Not only for laboratory work, but also for research projects and in technical jobs in general, a correct and clear documentation of experiments and measurements in protocols is crucial. The workshop will show how frequent mistakes of beginners can be avoided. Important rules and suitable software for writing protocols will also be shown.
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How to Write a Good Protocol
1. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
How to Write a Good Protocol
Mathias Magdowski
Chair for Electromagnetic Compatibility
Institute for Medical Engineering
Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg
License: cba CC BY-SA 3.0 (Attribution + ShareAlike)
Writing Good Protocols 1
2. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Structure
Motivation
How to Write a Good Protocol?
Content
Style
Good and Bad Examples
Tips for LaTeX
Diagrams with pgfplots
Wiring Schematics with circuitikz
Summary
Writing Good Protocols 2
4. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Motivation
Protocols:
laboratory internships
research projects/degree theses
measurements/experiments in the working life
Writing Good Protocols 4
5. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Motivation
Protocols:
laboratory internships
research projects/degree theses
measurements/experiments in the working life
Purpose and principal components:
experimental procedure
observations
evaluation & discussion of results
Writing Good Protocols 4
7. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Content
Protocol structure:
1. cover page
2. theoretical fundamentals
3. preparation of the experiment
4. experimental procedure and evaluation
number and content of each experimental part
test circuit
measurement data in tabular form
evaluation and discussion of results
5. literature / references
6. declaration of authorship
7. appendix (scanned original measurement data)
Writing Good Protocols 6
8. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Cover Page
Content:
university, institute, chair, course
topic, number and date of the experiment
group and adviser
colloquium, date of submit
Writing Good Protocols 7
9. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Cover Page
Content:
university, institute, chair, course
topic, number and date of the experiment
group and adviser
colloquium, date of submit
Important:
stick to the template
fill in completely
Writing Good Protocols 7
10. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Theoretical Fundamentals
Good:
fundamentals and equations for the procedure and
evaluation
give sources
length: 1 to 3 pages
Writing Good Protocols 8
11. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Theoretical Fundamentals
Good:
fundamentals and equations for the procedure and
evaluation
give sources
length: 1 to 3 pages
Bad:
too general and too broad
too detailed derivation of formulas
copy from the instructions
Writing Good Protocols 8
12. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Preparation of the Experiment
Tips:
timely
don’t be too creative
check the script or exercise notes
If things get complicated, you are usually on the wrong
way!
Writing Good Protocols 9
13. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Experimental Procedure and Evaluation
Important:
follow the given subcategorization
introductory and transitioning sentences
give units correctly
number equations, figures and tables
remain accurate
Writing Good Protocols 10
14. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Experimental Procedure and Evaluation
Important:
follow the given subcategorization
introductory and transitioning sentences
give units correctly
number equations, figures and tables
remain accurate
Discussion:
anomalies, difficulties or peculiarities
accuracy, error sources, improvement opportunities
Writing Good Protocols 10
15. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Literature / References
Example:
[1] Martha Davis, Kaaron J. Davis and Marion M. Dunagan.
Scientific papers and presentations.
Academic Press, London, Great Britain, 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384727-0.00001-X.
[2] Lutz Hering and Heike Hering.
How to Write Technical Reports: Understandable Structure,
Good Design, Convincing Presentation.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69929-3.
Writing Good Protocols 11
16. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Literature / References
Example:
[1] Martha Davis, Kaaron J. Davis and Marion M. Dunagan.
Scientific papers and presentations.
Academic Press, London, Great Britain, 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384727-0.00001-X.
[2] Lutz Hering and Heike Hering.
How to Write Technical Reports: Understandable Structure,
Good Design, Convincing Presentation.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69929-3.
see https://www.ieee.org/documents/ieeecitationref.pdf
Writing Good Protocols 11
17. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Literature / References
Example:
[1] Martha Davis, Kaaron J. Davis and Marion M. Dunagan.
Scientific papers and presentations.
Academic Press, London, Great Britain, 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384727-0.00001-X.
[2] Lutz Hering and Heike Hering.
