 was the requirement to measure most financial assets at fair value. Therefore, any financial assets that are not measured at fair value are generally regarded as an exception. Financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost unless they are derivatives or other trading liabilities. Ref: IAS 39.69-70
This is a decision tree for determining subsequent measurement: The lecturer should walk through the “yes” answers first. Note that all d erivatives are Trading instruments, and at FV. The order of the questions is the order in which the assessment needs to take place. Some categories have more strict criteria than others. Exercise (to get audience participation): Ask audience how an equity instrument could possibly be classified. Have a participant walk through all of the possibilities using this decision tree Notes: Trading (yes) Originated (no) HTM (no – no determinable payments or fixed maturity) AFS (yes – most typical) Walk through some of the other typical financial assets that are relevant to your audience – bonds, loans and receivables, derivatives. Ref: IAS 39.69-76
Decision tree for determining subsequent measurement: Walk through the “yes” answers first Derivatives are Trading instruments, and at FV Ref: IAS 39.93
For instruments at FV – accounting may differ Trading and derivatives (not hedges) – P&L AFS – P&L or Equity depending on chosen accounting policy – this is an enterprise-wide choice and it is highly unlikely that an enterprise would be able to justify a change to recognise changes in fair value in equity once it has adopted a policy of recognising these changes in the income statement. Therefore it is important that, on adoption of IAS 39, careful consideration be given as to which policy will be adopted. For unrealised gains and losses in equity = recycle to income statement (when realised or if impairment occurs) Ref: IAS 39.103-107
No fair value adjustment is recorded until Asset is disposed (sale, matures) Asset is impaired Amortisation of premiums and discounts is recognised in the income statement Ref: IAS 39.108
Emphasise that a number of other conditions also have to be met for an instrument to be classified as HTM. We will consider these in the following slides.
BOX 1: Time period must be DEFINED. This is why equities cannot be HTM and are always measured at fair value BOX 2: Holder has provided “option” to issuer, therefore holder is deemed not to have intent to hold. If not significantly below amortised cost, HTM Is possible. BOX 3: This indicates that holder has profit taking in mind, or at least does not have a positive intent to hold-to-maturity. General: There are tainting exceptions in very RARE circumstances: remote instances are those beyond control of holder not foreseeable non-recurring Examples of those rare situations: Creditworthiness deteriorates Change in tax law Major business combination Change in allowable investments (regulators) Change in capital adequacy Significant increase in risk Ref: IAS 39.79, 82, 84
An enterprise needs to demonstrate its ability to hold a financial asset to maturity to categorise it as such. The enterprise cannot demonstrate the ability if: financial resources are not available to the enterprise to finance the asset to maturity. For example, if it is expected or likely that an enterprise will acquire another business and will need all of its funding for this investment, the resources may not be available to continue to hold certain debt instruments; or legal or other constraints could frustrate the intention of the enterprise to hold the investment to maturity. For example, the expectation that a regulator will exercise its right in certain industries like the banking and insurance industry to force an enterprise to sell certain assets. A credit downgrade of a notch within a class or from one rating class to the immediately lower rating class often could be considered reasonably anticipated. Therefore, if such a downgrade would result in the sale of instruments (for example, because of regulatory restrictions on holding assets of certain credit ratings) the enterprise would be considered not to have the ability to hold the asset to maturity. Assess at each balance sheet date!! Ref: IAS 39.79, 82, 84, 87-89
Held to maturity instruments are defined as instruments that Have a fixed maturity Have fixed or determinable payments An enterprise cannot classify any financial assets as held-to-maturity if the enterprise has sold, transferred or exercised a put option of more than a insignificant amount of held-to-maturity investments in the current year or two preceding years. Exceptions: Sale occurred close enough to maturity/call date so that changes in market rates would not have had a significant effect on fair value; OR Enterprise has already collected substantially all of financial asset’s principal; OR Sales are due to an isolated event that is beyond the enterprise’s control and non-recurring which could not have been reasonably anticipated In case of a change in ability or intent, all HTM instruments are reclassified as available for sale or trading and measured at fair value. Due to the ‘tainting’ of ALL held-to-maturity instruments if there is any transfer or sale of a held-to-maturity instrument before maturity, it is important that the classification of financial instruments as held-to-maturity is rigorous to avoid tainting of a whole portfolio. Assets held under repo’s could possibly be classified as HTM, but be careful that there is no significant risk that they will be returned before maturity. Ref: IAS 39.79-92
If a portfolio is tainted ALL HTM instruments (not only those instruments in the portfolio or in the group entity in which the tainting occurs) must be reclassified HTM instruments become tainted if there is a sales OR a reclassifications of HTM instruments (Q&A 83-2) ALL instruments that were previously classified as HTM must be reclassified and measured at FV for 2 full financial years Exceptions: Sales occurring close enough to maturity (generally within 3 months) Enterprise has already collected substantially all of principal (>90%) Sales are due to isolated event beyond control of the enterprise Example: tainting occurs in June 2001 all HTM reclassified to AFS or trading; remeasured to FV company has a 31 December year end cannot use HTM again until at least 1/1/2004 Ref: IAS 39.83, 90-92
Effective interest method: The interest rate inherent in a financial instrument at inception This is the rate that discounts all expected future cash flows to the instrument to the initial cost of the investment Important when measuring at cost (and also for calculating the interest on AFS and trading instruments) Market rate = effective interest rate, or internal rate of return (same thing) This example illustrates how to calculate amortised cost using the effective interest rate cost for a financial asset. Amortised cost for a liability would mirror the treatment applied for a financial asset. Ref: IAS 39.73
To calculate the effective interest income, the effective interest rate is applied to the amortised cost of the loan at the end of the previous period. The difference between the calculated effective interest for a given period and the asset’s coupon is the amortisation of the discount during that period. Thus the amortised cost of the loan at the end of the previous period plus amortisation in the current period gives the amortised cost at the end of the current period. Note that the effective yield method is different from the straight line method. IAS 39 does not allow the straight line method.
