Introduction to Language and Linguistics 005: Morphology & Syntax - In which we review the notion of morphological restrictions (word-internal distributional patterns), and introduce the idea of syntactic restrictions (word-external distributional patterns). Frame Sentences are introduced as a diagnostic for lexical category, and Phrase Structure Rules are introduced as a way to account for Frame Sentences (i.e., patterns in lexical word order). Hocket's design feature PRODUCTIVITY is discussed, and the difference between the Chomsky-style generative approach and a Skinner-style behaviourist approach mentioned.
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 005: Morphology & Syntax
1. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
Patterns in WORD ORDER
Frame Sentences
Constituents &
Phrase-Structure Rules
{ mm }
S → NP VP
NP → (D) (Adj) N
VP → V (NP)
S
VP
NP
N
V
NP
NAdjD
PSRs
ELC 231: Introduction to Language and Linguistics
Morphology and Syntax
Dr. Meagan Louie
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 1 / 89
2. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
Core Subdomains
Linguistics: The study of Language
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 2 / 89
3. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
Core Subdomains: Last Week - Semantics and Morphology
Linguistics: The study of Language
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 3 / 89
4. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
Core Subdomains: This Week - Morphology and Syntax
Linguistics: The study of Language
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 4 / 89
5. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
Core Subdomains: Syntax
• Syntax: The study of phrase- and sentence-formation in language
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 5 / 89
6. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
Core Subdomains: Syntax
• Syntax: The study of phrase- and sentence-formation in language
1 The key notion of Constituency and Structure
2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3 Productivity as a Design Feature
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 5 / 89
7. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Core Subdomains: Morphology Review
• Morphology: The study of word-formation in language
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 6 / 89
8. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Core Subdomains: Morphology Review
• Morphology: The study of word-formation in language
1 The key notion of the morpheme & semanticity
2 Concatenation & compositionality
3 Morpheme Categories
Distributional Categories: roots, stems, prefixes, suffixes
Lexical Categories: N, N, Adj, P, Det
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 6 / 89
9. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Core Subdomains: Morphology Review
• Morphology: The study of word-formation in language
1 The key notion of the morpheme & semanticity
2 Concatenation & compositionality
3 Morpheme Categories
Distributional Categories: roots, stems, prefixes, suffixes
Lexical Categories: N, N, Adj, P, Det
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 7 / 89
10. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Core Subdomains: Morphology Review
• Morphology: The study of word-formation in language
1 The key notion of the morpheme & semanticity
2 Concatenation & compositionality
3 Morpheme Categories
Distributional Categories: roots, stems, prefixes, suffixes
Lexical Categories: N, N, Adj, P, Det
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 8 / 89
11. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Core Subdomains: Morphology
• Morphology: The study of word-formation in language
1 The key notion of the morpheme & semanticity
2 Concatenation & compositionality
3 Morpheme Categories
Distributional Categories: roots, stems, prefixes, suffixes
Lexical Categories: N, N, Adj, P, Det
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 9 / 89
12. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Core Subdomains: Morphology
• Morphology: The study of word-formation in language
1 Concatenation
Combining morphemes together to form new words
- eg., un-believe-abil-ity (predictable/compositional meaning)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 10 / 89
13. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Core Subdomains: Morphology
• Morphology: The study of word-formation in language
1 Concatenation
Combining morphemes together to form new words
- eg., un-believe-abil-ity (predictable/compositional meaning)
2 Neologism/Coinage
Combining phonemes together to form new morphemes
- eg., bikini (French coinage) (arbitrary meaning)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 10 / 89
14. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Core Subdomains: Morphology
• Morphology: The study of word-formation in language
1 Concatenation
Combining morphemes together to form new words
- eg., un-believe-abil-ity (predictable/compositional meaning)
2 Neologism/Coinage
Combining phonemes together to form new morphemes
- eg., bikini (French coinage) (arbitrary meaning)
3 Compounding
Combining entire words together to form new words
- eg., binge-watch (non-arbitrary but unpredictable meaning)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 10 / 89
15. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Core Subdomains: Morphology
• Morphology: The study of word-formation in language
1 Concatenation
Combining morphemes together to form new words
- eg., un-believe-abil-ity (predictable/compositional meaning)
2 Neologism/Coinage
Combining phonemes together to form new morphemes
- eg., bikini (French coinage) (arbitrary meaning)
3 Compounding
Combining entire words together to form new words
- eg., binge-watch (non-arbitrary but unpredictable meaning)
4 Blending
Combining parts of words together to form new words
- eg., mansplain (non-arbitrary but unpredictable meaning)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 10 / 89
16. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Core Subdomains: Morphology
• Morphology: The study of word-formation in language
1 Concatenation
Combining morphemes together to form new words
- eg., un-believe-abil-ity (predictable/compositional meaning)
2 Neologism/Coinage
Combining phonemes together to form new morphemes
- eg., bikini (French coinage) (arbitrary meaning)
3 Compounding
Combining entire words together to form new words
- eg., binge-watch (non-arbitrary but unpredictable meaning)
4 Blending
Combining parts of words together to form new words
- eg., mansplain (non-arbitrary but unpredictable meaning)
5 etc....
