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1.0-EXECUTIVE STATEMENT
This report contains information on the project schedule, building systems,pricing, client
information, project delivery system and method statement.
The new student accommodation on the university campus will have accommodate 20
students and will lead to a better quality student learning experience with an emphasis on own
personal areas. By using a sustainable and environmental friendly timber frame in the hopes
of driving down construction cost, the new student accommodation will be built under budget
and delivered within a year. Each bedroom contains a second level to provide a personal are
for the student. Dining and kitchen areas will be provided in a communal area for socialising
with other residents.
The actual Building is being built in accordance with the university’s sustainable
development plans with an emphasis on sustainable energy sources CHP systems and solar
panels.
The facility is being built to enhance student experience with an idea of own personal space
and should be scheduled to be built in 1 year and should be open for 2017-2018 academic
year.
1.1-SUMMARY 1
The aim of this project, was to design a halls of residence from ideas to a fully designed
building with structural calculations to back up the integrity of the structure. Once having an
idea of the brief provided by the client, ideas can be passed around for different ways to
achieve what the client is looking for. This will bring about the making of different sketches,
which will be developed into the concept design once a specific design idea has been
approved by everyone.
The client is looking for a halls of residence that has a minimum of 20 rooms per floor, which
should also have the welfare facilities to accommodate. The client has also requested that the
building have a maximum height of 16m and we are able to accommodate the building
around the site investigation, which gives an outline of the depths of the material. Since
sustainability is high on the agenda throughout the University of Bradford campus, proof that
our building will fit the principles of sustainability is a must, especially as the Green campus
is highly sustainable. Timescale of the construction of any building is highly important, so,
planning ahead will greatly reduce risks, this will be shown by the creation of a construction
phase plan and a method statement. The best way to show timescale in construction, is a
Gantt chart.
To also show professionalism, a 3D design model will be incorporated into the project, as
well as structural design, building layout and floor plans, having a 3D model can really help
the client see the ideas that are being put forward. 3D modelling is mainly used in the
construction industry, especially now that BIM is being incorporated into the design of every
building/structure.
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2.0-Introduction2
Due to a higher demand for students to come to the University of Bradford, the university
wants to expand on their student accommodation. Availability of good quality and affordable
accommodation is important to attract students from outside the immediate area and is an
additional source of income for the university. Privately owned student halls and shared
housing are readily available in the area surrounding the University Campus, of varying price
and quality. Providing good quality accommodation that offers value for money has allowed
the University’s own developments to compete with local companies and private landlords
The University have recently constructed the Green, which is situated on the North East of the
University campus, but still wanting to expand, they have requested to build another halls of
residence along Richmond Road, where the ice cream factory used to be. It is important that
this new development meets the high standards of sustainability and student lifestyle that The
Green has become so well known for.
Some additional factors must be considered during the planning of the new building:
Site location: The location of the site is positioned very near the University campus
and severallocal businesses including a technology park. The surrounding roads are
relatively small and there is a high volume of pedestrian and road traffic in this area,
especially during term time. Careful consideration should be given to Health and
Safety during the construction of the new building as well as disruption to University
activities and parking. Due to the small area of the site, the location of the welfare
facilities, storage and offices locations will have to be assessed.
Ground Conditions: The ground conditions of the site are quite soft, especially due
to the fact that from 1-3m deep is alluvium soil. Alluvium soil is loose
unconsolidated soil or sediments. Alluvium soil is formed by the reshaping and
eroding of water which is then redeposited in a non-marine area. This means that cost
effective foundations will have to be carefully considered.
2.1-DESIGN BRIEF
A short design brief has been supplied for the project:
Student accommodation suited on the university campus, comprising of student
bedrooms, storerooms, study/dining room.
Each floor has to have a minimum of 20 bedrooms per floor level. Other facilities
such as storage,kitchen, dining, study, common room should also be provided on
each floor level. The land area of the building is 60m x 15m at the location shown in
figure 1.0.
Columns are not permitted within any bedrooms, or other including common areas
16m is the maximum height of the overall building and each floor is to have a height
of 2.6m from floor to ceiling. There should also be a 150mm raised floor void
required for services.
The total area of the site is 900m2
, which should be fully utilized to be able to meet the
requirements of the design brief. Figure 1.0 shows that the building has to be a simple
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rectangular shape,which puts constraints on the architectural side of the design. Innovative
use of the internal space would be required to make the most of the site while staying within
the requirements of the brief.
Figure 1.0-Proposed area of site
2.2-PRELIMINARY SITE INVESTIGATION3
The design brief, included a preliminary investigation of the site. This allowed the possibility
to make predictions for foundations and a timescale for groundwork. Figure 1.1 shows the
depths of the different soils within the site, it clearly shows that the top layer; top soil, is
found to a depth of 1m. After top soil, alluvial deposits occur to a depth from 1m – 3m; as
mentioned in the summary, alluvium is a soft river based soil, which could cause a few
constraints in the latter part of this project, there are many possible approaches if alluvium
becomes an obstacle.
From a depth of 3m – 8m sand and gravel follows, this material is much more versatile due to
its properties, and could be used to support the foundations if the Alluvium proved too weak
for the weight of the building.
The layer of clay is quite deep at a depth of 8m, but its firmness will become a great benefit if
pile foundations are needed for our building. The site investigation also mentioned that water
was found at a depth of 4m.
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Our first course of action based on the preliminary information was to seek some professional
advice from a geo-technical professional, Simon Tyrell, who advised us on the limitations of
the ground to support larger steel structures. See Appendix 2
1
2
5
Clay 8m and below
Sand + gravel
Alluvial Deposit
Top Soil
Figure 1.1-Site Investigation Material Depths Diagram4
2.3-FURTHER SITE INVESTIGATION5
A site investigation is carried out before construction to gather information and to assess
whether ground conditions are suitable for the proposed development. This goes on to assist
both the design elements of a project and construction phase of the said project; for instance
the effect of ground water conditions to the construction phase of a certain design. A site
investigation is then a very important aspect of a design project, as it helps to identify the
suitability of a site to a design therefore saving both time and money if a project is not
suitable for it.
In our design project our site investigation consisted of 3 stages; desktop study, site visit and
ground investigation
2.4-DESKTOP STUDY6
The desktop study was the first stage and one of the key part of the site investigation as it
enabled us to gather information on the location, topography and history of the site. Using
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Figure 1: Aerial Viewof the site highlighted
inred
Figure 2: Aerial View of the site highlighted
ingreenin1938.
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tools such as google maps we were able to analyse our site from an aerial view and gather
knowledge on the current state of our site. From the elevated view (Figure 1.3) we were able
to see observe the site had a warehouse situated in the centre of the site and was located next
to road and was also accessible from the private university entrance. Also accessing historical
maps abled to see the site had previously had a building on it in 1938 (Figure 1.4) therefore
we were able to assume that the ground had some previous excavation, and also that the
present warehouse may be situated on top of the old foundation. Also using a geology map
(Figure 1.5), rough information on the type of soil conditions that is apparent on site such as
alluvium deposits and bedrock geology.
Figures 1.3 & 1.4-Elevated view and Historical map
Figure 1.5- Geology of the site marked in red
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2.5-SITE VISIT7
The site visit was a key aspect of the site investigation as it gave an insight on current site
condition which was not available from information gathered from the desktop study. The site
visit allows the team to confirm decisions on the design of the project, accessibility, and
demolition of the site.
Figure 1.6- View of the site
The site visit allowed (Figure 1.6) us to confirm final decisions of the design which may have
been susceptible to change. For example, due to our design having an emphasis on the use of
the sun as a natural light source,to maximise the exposure of the building to the sun we
orientated the building so forth. However an unexpected circumstance that can only be
acknowledged from a site visit, such as the shadows of nearby trees or building, may have
had an impact on the design of our building so our design would have to adjust accordingly.