How to Write Technical Reports: Understandable Structure,
Good Design, Convincing Presentation.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69929-3.
see https://www.ieee.org/documents/ieeecitationref.pdf
see http://www.emv.ovgu.de/
Writing Good Protocols 11
18. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Appendix
Content:
scanned original measurement data
other handwritten notes
Writing Good Protocols 12
19. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Appendix
Content:
scanned original measurement data
other handwritten notes
Important:
resolution, contrast, brightness of the scan
visible signature of the adviser
no “scrap sheets”
Writing Good Protocols 12
20. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Style
protocol ˆ= small degree thesis
Writing Good Protocols 13
21. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Style
protocol ˆ= small degree thesis
see Guidance on the Preparation of Degree
Theses
Writing Good Protocols 13
22. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Diagrams
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
−200
0
200
Time, t (in ms)
Voltage,u(t)(inV)
sine wave-form
cosine wave-form
Figure 1: Harmonic time course of a voltage with a frequency of 50 Hz
and an effective value of 230 V
Writing Good Protocols 14
23. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Tables
Table 1: Measurement data for a charging process
Time, t in s 0 1 2 3
Voltage, U in V 0.00 1.26 1.73 1.90
Writing Good Protocols 15
24. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Diagrams and Tables
Table captions (above) and figure captions (below):
self-contained and understandable
better too long than too short
Writing Good Protocols 16
25. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Diagrams and Tables
Table captions (above) and figure captions (below):
self-contained and understandable
better too long than too short
Reference in the text:
“see Table 1” or “. . . is shown in Figure 1”
not “the following figure”
Writing Good Protocols 16
26. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Diagrams and Tables
Table captions (above) and figure captions (below):
self-contained and understandable
better too long than too short
Reference in the text:
“see Table 1” or “. . . is shown in Figure 1”
not “the following figure”
Really bad:
JPEG compressed raster graphics for diagrams
Writing Good Protocols 16
27. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Further Hints
introduce abbreviations and variables when used the first
time
Writing Good Protocols 17
28. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Further Hints
introduce abbreviations and variables when used the first
time
insert cross references (e. g. “as shown in Section 3, . . . ”
or “on Page 4”)
Writing Good Protocols 17
29. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Further Hints
introduce abbreviations and variables when used the first
time
insert cross references (e. g. “as shown in Section 3, . . . ”
or “on Page 4”)
non-breaking spaces after Figure, Table, Page, Section,
Equation, . . . and between numbers and units
Writing Good Protocols 17
30. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Further Hints
introduce abbreviations and variables when used the first
time
insert cross references (e. g. “as shown in Section 3, . . . ”
or “on Page 4”)
non-breaking spaces after Figure, Table, Page, Section,
Equation, . . . and between numbers and units
hyphen vs. dash
Writing Good Protocols 17
31. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Further Hints
introduce abbreviations and variables when used the first
time
insert cross references (e. g. “as shown in Section 3, . . . ”
or “on Page 4”)
non-breaking spaces after Figure, Table, Page, Section,
Equation, . . . and between numbers and units
hyphen vs. dash
no references as footnotes
Writing Good Protocols 17
32. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Further Hints
introduce abbreviations and variables when used the first
time
insert cross references (e. g. “as shown in Section 3, . . . ”
or “on Page 4”)
non-breaking spaces after Figure, Table, Page, Section,
Equation, . . . and between numbers and units
hyphen vs. dash
no references as footnotes
see https:
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_symbol
Writing Good Protocols 17
33. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Units
see the SI brochure of the BIPM
Formatting:
units upright (also abbreviations, function and operators in
formulas), e. g.:
Umax = 1 V instead of Umax = 1 V
sin(x) instead of sin(x)
ex
instead of ex
df
dx instead of df
dx
(thin) space between number and unit
consistent format (e. g. km h−1 vs. km
h )
U[V] is wrong, instead U/V
2.998 × 108 instead of 2,998 E+008
Writing Good Protocols 18
34. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
LiveQuiz at www.lehrevaluation.ovgu.de
Which word processing software are you currently using
for writing laboratory protocols?