The measurement of a financial asset or financial liability denominated in a foreign currency is first determined in the foreign currency. Then the foreign currency amount is reported in the reporting currency using the closing rate or a rate on the valuation date. The issue which arises due to interactions between IAS 39 and IAS 21 is how to record gain and loss which include foreign exchange differences and other changes. This slide explains the requirements in this respect. Ref: IAS 21.15, 17 IAS 39.103 (b) Q&A Other-5
Assets designated as held to maturity (HTM) are measured at amortised cost (there are strict rules as to what can be designated as HTM). Assets originated by the enterprise (e.g. loans made by a bank to a customer) are measured at amortised cost. Assets available for sale (assets that do not fall into any other category) are measured at fair value with changes in value either going to income or equity (there is a one-off policy choice to be made which must then be applied consistently). Gains and losses built up in equity are recycled into income on disposal of the instrument. Trading assets and liabilities (including all derivatives) are measured at fair value with changes in value recorded in the income statement. Other liabilities are held at amortised cost. Ref: IAS 39.68-69 (classification and measurement of financial assets) IAS 39.79-92 (held-to-maturity investments) IAS 39.93-94 (subsequent measurement of financial liabilities) IAS 39.95 –102 (fair value measurement) IAS 39.103 (reporting of fair value changes in the income statement)
The slide gives examples of more complex derecognition situations which will require special attention during IAS 39 implementation. Ref.: IAS 39.35 (financial assets) IAS 39.57 (financial liabilities) SIC – 12 Consolidation – Special Purpose Entities
Assessment of impairment of financial instruments is a two step process. The enterprise must first determine whether there is objective evidence that impairment exists for a financial asset. This assessment should be done at least at each reporting period. If there is no objective evidence of impairment no further action need be taken at that time for that instrument. However if there is objective evidence of impairment, the enterprise should record an impairment loss during the period so that the financial asset is recorded at its recoverable amount. Ref: IAS 39.109
Assessment of whether there is objective evidence of impairment is a judgemental process. This slide lists examples of indicators that an asset may be impaired. For fixed income (debt) instruments, impairment exists once it is probable that a counterparty will not make all principal and interest payments due on an instrument in the agreed manner. Therefore impairment of debt instruments generally can be determined through analysing expected future cash flows. For equity instruments, impairment cannot be identified based on analysing cash flows, as with debt instruments. Instead impairment is based on the identification of indicators such as those characteristics described above. An additional indicator is the magnitude of the difference between the original cost and the current value of the equity instrument. The greater this difference, the greater also is the evidence of potential impairment. However, on its own the fact that the fair value of an equity security is below its cost does not necessarily indicate impairment. For further details on objective evidence of impairment for equity securities please see IAS Desk Alert 02/43. Ref: IAS 39.110
For assets that ha d previously been revalued upwards which subsequently become impaired, the impairment loss is recognised in equity to the extent it reverses previous upward revaluations of the asset. Any impairment of the asset below its original cost is recognised directly in profit and loss. Ref: IAS 39.117-119
For assets that had previously been revalued downwards, which subsequently become impaired, the total impairment loss is recognised in P&L. Ref: IAS 39.117-119
Derecognition of assets: Realisation Expiration Transfer – several approaches under IAS 39, however must: Give up right to benefits of the assets by surrendering control Not have a right to reacquire unless the asset is readily obtainable in the market Not be obligated to repurchase the asset on terms that provided the transferee with a lender’s return Not retain substantially all the risks and returns of ownership through a total return swap or unconditional put option Derecognition of liabilities: Legal release is required No “in substance” defeasance If terms substantially modified ( more than 10%, for a loan) - derecognise old liability and recognise new liability Ref: IAS 39.35 (financial asset) IAS 39.57 (financial liability)
The slide gives examples of more complex derecognition situations which will require special attention during IAS 39 implementation. Ref.: IAS 39.35 (financial assets) IAS 39.57 (financial liabilities) SIC – 12 Consolidation – Special Purpose Entities
The objective of hedge accounting is to change the timing of recognition of changes in value where there otherwise could be mismatches such as those noted above. Reasons for mismatches are: Recognition mismatches between hedged item and hedging instrument in the balance sheet or income statement ( e.g. floating rate interest; future sales); Measurement mismatches between hedged item and hedging instrument because hedged item is not measured at FV (e.g. originated loans, debt).