This demonstrates how a simple act of visiting the site discloses key information that can
have an effect on the design of a project.
The site visit also allowed us to approve how we would access the site when construction
commenced. With the site nearby the road, a decision was made that there wouldn’t be a need
to construct an alternative access point as the site was not an isolated area. However due to
the narrow nature of the roads precautions would have to be made to allow the access of
heavy duty vehicles to the site. Also a decision was made to store the construction materials
needed for the site nearby the site on university premises to allow easy accessibility for
workers.
From the site visit an idea was made on what would be needed to be demolished would have
to be dealt before and in construction. With the site having an industrial warehouse,
proceedings would have to be made to demolish the building and surrounding fencing before
construction could be done. Also the industrial warehouse foundations would have to be
excavated due to the lack of documentation of the foundation used and what effect time has
had on the foundation.
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2.6-GROUND INVESTIGATION8
Once the desktop study and site visit stages were completed it was time to analyze internal
site conditions. Analyzing the ground conditions of a site ultimately decides the suitability,
constraints and what foundations can be applicable to a site. A ground investigation typically
includes geology and an analysis of any contamination of the land.
To gain information of the geology of the site, boreholes would be drilled on the site to
extract a soil sample. The sample extracted by said bores would be analyzed by external labs
and processed into information that engineers can analyze and use to calculate the ultimate
bearing capacity of the groundwork. Also boreholes can uncover the presence of water in the
soil that may affect the physical properties of the soil therefore saving time and money in the
long-term. From the borehole analysis we were able to categorize the soil layers and
properties (figure 1.7).
Figure 1.7- Soil Analysis of site
Being aware of the site previous uses a strategy can be completed on what contamination
would have to be dealt before and whilst constructing the project. Depending on previous
usage of the site land can be contaminated by heavy metals (e.g. lead), chemical substances,
gases,asbestos,or radioactive substance. From the information that was uncovered by the
desktop study, the site has been occupied by a building since the early 19th
century and due to
the fact that neighbouring buildings have an industrial background we have to assume that
there has been some form of contamination. Due to this we have to take precautions and test
the ground for any seepage that may have taken place overtime.
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3.0-PLANNING9
3.1-INTRODUCTION
When starting any project, planning is a vital to ensure the project is runs to schedule and to
keep up to date on tasks. It also shows others the start dates for task, the duration, who is
assigned to which particular task and when it needs to be finished.
‘Productivity is never an accident. It is always the result of a commitment to excellence,
intelligent planning, and focused effort.’ By PaulJ. Meyer
Committing to a plan can result in higher productivity to the project, functionality can
increase,as well as morale; as stated in the quote above by Paul J Meyer. A true project
manager can produce a realistic schedule and plan, whilst also having back-ups in case any
unnecessary circumstances delay certain tasks. For any big contracts and projects (like the
construction and design of a halls of residence) they will need a good plan to designate task to
push the project forward at a reasonable pace, while also achieving the best practicality for
workers. Communication between departments is also a crucial part of reducing risk in any
project. This does depend on what stage the project is at; for example, at the beginning the
client and architect must work together to be able to create what the client is looking for. The
next step is to select a method of procurement, this will be completed by the client and
construction manager, with which they will compose a strategy which will fit the long term
objective of the project, which includes; speed, cost, quality, specific project constraints, risk,
asset ownership and financing.
3.2-PROJECTPLAN
For the beginning of this project, a plan for getting the project started was needed. First of all,
someone was required to take control of the planning to get others that would be less willing;
or even not sure what to do, directed into their specific tasks. Also when commencing a new
project, persons that may have never worked together before, will need to get to know each
other, this can help them by getting the best out of each other’s strengths, while also helping
out on the group weaknesses.
The best way to start off any project is research. This allows everyone to work together and
discuss what they have found and bring their own ideas to the table. Research is normally a
long period that can carry on for long durations of time throughout the design stage,this is
because of the ever evolving design of the building, resulting in more research of certain
ideas, which will need to be backed up to be pushed through the group. This has happened
many times during the project and will continue till the concept design has started.
The plan for this project had 12 stages,starting off with research,which then proceeds to
architectural and structural design. To ensure that everyone is fully aware of the evolving
plan, an updated schedule with a checklist is sent to every member at the end of each week.
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This allows every member to see the progress of the project and shows if the project is falling
behind schedule.
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3.3-PROJECTPLANNING TABLE
Task Assigned Checklist Date Start Date Finished Set Days Predecessors Duration
Research Everyone Finished 18/01/16 17/02/16 31 23d
Main Building Sketches Stuart Finished 24/01/16 29/01/16 7 6d
Final Building Discussion Everyone Finished 01/02/16 01/02/16 2 2 1d
Design Stuart, Saleh and Tabish 02/02/16 12/02/16 12 3 9d
Structural Design Stuart and Matt 04/02/16 11/02/16 8 6d
3D Design (Revit) Mobien and Shamraiz 07/02/16 17/02/16 11 9d
Applied Load Equations Matt, Tabish and Mobien 18/02/16 19/02/16 4 6 2d
Soil Equations Saleh and Shamraiz 18/02/16 18/02/16 1 1d
Foundation Design Stuart, Saleh and Shamraiz 22/02/16 23/02/16 4 7, 8 2d
Landscape Design Matt, Shamraiz and Mobien 24/02/16 24/02/16 1 9 1d
Presentation Everyone 25/02/16 02/03/16 7 10 5d
Individual Reports Everyone 01/03/16 14/03/16 14 10d
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3.3-DESIGN10
Design stage is a phase in the project where the development of the design brief given by the client,
becomes a more detailed specification. The detailed specification is to allocate the requirements into in
fully implemented model to satisfy the client. There are different stages which evolves from the original
sketch while defining the specification.
Architectural design takes the client’s design brief, and makes an adapted model with floors plans for an
artistic approach to please the client, while also putting the model within its proposed scenario. The
architect also proposes some of the building materials, for example the roof, internal and external walls,
this is so the architect can work out the U-values of the building; which becomes important for
sustainability.
The architect has a major role in the design stage, the role of the model is just one part of their
contribution. Once the rough sketches are approved by the client, the architect refines the drawing to a
more detailed design, this involves the structure, ventilation, plumping and electrical. This allows the
architect to apply for permit and budget marketing.
The detailed/concept design allows for the structural, mechanical and electrical engineers to create their
side of the building drawings. For engineers to work efficiently, communication has to be developed
between each faction, especially due to them not normally being in the same companies. The structural
engineer creates a structure that will support the building, while also keeping with the clients and
architects brief, yet sometimes, compromises have to been made between the two for structure stability or
the building’s aestheticism. These drawings have to be very detailed, enough that a contractor will be able
to build from them, one of the reasons why all parties should keep in communications and have regular
meetings (normally a monthly bases).
Finally the architect has to create documentation, a budget and financing of the project. For financing, the
architect has to compare the estimated project’s expenses so far,with the actual cost to makes sure that
they reflect each other, while also estimating any future costs including any risk factor that may cost
extra. The budget is the amount of the overall cost of the project with risk assessment incorporated,
similar to the financing process. The documentation of the project is making sure that none of the
paperwork has not been missed out, which is one of the reasons why BIM is being made a necessity with
any project. Some of these documents have been made by the quantity surveyor, which will be bills for
quantities from the materials, production and other construction needs the architect had compiled. One of
the most important is contracts,these are very important documentations, which shows that all contractors
have agreed to perform a certain job to a standard; while also keeping with the vision of the project and
fines are implemented if contractors do not live up to the contracts obligations.
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4.0-CONCEPT11
4.1-ARCHITECTURE
Bradford University campus includes many modern, sustainable developments that influenced our design
concepts.