1. Microsoft Word
2. OpenOffice or
LibreOffice
3. LATEX (also on
ShareLaTeX or
Overleaf)
4. Scientific WorkPlace
5. LyX
6. something different
Code: lvlkp
Writing Good Protocols 19
35. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Software
WYSIWYG:
Microsoft Word
Apache OpenOffice
Writing Good Protocols 20
36. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Software
WYSIWYG:
Microsoft Word
Apache OpenOffice
LaTeX:
MikTeX
TeXLive
Writing Good Protocols 20
37. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Software
WYSIWYG:
Microsoft Word
Apache OpenOffice
LaTeX:
MikTeX
TeXLive
WYSIWYM:
LyX
Scientific WorkPlace
BaKoMa TeX
Writing Good Protocols 20
38. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Software
from https://xkcd.com/1301/
Writing Good Protocols 21
39. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Software for Figures
Dia:
Download: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Dia/
from Wikimedia Commons -
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dia-gtk.png#/media/File:Dia-gtk.png
Writing Good Protocols 22
40. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Software for Figures
Ipe:
Download: http://ipe.otfried.org/
from Wikimedia Commons -
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ipe6pre30.png#/media/File:Ipe6pre30.png
Writing Good Protocols 23
41. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Software for Figures
Inkscape:
Download: https://inkscape.org/
from Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Inkscape_0.48.1.png#/media/File:Inkscape_0.48.1.png
Writing Good Protocols 24
42. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Software for Figures
XnView:
Download: http://www.xnview.com/de/xnview/
Writing Good Protocols 25
43. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Hints for LATEX Users
Useful packages:
hyperref: activation of PDF commands
amsmath: typesetting of mathematical equations
siunitx: formatting of units
pgfplots: creation of diagrams
circuitikz: creation of wiring schematics
tikz: “TikZ ist kein Zeichenprogramm”
csquotes: consistent quotation marks
cite: better citations in the running text
Writing Good Protocols 26
44. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Hints for LATEX Users
Useful editors:
Texmaker
TeXstudio
TeXworks
TeXShop (for Mac)
TeXnicCenter (for Windows) with SumatraPDF
Writing Good Protocols 27
46. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Example 1:
M04 Brückenschaltungen
1. Grundlage des Versuchs
Brückenschaltung:
Eine Brückenschaltung ist eine elektrische Schaltung, die aus der Paralleschaltung zweier
Spannungsteiler zu einer gemeinsamen Spannungsquelle oder Stromsquelle. Die
Brückenspannung ( Ausgangsspannung ) ergibt sich aus der Differenz der Beiden Teilspannungen
der Spannungsteiler.
Abgleichbrücken:
Die Abgleichbrücke dient der Bestimmung der Bauelementegrößen. Unter Verwendung der
Abgleichbedingungen werden die gesuchte Parameter berchnet. Durch Verändern eines oder
mehrerer der vier Widerstände bzw. Impandanzen in Spannungsteilern wird ein Nullabgleich der
Brpckenspannung erreicht. Das bedeutet, dass die Brückenspannung bzw. der Brückenstrom Null
wird. Bei dem Wechselstrom muss auch die Phase ebenfalls Null sein.
Ausschlagbrücke:
Wenn eine Brückenschaltung außerhalb des Nullabgleichs betrieben wird und die
Brückenspannung bzw. der zugehörige Brückenstrom als interessierende Größe gemessen,
spricht man von einer Ausschlagbrücke.
Phasendrehbrücke:
Die Brückenspannung besitzt im diesen Fall im Vergleich zur Eingangspannung eine
Phasenverschiebung. Es ist abhängig von Variation eines oder mehrer Brückenelemente.
2. Versuchsvorbereitung
Writing Good Protocols 29
47. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Example 1:
M04 Brückenschaltungen
1 Grundlagen des Versuchs
Brückenschaltung: Eine Brückenschaltung ist eine elektrische Schaltung, die aus der Parallel-
schaltung zweier Spannungsteiler zu einer gemeinsamen Spannungsquelle oder Stromquelle. Die
Brückenspannung (Ausgangsspannung) ergibt sich aus der Differenz der Beiden Teilspannungen
der Spannungsteiler.
Abgleichbrücken: Die Abgleichbrücke dient der Bestimmung der Bauelementegrößen. Unter Ver-
wendung der Abgleichbedingungen werden die gesuchte Parameter berechnet. Durch Verändern ei-
nes oder mehrerer der vier Widerstände bzw. Impedanzen in Spannungsteilern wird ein Nullabgleich
der Brückenspannung erreicht. Das bedeutet, dass die Brückenspannung bzw. der Brückenstrom
Null wird. Bei dem Wechselstrom muss auch die Phase ebenfalls Null sein.