The lecturer should discuss the usage of each of the 3 models for hedge accounting under IAS 39 Hedge of a net investment in a foreign entity, definition from IAS 21: change in value of a foreign entity due to changes in foreign exchange rates Examples of hedged items: FVH: Fixed rate assets Fixed rate liabilities CFH Floating rate assets Floating rate liabilties Firm commitments Forecasted transactions Ref: IAS. 39.127-137 IAS 21.24-26
Financial asset/liability: Separate risks are assumed to be separately measurable For example: interest rate comprises risk free rate, sector spread (together a benchmark interest rate) and credit spread. The risk free rate or the benchmark interest rate may be designated as the risk hedged. Non-financial asset/liability: restriction is because separate risks are not distinguishable. For example: Company A manufactures tyres. One of the most significant physical components of tires is rubber. The company hedges its exposure to changes in the changes of the inventory by entering into a forward contract to sell rubber at a fixed price. Because tires are a non-financial asset and rubber is only an ingredient in manufacturing them, Company A has to designate tire price changes as the hedged risk, and not changes in rubber component only. Ref: IAS 39.l27-130
Hedging instruments: Instrument is in general a derivative Derivatives with external parties (see later slides on central treasury) May use a non-derivative financial instrument only for fx hedging Discuss exception Net written option cannot be a hedging instrument Ref: IAS 39.122-126
The hedge relationship must meet certain criteria in order for the hedging instrument and the hedged item to qualify for hedge accounting. At the inception of the hedge, companies are required to provide formal documentation which includes: The enterprise’s risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge; The nature of the risk being hedged; Identification of the hedged item and the hedging instrument; The method of measuring hedge effectiveness. At inception, the hedge should be expected to be close to 100% effective, on an ongoing basis the hedge should remain between 80% to 125% effective. For cash flow hedges there must be a very high likelihood that the transaction will occur and affect the income statement. Ref.: IAS 39.142-152 (hedge accounting criteria)
Last bullet: important as enterprise must keep to this method throughout the hedge period Ref: IAS 39.142
Where the change in fair value of the hedging instrument is more than the change in fair value of the hedged item, not all the change in fair value is needed to make the future offset. This ineffectiveness is recognised in the income statement immediately for both a fair value hedge and a cash flow hedge. Where the change in fair value of the hedging instrument is less than the change in fair value of the hedged item, all the change in fair value is needed for future offset so, under a cash flow hedge the full change in value will be reported directly in equity. When the future transaction takes place, however, the ineffectiveness will be reported in the income statement at that stage. However, if effectiveness falls outside 80-125% range, hedge accounting must be discontinued altogether. Ref: IAS 39.146
Presenter should discuss this slide in the following order: Left: continuation of hedge accounting – An enterprise may continue to use cash flow hedge accounting only when a forecasted transaction is highly probable. This section of the scale notes a transaction that is highly probable but has not become a firm commitment. Right: gain/loss to income statement – As the transaction is not expected to occur, any gain or loss previously recorded to equity must be removed from there and recorded to P&L. This must occur as soon as the transaction is no longer expected to occur. Middle: freeze mode – The status of the forecasted transaction is such that it is still expected to occur however it is not highly probable. In this situation, an enterprise must stop using hedge accounting going forward. However any gain or loss previously recorded to equity may stay there until the transaction actually occurs or is no longer expected to occur. Ref: IAS 39.163
When an effective hedge relationship no longer exists, the accounting for the hedging instrument and the hedged item must revert to accounting under the normal provisions. However, this does not affect any previous hedge accounting records. Ref: IAS 39.156-157, 163
In a fair value hedge , the accounting for the hedging instrument does not change (for instance, a derivative is already recorded at FV with changes recorded to P&L). It is the accounting for the hedged item that is (generally) different than under normal accounting rules. Hedged items that under normal circumstances are carried at (amortised) cost or fair value with FV changes to equity are instead recorded at fair value with FV changes to P&L with respect to risks hedged. Therefore if the relationship is totally effective, the changes in value of the hedging instrument and hedged item should offset each other. Examples of FV hedges: hedge the value of inventory hedge the FV of a fixed rate debt In a cash flow hedge , the accounting for the hedging instrument is (generally) different than under normal accounting rules. The hedging instrument under normal circumstances (when a derivative) is carried at fair value with changes in FV recorded to P&L. In a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the hedging instrument is recorded to EQUITY rather than to P&L, until such time that the cash flow/future transaction occurs. The ineffective portion is still recorded to P&L. Therefore if the relationship is totally effective, the changes in value of the hedging instrument are recorded to equity until a later date. Examples of CF hedges: hedge future sales of inventory hedge the expected cash flows of variable rate debt The hedge of net investment is similar to a cash flow hedge Ref: IAS 39.137(a), 153-157 (Fair Value Hedges) IAS 39.137(b), 158-163 (Cash Flow Hedges) IAS 39.137 (c), 164 (Net Investment in a Foreign Entity)