The Green:
‘The Green’ is a purpose built student village which provides accommodation for over 1000 students in a
sociable environment. Most notably, it is one of the most sustainable developments of its kind in the
world and the first halls of residence in the UK to achieve a BREEAM accolade of ‘outstanding’. Our aim
was to design a new building which would achieve a similar standard. (Bradford.ac.uk, 2016)1.7-1.7-1.7-
Figure 1.8-Re:Centre
The Re:Centre is one of the most visually striking buildings on campus, with a large glass front,
exposed wooden beams and contrasting white and wooden cladding. It is also built with
sustainability in mind, with an innovative approach to energy management, air flow and heating.
(Bradford.ac.uk,2016)
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4.1.1-Arkwright House
Figures 1.9-1.12-Arkwright House
This private development on the edge of the campus offers a more luxurious option for student living. It
offers more privacy then other student accommodation, with 2 to 6 students sharing a flat, but also
provides spacious social areas. (Prodigy Living, 2016)
4.1.2-Commercial Viability
Bradford University offers some of the cheapest student accommodation in the country. To be
commercially successful, the final design would need to be cheap to build, economical to run, and either
offer many low priced rooms, or a smaller number of “luxury” rooms that could attract a higher rental
price.
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4.2-SUMMARYOF DESIGN GOALS:12
Sustainable & Green Design to achieve BREEAM accolade of“outstanding”
Compliment modern campus architecture.
Commercially Viable.
Offer something Different/Unique.
Privacy and personal space,integrated within a social environment.
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4.3-INITIAL CONCEPTSKETCHES13
Our initial concept sketches can be seen in the project notebook (see appendix). These ideas were
condensed into 4 main conceptual designs. Concept 1:14
Figure 1.13- Design 1
The initial design took elements of existing campus buildings such as the green and Arkwright House.
It offers 60 en-suite rooms over 3 floors, linked by a glass stairwell front and rear.
Each floor would have a shared kitchen and living space,which would look out over an indoor garden
area at the southern end of the building.
Roof mounted solar panels would be used for water heating.
There is an area allocated for a small number of parking spaces or a secure bike storage.
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The design was later rejected due to the long hallways which may feel crowded when shared between 20
rooms and would require people living at the northern end of the building to walk up to 40m to reach the
kitchen.
4.4-CONCEPT 215
Figure 1.14-Design 2
The second design split the building into two separate blocks with a connecting bridge between them.
Each block provides 10 rooms, a kitchen and living area per floor, providing a total of 60 rooms.
Dividing the building in this way would slightly reduce the room size and increase construction cost, but
the facilities would be shared between fewer people and would feel less crowded.
The green wall cladding and glass stairwells compliment the other halls of residence nearby and the roof
space could again be used for green features such as solar panels and rainwater collection.
Balconies on every floor would give residents an outdoor/garden space without taking up a large area of
land.
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4.5-CONCEPT 316
Figure 1.15-Design 3
Our third option was a centralized living area and kitchens which surrounded an internal courtyard.
60 rooms are spread over 3 floors. Each corridor of 10 rooms would have its own kitchen and living
space.
The courtyard and surrounding balconies connect the living areas on each floor and give a sense of
community and allow plenty of natural light into the center of the building.
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4.6-CONCEPT 417
Figure 1.16-Design 4
Our geo-technical research highlighted that a tall steel& concrete structure may require significant
ground work and expensive piling foundations. This design moved away from the conventional
multistory design, in favour of 4 linked ‘barns’, each housing 5 student rooms and an open plan kitchen
and living space.
Each of the 20 rooms would consist of a bedroom and en-suite, with a study room above it which opened
out onto a small balcony area. This provides the residents with ample privacy and a comfortable living
space,with a large social area and outdoor areas.
The parking facilities included in previous designs were removed in favour of maximizing room sizes and
living areas.
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4.7-FINAL DESIGN DECISION:CONCEPT 418
Concept 4 was chosen as the design which most closely met the design goals.
A timber frame building provided severaladvantages. It would significantly reduce the cost of
construction and provided a much lighter design that could be built on simple pad foundations, avoiding
the need for expensive groundworks. A timber framed building would also be substantially quicker to
build which would minimize disruption around the campus, and start generating an income sooner.
Sustainable materials would be used throughout the building which also provides excellent u values,
making the building energy efficient and keeping running costs low. Numerous green design features
would be included, such as roof mounted solar panels for water heating, rain water recycling, a CHP
system and innovative ventilation.
A combination of wooden cladding and white rendered walls, with large glazed sections across the front
of the building complements other buildings on campus.
The unique room layout offers privacy and personal space within a social community environment,
offering residents their own apartment instead of the standard cramped rooms of other accommodation.
An alternative design was also proposed which used a steelframe and concrete flooring.
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5.2-Structural Design21
Figure 1.17-Plan view showing pad foundation placement (undereach column)
Figure 1.18-Front view of the structural elements with the pad foundations showing
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7.0-CONSTRUCTION39
Construction stage is where all the pre-construction planning time and effort is put into
reality, all operations are now on-site and left to the site management which comprises of the
site and project manager, who keep the project going. But they still have regular meetings
with other parties, such as the architect, structural engineer, client and other major
contractors, to make sure the project is going as scheduled.
A timescale to know how long the construction stage will take is essential, this is done by
breaking down the work and defining a scale to those particular operations, this is done in
order in which the construction will take. Due to some operations starting before some jobs
are finished; such as internal work, these can be separated into different timelines to stop any
confusion. The timescale for the operations can help the planning and keep the project on
track, this is important due to the fact that all construction runs over time, it gives the
managers a visualization of how the project is scheduled, just like a PERT diagram. A PERT
diagram is normally used for smaller projects, but it’s a good way of breaking down and
giving an understanding of critical operations and path, while also offering an average time
frame.
A construction plan was created for this project to show the direction the construction is
going and the amount of planning put in, up to this point. Section 8.1 shows this process. Due
to how big the project are, and the amount of operations, a PERT diagram would not be
feasible; instead, a Gantt chart (see appendix) has been created which also shows the critical
path by having arrows joining up to the relevant tasks. The critical path is exhibited in the
predecessor’s column. This column has a number in the task row, meaning that this particular
number represents the task that’s needs to be completed before this task can start (the number
in this column represent the task number), this is similar to how a PERT diagram would work,
using the predecessor column to identify the different branching paths and finish with the
overall critical path.
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7.1-CONSTRUCTION PLAN TIMESCALE40
Task Date Started Date Finished Predecessors Duration
External Work 30/05/16 02/11/16 113d
Break Ground 30/05/16 30/05/16 1d
Excavation 31/05/16 07/06/16 6d
Remove soil 31/05/16 01/06/16 2 2d
Lay Fill 02/06/16 03/06/16 4 2d
Compact Fill 06/06/16 07/06/16 5 2d
Foundations 08/06/16 04/08/16 3 42d
Excavate for Foundations 08/06/16 10/06/16 6 3d
Concrete Forms 08/06/16 16/06/16 7d
Pour Foundation Wall 17/06/16 21/06/16 9 3d
Concrete slab Pour 22/06/16 27/06/16 10 4d
Allow for Concrete to Cure 28/06/16 04/08/16 11 28d
Utilities 20/06/16 24/08/16 48d
Sewage 20/06/16 05/07/16 12d
Water 06/07/16 21/07/16 14 12d
Gas 22/07/16 08/08/16 15 12d
Electric 09/08/16 24/08/16 16 12d
Framing 04/08/16 20/09/16 34d
Set up Crane 04/08/16 04/08/16 1d
Erect Timber Columns, Beams and Joists 05/08/16 09/08/16 12, 19, 7 3d
Assemble Frame 10/08/16 16/08/16 20 5d
Erect Frame 17/08/16 23/08/16 21 5d
Erect Roof 24/08/16 30/08/16 22 5d
Stairs 31/08/16 06/09/16 23 5d
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7.2.1-Construction Phase Plan41
One of the construction planning component is the construction phase plan, this involves the
health and safety aspect. The basic principle of a construction phase plan is to ensure that the
health and safety regulations are properly considered with every task; even the most minor risk
to health and safety, to allow for the projects development to proceed with all risks reduced.