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 10 / 89
17. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Core Subdomains: Morphology
• Morphology: The study of word-formation in language
We’ll focus on Morpheme Concatenation
(but we’ll discuss differences in meaning predictability next week)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 11 / 89
18. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
The LEXICON: The Repository of MORPHEMES
Definition: MORPHEME
A morpheme is the smallest unit of language that has/contains
meaning - i.e., it is a systematic form, meaning mapping
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 12 / 89
19. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
The LEXICON: The Repository of MORPHEMES
Definition: MORPHEME
A morpheme is the smallest unit of language that has/contains
meaning - i.e., it is a systematic form, meaning mapping
[s] /s/ /-s/, plural
phone phoneme morpheme
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 12 / 89
20. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
The LEXICON: The Repository of MORPHEMES
Definition: MORPHEME
A morpheme is the smallest unit of language that has/contains
meaning - i.e., it is a systematic form, meaning mapping
[s] /s/ /-s/, plural
phone phoneme morpheme
The Lexicon is our mental dictionary of form, meaning mappings
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 12 / 89
21. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
The LEXICON: The Repository of MORPHEMES
Definition: MORPHEME
A morpheme is the smallest unit of language that has/contains
meaning - i.e., it is a systematic form, meaning mapping
[s] /s/ /-s/, plural
phone phoneme morpheme
The Lexicon is our mental dictionary of form, meaning mappings
Q: But are morphemes JUST form, meaning pairings?
is that all we need to explain how morpheme concatenation works?
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 12 / 89
22. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
REVIEW: Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
. Observations: Affixes can’t attach to just any kind of stem
(1) a. /nˆaa-r´ak/ น่ารัก
b. /nˆaa-j`uu/ น่าอยู่
c. /nˆaa-mOON/ น่ามอง
d. /nˆaa-kh´it/ น่าคิด
(2) a. */nˆaa-h´iw/ น่าหิว
b. */nˆaa-r ´OOn/ น่าร้อน
c. */nˆaa-ph
`et/ น่าเผ็ด
d. */nˆaa-l´ek/ น่าเล็ก
(3) a. */nˆaa-ph
aasˇaa/ น่าภาษา
b. */nˆaa-mEEw/ น่าแมว
c. */nˆaa-nˇaNsˇ00/ น่าหนังสือ
d. */nˆaa-
>
tCh
aa/ น่าชา
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 13 / 89
23. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
REVIEW: Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
. Observations: Affixes can’t attach to just any kind of stem
(1) a. /nˆaa-r´ak/ น่ารัก
b. /nˆaa-j`uu/ น่าอยู่
c. /nˆaa-mOON/ น่ามอง
d. /nˆaa-kh´it/ น่าคิด
(2) a. */nˆaa-h´iw/ น่าหิว
b. */nˆaa-r ´OOn/ น่าร้อน
c. */nˆaa-ph
`et/ น่าเผ็ด
d. */nˆaa-l´ek/ น่าเล็ก
(3) a. */nˆaa-ph
aasˇaa/ น่าภาษา
b. */nˆaa-mEEw/ น่าแมว
c. */nˆaa-nˇaNsˇ00/ น่าหนังสือ
d. */nˆaa-
>
tCh
aa/ น่าชา
What determines when the
morpheme /nˆaa/, -worthya
can combine with another
morpheme?
aHahahaha, as if I actually know what this means.
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 13 / 89
24. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Morphemes consist of form, meaning, category
Observation: Affixes have selectional restrictions
- they can only attach to certain Lexical Categories,
eg., N, V, Adj, Adv, Prep, ...
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 14 / 89
25. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Morphemes consist of form, meaning, category
Observation: Affixes have selectional restrictions
- they can only attach to certain Lexical Categories,
eg., N, V, Adj, Adv, Prep, ...
We represent these restrictions in the lexical entry of the morpheme:
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 14 / 89
26. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Morphemes consist of form, meaning, category
Observation: Affixes have selectional restrictions
- they can only attach to certain Lexical Categories,
eg., N, V, Adj, Adv, Prep, ...
We represent these restrictions in the lexical entry of the morpheme:
form, meaning, category/distribution
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 14 / 89
27. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Morphemes consist of form, meaning, category
Observation: Affixes have selectional restrictions
- they can only attach to certain Lexical Categories,
eg., N, V, Adj, Adv, Prep, ...