Ausschlagbrücke: Wenn eine Brückenschaltung außerhalb des Nullabgleichs betrieben wird und
die Brückenspannung bzw. der zugehörige Brückenstrom als interessierende Größe gemessen, spricht
man von einer Ausschlagbrücke.
Phasendrehbrücke: Die Brückenspannung besitzt im diesen Fall im Vergleich zur Eingangspan-
nung eine Phasenverschiebung. Es ist abhängig von Variation eines oder mehrere Brückenelemente.
2 Versuchsvorbereitung
Writing Good Protocols 30
48. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Example 2:
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1.Theoretische Grundlagen zum Versuch
1.1 Versuchsziel S.4
1.2 Digitalspeicheroszilloskop S.4
2.Vorbereitungsleistung zum Versuch
2.1 Begriffserkl¨arungen S.5
2.2 Zusammenhang zwischen der Augenblicksleistung und
Wirkleistung S.6
3.Versuchsdurchf¨uhrung
3.1 Durchf¨uhren einfacher Messungen
3.1.1 Versuch 3.1.1 S.8
3.1.2 Versuch 3.1.2 S.9
3.1.3 Versuch 3.1.3 S.11
3.1.4 Versuch 3.1.4 S.13Writing Good Protocols 31
50. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Example 3:
520 1950.30700167834 980 3036.18957673975
540 2370.79699684715 1000 3074.07165349513
Table 1: Quality factor for different frequencies from the measurement of E-field strength.
The resulting graph is shown below:
Q
f (MHz)
Figure 1: Quality factor with response to frequency.
We observe that the Quality factor increases until a frequency (around 850 MHz) and the decreases as is isWriting Good Protocols 33
51. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Example 3:
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0
2000
4000
6000
Frequency, f (in MHz)
Qualityfactor,Q
Figure 2: Measured quality factor as a function of the frequency
Writing Good Protocols 34
52. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Example 4:
Abblidung 7: Vergleichdiagramm 3.3.2
Die beiden Kurven überlagern sich.
3.4 Stromgespeiste Ausschlagbrücke
Iq = 12mA RL = 430Ω
Abblidung 8: Messschaltung 3.4.1
∆R2 in Ω ∆R1 in Ω IRr in mA gegenläufig
0 1000 0,02
100 900 0,37Writing Good Protocols 35
53. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Example 4:
Iq
R2 = 1000 Ω
R = 820 Ω
R1 = 1000 Ω
I1
R = 820 Ω
I2
RL = 430 Ω
IBr
Writing Good Protocols 36
54. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Example 5:
List of Figures
2.1 Figure showing the experimental measurement results for f = 45.87 MHz . 4
2.2 Figure showing the experimental measurement results for f = 47.25 MHz . 5
2.3 Figure showing the experimental measurement results for f = 48.55 MHz . 5
2.4 Graphs showing the variation of quality factor with respect to frequencies
for different cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Writing Good Protocols 37
55. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Example 5:
List of Figures
2.1 Experimental results for the resonance curve at f = 45.87 MHz . . 4
2.2 Experimental results for the resonance curve at f = 47.25 MHz . . 5
2.3 Experimental results for the resonance curve at f = 48.55 MHz . . 5
2.4 Variation of the quality factor with respect to the frequency for
different cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Writing Good Protocols 38
56. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Example 6:
Grafik 4:Oszillogramm zum Versuch 3.1.2 Messen der Periodendauer mit
dem Cursormodus
Durch das Messen der Periodendauer mit dem Cursor wurde eine Periodendauer
von T=1992 Hz ermittelt. Dies ist eine Abweichung von 8Hz im Vergleich zu
dem Ergebnis aus Versuch 3.1.1. Diese Abweichung resultiert aus der ungenauen
Figure 3: Oscillogram to measure the periodic time using markers
Writing Good Protocols 39
57. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Example 6:
Improvement opportunities:
hide the menu
optimum setting of the horizontal and vertical resolution
hide unnecessary curves and parameters
never save as JPG, better as PNG
insert in reasonable size
Writing Good Protocols 40
58. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Example 7:
Thoretical 𝑓𝑟
[MHz]
𝑓𝑟 [MHz] ∆𝑓 [kHz] Q
31.25 28.8 250 115
45.09 49.59 580 85.5
53.40 51.37 424 121.16
1.2. From the E-Field Strength in the Chamber
At higher frequencies the discrete resonance lines cannot be separated from
each other anymore. The quality factor must then be calculated from the energy
that is stored inside the chamber, and the energy per cycle period that is converted
due to losses. This gives a relation between the field strength in the cavity, the
input or dissipated power and the quality factor. In this part of the experiment the
quality factor shall be determined in that manner.