The construction phase plan is broken up in to different areas:
Overall health and safety aims – meaning, reduce risk which could lead to any accidents,
this involves keeping the site clean and tidy as well as facilities. Health and safety should
be enforced by all management and breaches should be dealt with adequately.
Site Rules (see appendix for an example site rules) – all sites should have rules, these are
the company’s on-site laws that should be followed by all workers. Site rules normally
comprise of these; Hard hats and hi-vis should be warn at all times, Each worker is
responsible for keeping their work area clean and tidy, smoking only allowed in
designated areas, all workers must be inducted before working on site, appropriate PPE
must be worn, all accidents and near misses must be reported and recorded, etc.
Regular monthly meetings between project team members which normally happens on
the site itself for progress purposes, weekly meetings should be held for site management
team, to update on work progress
Site induction – site induction is extremely important, all sites enforce that all workers
must be inducted before they work on site, this includes copying their CSCS card, which
tells them that the worker has passed the CITB health and safety test. A site induction can
last from a few hours to a week, depends on the company, but the site induction goes
through the essential knows for the worker, this is done by explaining the site rules,
showing them the welfare facilities and areas of danger, alarms that will be sounded for
particular fire and evacuations while also showing them the fire assembly point, all
workers must them sign and have proof they have been inducted by this particular site,
normally a sticker is put on the hard hat
By law, all sites should provide welfare facilities, these include rooms for changing,
eating/relaxing and toilets, also offices need to be provided for site, to accommodate for
the management team.
Fire and emergency procedures – this means that a step by step guide of what happens
when there is a fire or emergency.
The Full Gantt chart of the Construction Phase Plan can be found in Appendix
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7.2.2-Welfare and Storage Facilities42
Due to the size of the site for this project, it will be a struggle to fit in the welfare facilities, so a
proposed plan has been implemented, which can be seen in the image below. University parking
areas just off Longside Lane are conveniently positioned next to the site (bordered in red), if the
university gives permission, the car park can be used for storage and for the welfare facilities.
Another proposal is the wasteland area opposite the site (bordered in purple), if the owner allows
the use of the area for a fee, then a contract can be composed and the land can be used for the
purpose of welfare and storage facilities.
Proposed Area for Welfare and Storage Facilities
7.3-METHOD STATEMENT
A method statement details how particular tasks are carried out, while also detailing possible associated
dangers and risks to these tasks and the methods of control to reduce the risks (safe system of work).
Method statements are used a lot in the construction industry, by sub-contractors given the contractors
their method statements, all sub-contractor’s employees must sign to say that they will perform their task
to the steps within the method statement, which will reduce any dangers and risk posed to them. Another
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reason why method statements are used a lot, is because of the detailed guide of how the company
operate. They demonstrate how the company provides a good service while also accomplishing these task
in a safe and secure manor. Attached to an appendix, is a method statement example provide by health
and safety works NI and also, where the template was founded to produce a method statement for
particular tasks within this project.
7.3.1-Foundation Method Statement43
Method Statement
Title: Foundation
Site details
Contractor name and contact details: N/A
Project name and site address: University of Bradford
Site manager name and contact details: N/A
Transfer of information from client / contractor to relevant sub-
contractor
- Site Investigation should be provided prior to start of work including the engineering properties
of the ground and provide bearing capacity.
- Any contamination identified on the site investigation should be provided.
- Where work is carried out close or beneath overhead lines, enquires will be made to make sure
the overhead lines can be made dead or diverted. Where lines are still live make sure the right
plant (Machine) is selected or modified so it can't reach the lines. Ground works sub-contractor to
comply with guidance note GS 6 ‘Avoidance of danger from overhead power lines’.
- All details must be provided to the sub-contractor
Attendances
Prior to any work taking place on site the client / contractor shall: -
- Any cables or services are located by a detection tool
- Ensure that vehicle routes are clearly marked so the plant doesn't approach the edge of the excavation.
- Consider site access from the public road for the regular visits of vehicles by taking in account of traffic
management.
- Make sure there are designated areas for delivery vehicles and materials, which should be clearly
43 Matt
50. 50
communicated to sub-contractors
- Welfare facilities available for sub-contractors
Work activity
Pre-start checks: Ground conditions should be checked,plant availability and proximity hazards.
Description of the contract: Casting of foundations
Sequence of work:
Layer of blinding laid at a thickness of 150mm, no admittance while concrete is being poured,
rack once all of concrete has been poured to create even layer.
Mark outline of foundations on top of blinding.
Lay and erect wooden casting walls on foundation outline on top of the blinding,
making sure walls are to the height of the foundation and place reinforced cage
making sure everything is secured properly.
Pour concrete into casting using concrete mixer and smooth out to top of
foundation, take concrete cubes for testing.
Remove casting walls
Leave to cure for 28 days
Plant details: 360 digger for inserting steel cages, concrete mixers, concrete rig
Deliveries and site access: Concrete deliveries via concrete mixer
Personnel
Foreman: N/A
Operatives, Banksman, chippies, rig driver:
Training: All operatives must be trained in their appropriate field with their CSCS card
Health and safety management and control measures
Personal protective equipment: All operatives will wear the following when working with
concrete: Safety wellington boots, gloves and safety glasses, all operatives at all times
must wear a safety helmet and a high visibility vest
Site rules: All operatives must go to office to be inducted before working on site and
51. 51
apply to contractor’s site rules
Specific site hazards: Bits of timber and steel maybe lying around
Access to the work area: Access to site will be monitored by the foreman/gatesman
Welfare facilities: Welfare facilities will be provided
Amendments and additional information
Amendments to the method statement:
Should any part of this method statement require amendment or alteration, this must be
notified for agreement to all relevant parties prior to it being enforced.
Communication of method statement:
Communicate this method statement to all relevant parties (via toolbox talk) and ensure it
is signed by all personnel.
This method statement was prepared by: Matthew Wilson
Date: 13/03/2016dstatement record
Please sign to confirm you have read and understood this method statement.
Name: Company: Signature: Date:
52. 52
7.3.2-Timber Frame Method Statement
Method statement
Title: Timber Frame
Site details
Contractor name and contact details: N/A
Project name and site address: University of Bradford
Site manager name and contact details: N/A
Transfer of information from client / contractor to relevant
sub-contractor
Attendances
- Person responsible for crane must be agreed
- Where work is carried out close or beneath overhead lines, enquires will be made to make sure
the overhead lines can be made dead or diverted. Where lines are still live make sure the right
plant (Machine) is selected or modified so it can't reach the lines. Ground works sub-contractor to
comply with guidance note GS 6 ‘Avoidance of danger from overhead power lines’.
- Traffic Management must be arranged prior to crane arrival.
- Any obstacle which will hinder or foul the safe operation of the crane must be removed and
replaced by the contractor who is responsible for obtaining approval from the structural engineer.
- Weather conditions which could effect safe conditions will be agreed by trained personnel.
Work activity
Pre-start checks:
- Provide and maintain hard access roads, hard standing for the crane (a 12m x 8m
consolidated, level hard standing, capable of carrying the outrigger loads as specified in
the Lifting Plan) and stacking area / off-loading area.
- Consider site traffic management plan from public road onto and around the site before crane
arrives, also designated work area and storage area,clearly identify and communicate to the
flooring sub-contractor.
- Provide and maintain perimeter scaffolding of the working area,together with handrails,
guardrails, platforms or staging required for safe access and to prevent operatives from falling.
- Welfare facilities shall be made available to the flooring sub-contractor.
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- The provision of passive fall protection must be agreed and in place – this can be achieved by
working platforms, staging, crash decks,safety nets, air bags or other soft landing systems.