This slide demonstrates accounting for the firm commitment or forecasted transaction (when it occurs): If asset or liability is recognised hedge adjustment in equity becomes part of basis of asset/liability. For example, Company A forecasts purchase of inventory and enters into a forward contract to hedge price risk. When the contract is executed and inventory is recorded on the company’s books, the fair value changes of the forward contract recorded in equity are recycled from equity and added/deducted to/from the cost of the inventory. If the hedged item is already recorded on the financial statements, e.g. a floating rate note, the fair value changes on the hedging instrument are recorded in equity and recylced into P&L when the hedged item affects P&L, i.e. the interest is recorded. Thus, there is no basis adjustment in this case. Ref: IAS 39.160-161
Explain to participants why the classification of instruments, by the issuer, as debt or equity is important considering impact of the classification on financial ratios. Explain that to the extent the issuer has a contractual obligation to deliver cash or another financial instrument under potentially unfavourable conditions there is a liability. Equity represents a residual interest. The classification is done at the date of original issuance and is not changed based on subsequent changes in intention. The treatment of interest, dividends, losses and gains should follow the classification of the underlying instrument. Therefore amounts paid on instruments classified as equity should be treated as distributions to owners. Amounts paid on instruments classified as a liability should be reported as an expense in the income statement. Ref: IAS 32.18-22, 30-32 IAS 32 Appendix A18-A24
Ask participants to apply the principles in the previous slide to decide how the instruments on the slide should be classified. Answers: Perpetual debt instruments : debt if contractual obligation to pay interest in perpetuity Convertible bond: compound instrument – present value of interest and principal cash flows is an obligation, option to convert to a fixed number of equity shares is equity. Redeemable preference shares : a liability. Where instruments have an element of debt and an element of equity the instrument is a compound instrument and should be split between its components. IAS 32 does not provide specific guidance on how to perform the split. In practice it is generally determined by calculating the fair value of the most measurable component (normally the debt) and allocating the balance of the issue proceeds to the equity element. Where the equity element can also be valued, the allocation can be based on the relative fair values of each of the components. No gain or loss should arise as a result of the classification of a compound instrument. For preference shares the classification depends on the contractual arrangements. The key issue is whether or not there is a contractual obligation to redeem the shares or to pay dividends. To the extent there is a contractual obligation there is a liability component. Ref: IAS 32.18-29 IAS 32 Appendix A18-A24
Explain the impact of offset on financial ratios. In order to use netting, the enterprise must have both (1) the right to offset and (2) the intention to settle in that manner. Ref: IAS 32.33-41
Assets and liabilities subject to master netting arrangements generally do not qualify for offset. These arrangements provide for a single net settlement of all financial instruments covered by the agreement in the event of default on or termination of any one contract. This commonly results in a right of set-off only in circumstances outside the normal course of business (ie, generally there is no intention to settle in this manner). The slide also provides other examples of transactions when offsetting would be inappropriate. These situations are more self explanatory. Ref: IAS 32.40
Discloure requirements under IAS are focused on providing information that enhances the understanding of financial instruments in relation to the enetrprise’s financial position, performance and cash flows. As part of this, enterprises are required to provide a discussion of financial risk management objectives and policies, including hedging policies.Disclosure requirements also ficus on providing fair value information for instrumentsnot carried at fair value. Refer to KPMG’s IAS Illustrative Financial Statements to illustrate the disclosure requirements. Full details of disclosure requirements are documented in IAS 32 and KPMG’s annual IAS Disclosure Checklist.
IAS 32 sets out the required disclosures and presentation of financial instruments . IAS 39 introduces significant additional disclosures relating to hedge accounting, use of derivatives and risk management strategies. Ref.: IAS 39.166 -170