derivation of the relation between the quality factor, the field strength and
the input power:
𝑄 =
𝜔[𝑠−1
] ∙ 𝑈[𝑉]
𝑃𝑑[𝑊]
With
𝜔 is the angular frequency, 𝜔 = 2 𝜋𝑓
U– the energy stored by RC ,
𝑃𝑑 – the average dissipated power in a period.
𝑈 = 𝑊 ∙ 𝑉, (2)
With
W- energy density,
V – volume of chamber.
𝑊 = |𝐸|2
∙ 𝜀, (3)
With
Writing Good Protocols 41
59. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Example 7:
1.2 From the E-Field Strength in the Chamber
At higher frequencies, the discrete resonance lines cannot be separated from each
other anymore. The quality factor must then be calculated from the energy that
is stored inside the chamber, and the energy per cycle period that is converted
due to losses. This gives a relation between the field strength in the cavity, the
input or dissipated power and the quality factor. In this part of the experiment,
the quality factor shall be determined in that manner.
To derive a relation between the quality factor, the field strength and the input
power, one can give the quality factor a
Q =
ω · U
Pd
, (1.1)
where ω = 2πf is the angular frequency, U is the energy stored in the reverberation
chamber and Pd is the average dissipated power in one period.
The stored energy in the reverberation chamber can by given by
U = W · V , (1.2)
where W is the energy density and V is the volume of the chamber.
Writing Good Protocols 42
60. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Example 7:
1.2 From the E-Field Strength in the Chamber
At higher frequencies, the discrete resonance lines cannot be separated from each
other anymore. The quality factor must then be calculated from the energy that
is stored inside the chamber, and the energy per cycle period that is converted
due to losses. This gives a relation between the field strength in the cavity, the
input or dissipated power and the quality factor. In this part of the experiment,
the quality factor shall be determined in that manner.
To derive a relation between the quality factor, the field strength and the input
power, one can give the quality factor a
Q =
ω · U
Pd
, (1.1)
where:
ω = 2πf is the angular frequency,
U is the energy stored in the reverberation chamber and
Pd is the average dissipated power in one period.
Writing Good Protocols 43
61. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Example 7:
The stored energy in the reverberation chamber can by given by
U = W · V , (1.2)
where:
W is the energy density and
V is the volume of the chamber.
Writing Good Protocols 44
62. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
LiveQuiz at www.lehrevaluation.ovgu.de
Why are you not using LATEX (or what was your biggest
anxiety before using it)?
1. not aware of it
2. too complicated/
like programming
3. too time-consuming/
shallow learning curve
4. only used in academics,
not used in the industry
5. no advantages over
Microsoft
Word/OpenOffice Code: lvsqp
Writing Good Protocols 45
64. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Diagrams with pgfplots
begin{tikzpicture}
begin{axis}
addplot+[
domain=0:20,
samples=101,
] {sin(deg(x*2*pi/20))*sqrt(2)*230};
end{axis}
end{tikzpicture}
Writing Good Protocols 47
65. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Diagrams with pgfplots
0 5 10 15 20
−200
0
200
Writing Good Protocols 48
66. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Axis Labels
begin{tikzpicture}
begin{axis}[
xlabel={Time, $t$ (in si{millisecond})},
ylabel={Voltage, $u(t)$ (in si{volt})},
]
addplot+[
domain=0:20,
samples=101,
] {sin(deg(x*2*pi/20))*sqrt(2)*230};
end{axis}
end{tikzpicture}
Writing Good Protocols 49
67. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Axis Labels
0 5 10 15 20
−200
0
200
Time, t (in ms)
Voltage,u(t)(inV)
Writing Good Protocols 50
68. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Axis Limits
begin{tikzpicture}
begin{axis}[
xlabel={Time, $t$ (in si{millisecond})},
ylabel={Voltage, $u(t)$ (in si{volt})},
xmin=0,xmax=20,
ymin=-350,ymax=350,
]
addplot+[
domain=0:20,
samples=101,
] {sin(deg(x*2*pi/20))*sqrt(2)*230};
end{axis}
end{tikzpicture}
Writing Good Protocols 51
69. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Axis Limits
0 5 10 15 20
−200
0
200
Time, t (in ms)
Voltage,u(t)(inV)
Writing Good Protocols 52
70. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Scaling
begin{tikzpicture}
begin{axis}[
xlabel={Time, $t$ (in si{millisecond})},