Description of the contract: Erecting of a timber frame structure
Sequence of work:
- Beam/column must be fastened securely to the crane and fall precaution measures must be
activated
- Place beam/column in accordance to the drawing, making sure there is a banksman watching out
for obstacles and other personnel.
- Workers must be fasten with a harness when working at height place the beam/column in the
place accordance to the drawing and bolt each component together.
- A pole and zip line should be erected to the trailer and a harness with a fixed lanyard be worn to
create a work restraint system, if no other fall system is in place.
Crane details: Details of the crane type will be provided give details such as, weight,
contract lift or plant hire, name of crane supplier. Communication to crane driver and
banksman must be through a two way radio. Approved lifting equipment with a test
certificate to be used. Documents must be inspected before use by the crane foreman.
Maximum component weights and crane working radius: Maximum weight/radius for
each component must be stated and recommendation on lifting techniques must be
considered from crane supplier. The heaviest lift must be within the crane safe lifting
radius.
Deliveries and site access: Timber beam/columns to be delivered to site and storedat
designated areas by directing the delivery drivers. The contractor is to give details of
number of deliveries and access requirements.
Structural Stability
Stability: The contractor must test and sign off that the frame meets the structural requirements and
results.
Personnel
Foreman: N/A
Crane Driver, Banksman: N/A
Training: All operatives will be trained and certificates of their training will be provided.
54. 54
Health and safety management and control measures
Personal protective equipment: All PPE will be worn by the operatives: - safety helmet, high
visibility vest, gloves and safety footwear.
Site rules: All operatives will be have a site induction and comply with the site rules.
Specific site hazards: All hazards must be identified and dealt with prior to lifting operations
commence on site. eg. provide suitable protection to up-standing steel reinforcing starter bars or
provide adequate bearing for props.
Positioning of components: Consideration to the robustness of the bearings to withstand the
standard methods of positioning to determine the need for properly designed temporary support
to the components or additional bracing of the bearings.
Work at heights: Perimeter scaffolding must be provided within high working areas, together
with handrails, guardrails, platforms or staging required for safe access and to prevent operatives
from falling.
Leading edge protection: This is provided by using a passive and collective system e.g. safety
nets / air bags etc. Air bags and associated inflation equipment to be installed by flooring sub-
contractor. Air bags must be installed so as to ensure appropriate coverage of the work area. The
absolute minimum coverage should be 4.8m ahead of the leading edge and 2.4m behind or to the
side where the storey height is less than 4m. The system must be continually monitored during
the operation to ensure the air bags are fully inflated and work suspended immediately in
situations of non-compliance.
Welfare facilities: Welfare facilities will be provided
Amendments and additional information
Amendments to the method statement:
Should any part of this method statement require amendment or alteration, this must be
notified for agreement to all relevant parties prior to it being enforced.
55. 55
Communication of method statement:
Communicate this method statement to all relevant parties (via toolbox talk) and ensure it
is signed by all personnel.
This method statement was prepared by: Matthew Wilson
Date: 13/03/2016dstatement record
Method statement record
Please sign to confirm you have read and understood this method statement.
Name: Company: Signature: Date:
56. 56
8.0-FOUNDATION 44
8.1-INTRODUCTION
Foundation is the main structure of the building, it is the connection between the ground/soil and the
building. It is used to transmit the load from the support of the building (columns, walls, and sometimes
beams) directly to the under layers of the ground (rock, sand, gravel, clay). Foundation is divided into
different types and sizes, it is based on the type of the soil, how deep in the soil it is going to be and size
of the columns. The main 2 parts of foundations are shallow foundation and deep foundation.
Shallow Foundation
Shallow foundation is used to transfer the loads of the building to the soil, those founded near the fished
ground surface,it mostly depends on the surface loading or any other surface conditions will have an
effect on the bearing capacity of the soil. There are 3 main types of shallow foundation that can be used
for early surfaces of the soil which are strip foundation, raft foundation, and pad foundation.
Strip Foundation
Strip foundations are concrete structure that is spread over the entire perimeter if the project, it goes all
along the project in one attached piece, it is usually used for light/average project loads and in good
bearing capacity soils and doesn’t need to be placed deep in the soil. Placing strip foundation is simple
and easier than other types of foundations, but it acquires a lot of construction work and invested large
material. The main function of the strip foundation is to spread the concentration of the load sideways
over the foundation to reduce the load over one point. There are different type of strip foundation, the
main ones are the masonry, plain and reinforced, and the rectangular and tee beam strips.
Raft foundation
Raft foundation is a large concrete slab the support columns and walls of the building, it is mainly used
for poor bearing capacity soils as is spread the load over the whole pad. One of the most advantages of the
raft foundation is that it doesn’t require a lot of excavation in the soil, saves time and material, and easily
installed, they are commonly used in the UK for commercial buildings more than houses, and offices but
can still be used for both.
Pad Foundation
Pad foundation can be under both shallow foundations and deep foundations, it depends on the properties
of the soil and how good/poor the soil conditions are. They are used to support individual or multiple
44 Saleh & Shamraiz
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columns by placing the pad under the point loads from the columns. There are more than one type/shape
of pad foundations, but the most common one is the square one.
Deep Foundation/Pile Foundation
Deep foundations are different from the shallow foundations that they need to be excavated into deeper
layers in the earth to transfer higher loads of buildings. The main deep foundation used is the pile
foundation, which is basically a long cylinder of a strong material, mostly used as concrete,the is
excavated deep in to the ground, usually it goes down to the clay based on the UK standards,and acts
steadily to support the whole structure. Pile foundation are commonly used for big buildings as every pile,
that is hammered and casted in the ground, has its own zone of influence in the ground. There 2 main
types of piles, end bearing pile and friction pile.
End bearing pile
End bearing piles behaves as a normal column that is placed deep inside the soil and the end of the pile
rests on a layer of rock, which takes most of the load. The key principle of the end bearing pile is the pile
intersect with the strong layer creating a pass for the load to go from the weak layer, the pile, into the
strong layer, which is the rock.
Friction Bearing Pile
Friction piles differs from the end bearing piles by having a different principle of transforming the load of
the building, the friction piles depends on the friction to transfer and decrease the load through the height
of the pile. The main key of the friction pile is the length of the pile and how much deep inside the soil it
can be, the higher the length the more load it could take.
Summary
Based on the calculations of the building and the low load applied on the foundations, pile foundations
wasn’t needed as it will take more time, increase the cost and waste the material, in the other hand the pad
foundations were the best fitted option for such a structure. Based on the designed structure the
foundation will be excavated 4 to 5 m in the ground to the second soil layer (sand and gravel) as given In
the brief, that has an acceptable bearing capacity for the load given and based on previous calculations of
the columns load on the foundation as will be shown in the calculations below.
58. 58
8.2-FOUNDATION CALCULATIONS 45
For the calculations there were more than one method, the first method was based on assuming the
Length, width and depth of the pad to work out the bearing capacity of the soil and reconsider if the
dimensions of the pad are acceptable for the load of the building, while the 2nd
method is about
considering the numbers and values of the bearing capacity from the Euro code (euro code 7) and
working it way up to the dimensions.
8.2.3-Method 1
In this method it was assumed that the foundation would be placed 5 m into the ground, in the sand and
gravel layer with that included of water in it, which was taken into consideration.
The minimum area of the foundation equation:
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Based on previous calculations the columns total load was = 79 KN per column
Given the penetration test value of the sand and gravel soil in the brief (N=15), the allowable bearing
capacity was calculated through 11 steps as shown below
Assume the depth, width, and length of the foundation just for initial calculations, these are usually not
100% correct based on different needs of foundation or columns sometimes.
