The history of Anthropological theory: the French school, part 1. Levi-Strauss and structuralism

1. SBSA 389 SPECIAL TOPICS
The History of Anthropological
Theory
Fall 2020 ELearning
Week Eight: The French School
Dec 7, 9 2020

2. Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908-2008)
Structuralism
“I hate travels and explorers.
Yet here I am proposing to tell the story of my expeditions.”

3. Georges Balandier (1920-
2016)
Dynamic anthropology

4. Lévi-Strauss’ perspectives
Establish a « science of
the mankind »
• Ethnology >
anthropology
(anthropos: human)
• Gather all human
sciences in one
• Inspired by Mauss
(1872-1950)
Understand underlying
patterns of thought
• Structural theory
• Notion of savage
mind
• Study of myths
• Study of kinship
systems
Structuralism: "the search
for the underlying patterns
of thought in all forms of
human activity.”

5. Linguistic inspiration
term: phoneme + morpheme
which meaning depends
on the context
Prononciation of
the term
Composition of the
term
term: signifier (container) + signified (what is contained, the meaning)

6. relations give meaning
to elements
Relations form a
system or
STRUCTURE
Universal laws
rule these
relations
Bororo tribe’s ritual, Lévi-Strauss 1935-1936, Brazil

7. The structural study of kinship
Kinship is a system of communication
System of couples of relationship (husband-wife, father-son…)
Kinship relations are not facts but representations
Passage from nature to culture : circulation of women (alliance theory)
Prohibition of incest: prohibition of consanguineous sexual relations
Group/family A
Group/family B

8. The study of myths
• Myths have a symbolic function: they are attempts to
explain phenomena that are difficult to understand
• Myths refer to an immemorial past
• Myths are universal phenomena
• They have universal structures
• Mythem: fundamental unit of a myth
« A myth is an oral or written story that is held to be true by
those who transmit it, but that tells facts that are far too
improbable, supernatural and obscure to belong to history,
or even to describe a believable world. »
mythem: phoneme + morpheme

9. Why structuralism?
1950’s : end of the two
world wars /
decolonisation
movements
Countless crimes
perpetruated in the
name of racial
hegemony
Influence of
Enlightement
philosopher Rousseau:
mankind is good by
nature
Northern French village bombed in 1944Nazi extermination camps in
Auschwitz (Poland)

10. Limits of
structural
anthropology
Omission of the
history of societies:
ahistoricist
anthropology
Perception of
cultures as
immobile
Omission of
changes,
acculturation and
conflicts
Omission of
individual
dynamics

11. Links &
references
Short video on Lévi-Strauss’ structuralism:
https://www.voicetube.com/v3/videos/45310
Short article on Lévi-Strauss’s sojourn in Brazil:
https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2015/a
ug/17/tristes-tropiques-by-claude-levi-strauss-
melancholy-anthropology
Lévi-Straussian feminist anthropologist Françoise
Héritier on kinship: https://sms.hypotheses.org/20331
Philippe Descola, Beyond Nature and Culture
Marcel Griaule, Dieu d’eau (God of Water)