ylabel={Voltage, $u(t)$ (in si{volt})},
xmin=0,xmax=20,ymin=-350,ymax=350,
width=0.8textwidth,
height=0.5textwidth,
]
addplot+[
domain=0:20,
samples=101,
] {sin(deg(x*2*pi/20))*sqrt(2)*230};
end{axis}
end{tikzpicture}Writing Good Protocols 53
71. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Scaling
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
−200
0
200
Time, t (in ms)
Voltage,u(t)(inV)
Writing Good Protocols 54
72. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Second Curve and Legend
begin{tikzpicture}
begin{axis}[
xlabel={Time, $t$ (in si{millisecond})},
ylabel={Voltage, $u(t)$ (in si{volt})},
xmin=0,xmax=20,ymin=-350,ymax=350,
width=0.8textwidth,height=0.5textwidth,]
addplot+[domain=0:20,samples=101]
{sin(deg(x*2*pi/20))*sqrt(2)*230};
addlegendentry{sine wave-form};
addplot+[domain=0:20,samples=101]
{cos(deg(x*2*pi/20))*sqrt(2)*230};
addlegendentry{cosine wave-form};
end{axis}
end{tikzpicture}Writing Good Protocols 55
73. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Second Curve and Legend
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
−200
0
200
Time, t (in ms)
Voltage,u(t)(inV)
sine wave-form
cosine wave-form
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74. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Further Options of the pgfplots Package
Data from:
formulas
direct specification of data points
text files
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75. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Further Options of the pgfplots Package
Data from:
formulas
direct specification of data points
text files
Types of diagrams:
line plots (linear, smooth, constant)
bar plots (horizontal, vertical)
comb plots and quiver plots
polar coordinates, ternary axes, Smith chart
3D: line, mesh, surface, contour
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76. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Wiring Schematics with circuitikz
begin{tikzpicture}
% outer loop
draw (0,0) to[I] (0,4)
to[short] (4,4)
to[vR] (4,2)
to[R] (4,0)
to[short] (0,0);
end{tikzpicture}
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77. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Wiring Schematics with circuitikz
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85. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Currents, Soldering Points
Iq
R2 = 1000 Ω
R = 820 Ω
R1 = 1000 Ω
I1
R = 820 Ω
I2
RL = 430 Ω
IBr
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86. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Further Options of the circuitikz Package
Components:
Monopoles: ground, antennas, . . .
Bipoles: basic elements, sources, instruments, . . .
Tripoles: transistors, controlled sources, switches, . . .
Double bipoles: transformers, couplers, . . .
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87. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Further Options of the circuitikz Package
Components:
Monopoles: ground, antennas, . . .
Bipoles: basic elements, sources, instruments, . . .
Tripoles: transistors, controlled sources, switches, . . .
Double bipoles: transformers, couplers, . . .
Display and labels:
current and voltage arrows
node labels
European or American style
( vs. )
Writing Good Protocols 68
88. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
LiveQuiz at www.lehrevaluation.ovgu.de
What LATEX-related topics would you like to see in future
workshops?
1. typesetting formulas
2. typesetting tables
3. citing sources and listing
references
4. drawing schematics (e.g. of
a measurement setup)
5. creating presentation slides
6. Don’t bother me with
LaTeX!
Code: lvwst
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90. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Summary
The adviser should see that you tried
hard and took care!
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91. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Summary
large protocol ˆ= degree thesis
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92. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Thanks for your attention!
Are there questions?
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93. Motivation Writing Good Protocols Examples Tips for LaTeX Summary
Examples
Diagram in pgfplots:
https://goo.gl/7SMpif
Circuit schematic in CircuiTikZ:
https://goo.gl/XJG6eG
Writing Good Protocols 74