Width: 0.424 m = 42.4 cm
Length: 1 m = 100 cm
Depth: 1 m = 100 cm
45 Saleh & Shamraiz
59. 59
Apply the ‘N’ value with the diagram to get the value of the penetration resistance.
Figure 1.23-Graph Showing Standard Penetration Resistance
Based on the diagram with the given ‘N’ value = 15, the penetration resistance ‘ϕ’ = 32 degrees, which is
approximated to 35 degrees for safety and calculations reasons.
Calculating the effective surcharge of the base level of the foundation,
q = ϒ*Df where,
q = he effective surcharge
Y = the unit weight of the soil = 1922 kg/ca.m provided
Df = depth of foundation = 100 cm
q = 1922*100 = 192200
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Using the penetration resistance (ϕ) = 35 degrees,the bearing capacity factors can be obtained from the
table shown below.
Figure 1.31-Table Showing Bearing Capacity Factors
Nc= 46.12 Nq= 33.30 Ny= 48.03
Since isolated square pad footings was decided the shape factors are the followings,
Sc= 1.3 Sq= 1.2 Sy= 0.6
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Calculating the depth factor:
dq = dϒ = 1+0.1(Df/B)(Nϕ)1/2
(for ϕ>100
)
For Nϕ = tan2
[(π/4)+(ϕ/2)] = tan2
[(π/4)+(35/2)] = 0.33
So, dq = dϒ = 1+0.1(Df/B)(Nϕ)1/2
= 1+0.1(100/100)(0.33)1/2
= 1.01089
Calculating the inclination factors using the following formulas.
iq = (1-a/90)2
& iy = (1-a/ϕ)2
a = 45o
iq = (1-45/90)2
= 0.25 iy = (1-45/35)2
= 0.08
Calculating the correction factor for the water table (which is located 4.0 m below ground level)
W’ = 0.5+0.5[Dw/(Df+B)] = W’ = 0.5+0.5[400/(100+100)] = 1.5
Calculating the ultimate bearing capacity using the following formula:
qd = 19200*(33.3-1)*1.2*1.01089*0.25 + 0.5*100*1922*48.03*0.6*1.01089*0.08*1.5
qd= 2218648 KN/cm2
= 222 KN/m2
So with taking the approximations into consideration the ultimate bearing capacity is = 222 KN/m2
Calculating the allowing bearing capacity.
Since the building is only about 2 floors of height and doesn’t have a high load existing and the max
design load is unlikely to happen, the factor of safety taken is 2.0.
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Allowable bearing capacity = Ultimate bearing capacity*factor of safety
= 222/2.0 = 111 KN/m2
Finally using the formula above for the minimum area required,
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Minimum area of foundation = 250/111 = 2.252 m2
Since its square shaped, √2.252 = 1.5 𝑚
Each side ofthe pad (square) is going to be around 1.5 m long, to satisfy a depth/thicknessof1 m of
the pad and carry the load.
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8.3-METHOD 2 46
In this method it was assumed that the foundation will be placed between 3.0 m to 4.0 m without getting
close to the water in the depth of 4.0 in the ground to avoid a water table calculation. Most of the
calculation was based on given numbers from Eurocode 2 based on the usage of sand and gravel soil in
this case.
From table 5, Eurocode 2 and according to BS: 8004 the bearing capacity of sand and gravel should be
equal or less than 200 KN/m2
Area = Load/Bearing Capacity = 250/200 = 1.25 m2
Which gives the minimum dimensions of the pad of the square root of the are = 1.12 m
By increasing the dimensions to reduce the pressure of the load on the bearing capacity from ultimate to
allowable, 1.12*1.12 to 1.2*1.2 which gives an area = 1.44 m2
1.44 is acceptable as its higher than the minimum which is 1.25
'Qu' bearing capacity = 200/1.44 = 138.8 which is approximated to 140 KN/m2
The thickness of the pad was calculated using the following formula:
H = P/Y ( 1-sinϕ/1+sinϕ)
For 'Y' the unit density of the soil it was given to be 1920 for sand and gravel
H = 250/1920 ( 1-sin(35)/1+sin(35))
H = 0.12 m
So based on the 2nd method the length and width of the pad are equal to 1.2 m and the
depth/thickness ofthe pad is equal to 0.12 m.
46 Saleh & Shamraiz
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9.0-SUSTAINABILITY 47
9.1-INTRODUCTION
History shows, engineering has always progressed to meet the needs of a more demanding and growing
population. Because of increasing pressures new goals are being developed that embrace economic, social
and environmental issues in a mutual way.
In recent years,many engineers and architects have focused primarily on prolonging the service life and
design life of structures. They have gone about this idea by considering an eco-friendly design- i.e.
putting sustainability on the forefront.
With the knowledge and understanding gained from background reading an attempt will be made to apply
knowledge to the student accommodation building in attempt to fulfil the clients’ requirements- to
embody the principles of sustainable development.
9.2-DEFINITION
There is no clear definition of the term sustainability; however many researchers have come up with ideas
in how to achieve sustainability within a design concept. Sustainability can be broken down into two key
terms ‘Sustainable Development’ and ‘Sustainable Construction’.
"Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs." Bruntland Report for the World Commission on Environment and Development
(1992)
The pressure state response model illustrates the environmental impacts of humans on the planet and links
well with Bruntland’s definition in the sense that there are pressures on the natural resources caused by
the growth in human population. How people respond to these pressures is what is becoming increasingly
important, especially in the building industry as mentioned in the introduction, an attempt to define new
policies is an example of a response to environmental impacts
Sustainability in construction i.e. building industry is dependent upon social, environmental and economic
factors as illustrated in figure 1. How well these factors have been taken into consideration in a design,
can help clients decide whether or not a particular design is sustainable, and possibly weather permission
is given to build it. The architects and engineers have their say in designing, but environmentalists will
also have an input at an early stage of the project life cycle.
47 Mobien
65. 65
Economic sustainability
The aim is to keep the costing of the building to a minimal, as well as making it look aesthetically
pleasing and installing new technology. In this instance, since Bradford is relatively cheap in comparison
to other cities keeping the construction costs minimal will help to reach breakeven. Since the location of
the site is so close to the university and the fact that it would be a new build allows high price for rent to
be charged.
Social sustainability
The aim is to try and design a building that is new but also needs to ‘fit in’ with the surrounding
environment. For this case our proposed design is located side by side with the Green student
accommodation located on the university campus, which suggests that it would look appropriate.
Renewable Energy Methods
Renewable energy, is energy generated from sources that will never run out i.e. they come from natural
resources. This includes sunlight, wind geothermal heat etc. In general the installation costs are relatively
high for all renewable energy methods, but can be beneficial in the long run. Below are some examples of
methods that have been incorporated into the student accommodation.
9.3-BREEAM
Building Research Establishment Environment Assessment Method is world’s leading sustainability
assessment method; it inspires designers and developers to make effective use of current resources. We
are confident that our proposed sustainability features would achieve a BREEAM rating of “Outstanding”
9.4-CHP (COMBINED HEAT AND POWER)48
This is a method which involves the use of a heat engine to generate electricity and heat at the same
time. We know in most energy conversion processes heat is given as a by-product, this system enables the
heat to be reused,for example, for space heating or water heating.
Electricity from traditional sources is a relatively high cost, high emission energy due to distribution
losses and the poor efficiency of most power stations. Only around 40% of the energy used in electricity
generation is delivered as electricity. By generating electricity on site, these distribution losses can be
drastically reduced.
These two factors make CHP systems very efficient.
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66. 66
CHP systems are most efficient when used in situations where demand for heat and power is relatively
constant throughout the day, and where there is a demand for heat all year round. This is an ideal system
for a Student residence as the distribution of lecture times and a busy student lifestyle means that the
building will almost always be occupied and requiring heat and power. The building will not be in use
during much of the summer, when demand for heat is at its lowest, and the CHP system will not be in
operation.
Bradford University already operates a Biomass fueled CHP system and it was our initial aim to include a
biomass system in our building, however there is not sufficient
site space to accommodate the fuel storage,and so a gas
powered unit was included in the final design. The CHP
system would be installed in the small external room located
under the balcony walkway at the southern edge of the
building.
Based on a case study at Elizabeth House in Rochester,where
CHP was used to power and heat 21 sheltered accommodation
flats, we estimate our building would require a 10 kW CHP
system such as the Synchro 10kw unit pictured right.
(www.cwp-ltd.com)
67. 67
9.5-SOLARPANELS
A solar water heating would be installed on the roof of the building. Flat plate collectors would be used to
collect solar energy to partially heat water which is then stored in hot water cylinders. The CHP system
would then heat the water further to the required temperature if necessary. (www.energysavingtrust.org.uk)
9.6-RAIN HARVESTING
This involves collecting water from surfaces on which rain falls and subsequently creating a channel for
the water to flow so that it can be stored for later use. Our building design incorporates 2 large pitched
roof areas which are ideal for collecting rainwater and a small exterior room at the north end of the
building will house the water storage tank. The water can then be used for toilet flushing
NOTE: A green roof was considered, however research suggested that it is not suitable for a timber frame
structure due to moisture being absorbed by the timber frame,also maintenance can be expensive, time
consuming and the design had no easy roof access.
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9.7-U-VALUES 49
U-values give a good indication of how good a building can retain heat. They are measured in watts per
square metre per degree Kelvin (W/m²K),so that is the amount of power transmitted over a
square metre.
A low U-value suggests that heat is lost a lot slower through the material which means that it acts as a
better insulator and less energy is required to maintain comfortable conditions for those living inside the
building.
The timber frame design of our building offers significantly better U-values than a steelframed or brick
building.
49 Stuart & Mobien
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9.8-SOLARCHIMNEY50
The final design incorporates a solar chimney in the roof of each barn to assist in efficiently ventilating the building.
A solar chimney uses convection currents generated by passive solar energy to naturally ventilate a building. During the day, solar energy heats
the chimney, aided by south facing glass panels, to creat an updraft of air. The suction created at the base of the chimney, pulls cool air in through
windows or exterior vents, whilst warm air is drawn upward and is eventually expelled. Louvers can be automatically operated to control the air
flow and to sealoff the chimney on colder days and at night. The louvers and vents are the only mechanical components, making this a very
energy efficient system. (Arup.com, 2016)
Airflow within the proposed building design
50 Stuart
70. 70
10.0-CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 51
10.1-TIMBER FRAME
One of the benefits on timber construction is that it can be assembled quickly. There is no setting time
involved. The material can be cut to size on site or can be prefabricated before construction starts. This
reduces the time wasted because of having wait for the equipment to arrive etc. Also this means that other
workers for example plumbers painters plasterers can be brought in earlier hence speeding up the process
further. Reduced time of construction means that the worker and everyone related to the build is exposed
to hazards of a building site for a shorter period of time. It also reduces the noise and traffic disruption
caused.
Since timber is significantly lighter than steel, it requires less machinery and labour to assemble. For
example where a big crane might be needed for the steelbeam, a similar sized timber beamed be moved
into position using manual labour. This saves on cost of equipment hire as well.
Timber is easier to source locally since steelproduction plants are less common and spread further apart
than forests. Also the energy consumption for production of a wood component is far less. A steelbeam
would require mining, transport, the smelting and refining and then forming. A timber component will
simply have to be cut to size and machined. In addition as the tree grows it absorbs a lot of carbon dioxide
making consumption of trees carbon neutral.
One of the keys to sustainable design is for building to last a long time. Timber can be expected to last
safely upwards of 60 years. This is plenty of time for the build to break even as well as reduce the impact
that would be if the building lasted longer and needed replacing.
The timber inherently has a high u value meaning it will be well insulated even without use of insulation.
Also since the thermal mass is low the building is faster to heat up and cool down. This is useful, given
the life style of student that often involves short stays throughout the day, moving between university and
residences.
A key sustainable feature of timber is the fact that is renewable. It can be replaced simply by planting
more trees while cutting trees for consumption and results in zero carbon footprint
10.2-TIMBER FLOORING & CLADDING
Aesthetics- The main reason for choosing timber as the material of choice for the outer cladding and
most of the interior not structural elements is aesthetic. Its looks can be cheaply
enhanced through application of varnish. Even without it exposed would create a light atmosphere perfect
for almost any residential setting.
Light weight-Wood is around 4 times less dens than masonry so for purely
architectural components like divider walls and cladding it is ideal when it comes to saving weight while
51 Tabish
71. 71
improving aesthetics. It can be used on its own unlike masonry that would require further plastering and
tiling etc. to looks pleasing as wood would on its own.
Environmental- Wood is a renewable source that will have minimum impact specially
when incorporated with forest plantation schemes. A good source of such wood is FSC approved
wood. Such wood is sourced in a way that the environmental and ecological effects of logging in
a particular forest are kept to a minimum. The closest FSC approved forest to the location is West wood
forest as indicated on the map.
The wooden cladding on the exterior would need to be treated every other year to ensure maximum
lifespan for the minimum cost. The treatment is not expensive but does carry health and safety risk for the
user which can be avoided with the correct safety procedures. It would add slightly to the cost of
the maintenance but this would be offset by cheaper running costs due to its U-values, and savings in the
construction phase.
10.3-CONCRETE 52
Concrete is used in the foundations of our primary design, and would be a primary construction material
in the alternative steel framed design. Concrete is almost the default material for foundations. This means
that doing so is often much more convenient as well as economical compared to other options like steel
foundations. Which could be a viable option for a heavier building. For a building our size they would be
far too expensive. In addition the repairs that could arise considering the existence of a water table, the
repairs are extremely expensive.
Reasons for choosing it as foundation material as below;
Durability and long life- Concrete on its own is a renowned durable material. It is resistance to much of
chemical and weathering attack offered in the condition of the sight. It will be further enhanced by the use
of admixtures. This does add extra cost to the build but it is a worthy investment as foundations are a
critical part of the building.
Admixtures-Furthermore admixtures can be used to accelerate the setting of the concrete. This costs
more but a suitable trade off can be found between cost of admixture and extra cost associated with
waiting around for it to set. The extra cost can be incorporated in the pert diagrams (foundation
stage). Corrosion resistance can also be improved with admixtures but it won’t be required in the soil
conditions we have.
Strength- the compressive strength of concrete is high at around 20-40 MPa. It is however weak in
flexure and tension at around 2-5 mPa. Since the building is only one story high; average strength of
30mPa is sufficient.
Regardless of the loads being generally vertical, there is bound to be flexure and tension. To remedy the
low tensile strength the foundation concrete will be reinforced. Using previous knowledge the ideal
position to place the reinforcement bars is close as possible towards the bottom of the element assuming
the loads are being applied form the top. This ensure maximum tensile of the steelbar is use, hence lower
52 Tabish
72. 72
steel requirement which translate to a more economical design. The diagram, shows
the generalpositioning of the reinforcement bars,ties and the cage of the reinforcement for concrete
foundations.
Workability- Concrete is easily poured into almost any shape. Increasing water content generally giving
a more workable concrete. Optimum water and other content’s ratios can be found using the
guidelines attached in the appendix. The shapes the concrete need to take for foundation are simple
meaning relatively low workability is sufficient. On site the workability would be determined using a
slump test,requiring basic equipment.
The criteria for choosing the flooring that spans between beams of the first floor was different to that of
concrete. The properties making it ideal are listed below;
Sound proofing- Concrete has good acoustic performance. It will not necessarily be good
at stopping noise traveling between rooms but it will however reduce the amount that is reflected around.
Also the slabs are hollow core, meaning there are voids in the slab structure further improving acoustic
performance like foam insulation.
Fire resistance- Concrete retains its strength even at very high temperatures and is often the material
of choice for constructing vessels operating at high temperature. The first thing to fail in concrete would
be the steel reinforcements. Since none are used, the concrete will retain most of its strength in case of a
fire.
Thermal performance- Concrete has good insulation and has a high U value of around .75 for a slab
around 150mm. the slab we used boasts a great U value of 0.35 This ensure minimum heat is lost. The
more significant value of concrete however is the k value. This is often known as the admittance, or in
simple words, the amount of energy a material absorbs per metre square W/m2
K. This means that in summer
the concrete absorbs the heat and releases it slowly over time when it gets cold. The same applies to colder
temperatures in winter. The over effect is regulation of temperatures at a comfortable level.
Since speed of construction is a main aspect of our design, quick setting concrete is also considered as an option that
could be used.It is the ‘accelerated’ option that would be taken in our foundation stage of the PERT diagram. That
being said quick setting cement does have a lower strength compared to one of similar content. The precast concrete
floor slabs will also save significant amount of time in assembly.
Light weight concrete is anotherconsideration for the design but its cost is not likely to be worth the relatively small
weight saving and its effect on overall build. Also the heavier conventionalconcrete has betterthermal performance
in the case of the floor slabs.The floor slabs themselves will be precast and this will dramatically increase build
speed.
The sight has a water table as a depth of 4m. This will mean that the concrete will need to be water proof. This can
be done by reducing the water cement ratio. This will result in smaller pores and hence the concrete is less open to
water or chemical attack. Also the increased workability will aid pouring. Combined with addition of admixture like
those use in Hanson concrete and proper compaction effects of surrounding water can be minimized.
73. 73
10.4-MASONRY 53
Masonry is used in the low retaining wall that runs around the exterior walls of our design.
Masonry shares many of the benefits of concrete like, fireproofing, acoustic performance, high compression strength
and good thermal performance. In addition to that masonry is rot, mould and fungus proof. This is ideal since the
bottom30 cm of all the exterior walls will be masonry. One of the overarching aims of the building was to be light
weight. Masonry is heavy compared to timber for example, however the protection it offers against water
mould etc. outweighs the increase in weight.
Masonry is also very low maintenance. If the bottom30 cm of the exterior walls was to be wooden cladding this
would result in costly repair due to mould, fungus and even expansion of wood which can exert unexpected pressure
on adjacent component. An example would be a door opening becoming fractionally narrower due to wood
expansion rendering the dooruseless.
In addition one of the criticisms of the building design was will it be heavy enough to withstand the horizontal
loading from the wind and would this uproot the building. This is partially remedied by use of masonry adding more
weight, though not enough to significantly change the foundations.
One of the disadvantages ofmasonry however is that its construction speed if slow and also vulnerable to changes in
weather. For instance newly laid bricks would need to be protected until they have sufficiently set otherwise there
optimal strength will not be achieved. Also as a general rule on site construction is slower and more labour intensive
than offsite like the precast concrete slabs.
10.5-STEEL
Steel is the key structural component of our secondary design. It is used to form the beams, columns and
girders of the building. Steel is heavy, but its advantages far outweigh the additional weight. The
properties that make steel the ideal material for our build are listed below;
Strength per unit mass- The strength the steel provides per unit mass is far better than many others
like concrete and timber. The average steelbeing around ten times stronger for the same weight than
concrete.
Uniform quality- Steel is a material whose strength is very reliable fluctuating only around 5%, giving
its safety factor of 1.05. This is mainly down to the fact that it is fabricated offsite in condition far better
controlled then that of a construction sit as is the case for concrete.
Fabrication speed- Steel is currently the preferred method of choice in commercial construction, and
this strand has been steadily becoming more prevalent. This is because more often than not tight deadlines
need to be met. There is no setting time or waiting for it to achieve it’s a maximum strength. It can simply
be craned into positioned and bolted and welded into position with relative low labour costs. This means
are more reliable construction schedule because there are no delays that can be caused by adverse weather
conditions.
53 Tabish
74. 74
Durability- In most cases the steelused is stainless steeland if not it can be treated with coating to get
the same results. It does not entail the problems associated with timber like rot and termites.
Span length- spans lengths can be much larger then concrete off timber. This means less number of
individual components we need to be put together saving time and hence money. This aligns perfectly
with our concept of cheap accommodations of high standards that will break even and even generate
income for the client.
Transportation and storage- steel can be stored and transported in relative compact spaces. This is due
to its uniformity, that means it can be stacked in a compact manner saving the amount of space required
for storage and in case of transportation the amounts of trips required for the delivery of the required
amount of building material. Also since the site is in a busy location, it is ideal to minimise traffic hence
disruption to other road users and also the surrounding student accommodations.
10.6-METALROOF 54
Majority of the suppliers of metal roof provide a warranty of around 30 years reflecting the longevity of
such roof. They are protected against rot, mildew, insects etc. They also much better at reducing
the accumulation of snow due to its slippery surface.
Light weight-they are around 1/3 of the weight of roof of comparable performance. Despite metals
having high densities, since the thick off the roofing material is small the weight is much less. This
complies with our aim of a lightweight building requiring the minimum amount of work of foundation
whc9ih are a major cost
Fabrication speed- The speed of installation is almost insignificant compare d to other of types. It
simply needs to be joined in its correct potion once the structural components are installed.
This reduces build time and cost. Also since its installation isn’t effected by adverse weather it will save
even more time.
Fire resistance- In case of fire the roof is going to be the cause of least concern as metals are practically
fire proof especially as a non-structural component.
54 Tabish
75. 75
10.7-MATERIALCOSTS55
Primary Structural Timber Costing for oak Fresh sawn Construction (QPA)
Cross section Quantity Price each (£) Line Price (£)
200 x 200 x 5000 21 160 3360
200 x 200 x 2500 21 80 1680
200 x 200 x 3250 21 104 2184
(http://www.iwood.co.uk)
Material Costing for Concrete Steelwork and windows along with cladding.
Material Cost (£) Reference
QuicksetConcrete 22kg 6.15 http://www.diy.com/departments/blue-circle-ready-to-use-
premixed-concrete-22kg-bag/135766_BQ.prd
Normal SettingConcrete 4.79 http://www.homebase.co.uk/en/homebaseuk/concrete-mix-
--25kg-782078
AirDriedOak Featheredge
cladding150mm x
22mm/5mm
23.99 perm^2 http://www.uk-
oak.co.uk/product/Air_Dried_Oak_Featheredge_Cladding
ReinforcedConcrete Slabs
(36” x 53”)
$109.34 http://www.oldcastleprecast.com/plants/Enclosures/Priceli
sts/Documents/OM00v04.pdf
Metal roof alluminium EnquiryBased http://www.vieoroof.com/
WICKESNON STRUCTURAL
HARDWOODPLYWOOD
5.5X607X2440MM
£8.64 perSQM http://www.wickes.co.uk/Wickes-Non-Structural-
Hardwood-Plywood-5-5x607x2440mm/p/164520
WindowsDouble Glazing
1800mm x 1200mm
259 http://www.justdoorsuk.com/diy-windows.htm
BLOCKLEYS WREKIN DARK
RED MIXTURE BRICK 65mm
143.64 (300 per
pack)
http://www.huwsgray.co.uk/bricks/blockleys-wrekin-dark-
red-mixture-brick-65mm.html
Steel Beams
UC 203 x 203 x 52 (3m
length)
322.06 https://www.metals4u.co.uk/mild-steel/universal-beams-
rsj/203-x-203-x-
52/p13687&showvat=true?gclid=CIWWsv3KwssCFRITG
wodIWkM3A
GreenOak
Beams
3000mm x
150mm x
150mm
41.99 http://www.uksleepers.co.uk/product/150_x_150_Green_
Oak_Beams
55 Shamraiz
76. 76
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