We represent these restrictions in the lexical entry of the morpheme:
form, meaning, category/distribution
nâa-,VERB-worthy, [ ...- VERB]ADJ
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 14 / 89
28. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Morphemes consist of form, meaning, category
Observation: Affixes have selectional restrictions
- they can only attach to certain Lexical Categories,
eg., N, V, Adj, Adv, Prep, ...
We represent these restrictions in the lexical entry of the morpheme:
form, meaning, category/distribution
nâa-,VERB-worthy, [ ...- VERB]ADJ
i.e., lexical entries also contain information about lexical category
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 14 / 89
29. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Morphemes consist of form, meaning, category
[nâa- VERB]Adj, “VERB-worthy”
This sort of lexical entry makes predictions about
1 grammaticality
2 meaning
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 15 / 89
30. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Morphemes consist of form, meaning, category
[nâa- VERB]Adj, “VERB-worthy”
This sort of lexical entry makes predictions about
1 grammaticality
2 meaning
PREDICTIONS
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 15 / 89
31. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Morphemes consist of form, meaning, category
[nâa- VERB]Adj, “VERB-worthy”
This sort of lexical entry makes predictions about
1 grammaticality
2 meaning
PREDICTIONS
1 If X is not a verb, then nâa-X will be ungrammatical
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 15 / 89
32. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Morphemes consist of form, meaning, category
[nâa- VERB]Adj, “VERB-worthy”
This sort of lexical entry makes predictions about
1 grammaticality
2 meaning
PREDICTIONS
1 If X is not a verb, then nâa-X will be ungrammatical
2 If X is is a verb, nâa-X will pattern like an adjective
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 15 / 89
33. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Morphemes consist of form, meaning, category
[nâa- VERB]Adj, “VERB-worthy”
This sort of lexical entry makes predictions about
1 grammaticality
2 meaning
PREDICTIONS
1 If X is not a verb, then nâa-X will be ungrammatical
2 If X is is a verb, nâa-X will pattern like an adjective
3 If X is is a verb, then nâa-X will mean something like “X-worthy”
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 15 / 89
34. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Morphemes consist of form, meaning, category
[nâa- VERB]Adj, “VERB-worthy”
This sort of lexical entry makes predictions about
1 grammaticality
2 meaning
PREDICTIONS
1 If X is not a verb, then nâa-X will be ungrammatical
2 If X is is a verb, nâa-X will pattern like an adjective
3 If X is is a verb, then nâa-X will mean something like “X-worthy”
Can you think of evidence that supports these predictions?
Evidence that falsifies these predictions?
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 15 / 89
35. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Morphemes consist of form, meaning, category
[nâa- VERB]Adj, “VERB-worthy”
This sort of lexical entry makes predictions about
1 grammaticality
2 meaning
PREDICTIONS
1 If X is not a verb, then nâa-X will be ungrammatical
2 If X is is a verb, nâa-X will pattern like an adjective
3 If X is is a verb, then nâa-X will mean something like “X-worthy”
Can you think of evidence that supports these predictions?
Evidence that falsifies these predictions?
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 16 / 89
36. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Morphemes consist of form, meaning, category
[nâa- VERB]Adj, “VERB-worthy”
This sort of lexical entry makes predictions about
1 grammaticality
2 meaning
PREDICTIONS
1 If X is not a verb, then nâa-X will be ungrammatical
2 If X is is a verb, nâa-X will pattern like an adjective
3 If X is is a verb, then nâa-X will mean something like “X-worthy”
Can you think of evidence that supports these predictions?
Evidence that falsifies these predictions?
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 17 / 89
37. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Morphemes consist of form, meaning, category
[nâa- VERB]Adj, “VERB-worthy”
This sort of lexical entry makes predictions about
1 grammaticality
2 meaning
PREDICTIONS
1 If X is not a verb, then nâa-X will be ungrammatical
2 If X is is a verb, nâa-X will pattern like an adjective
3 If X is is a verb, then nâa-X will mean something like “X-worthy”
What do we mean by “pattern like an adjective”?
.
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 18 / 89
38. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Evidence for Lexical Categories
ASSUMPTION: Languages organize the words and morphemes in
their lexicons into distinct lexical categories
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 19 / 89
39. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Evidence for Lexical Categories
ASSUMPTION: Languages organize the words and morphemes in
their lexicons into distinct lexical categories
→ This allows us to account for morphological restrictions
(word-internal distributional patterns)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 19 / 89
40. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Evidence for Lexical Categories
ASSUMPTION: Languages organize the words and morphemes in
their lexicons into distinct lexical categories
→ This allows us to account for morphological restrictions
(word-internal distributional patterns)
→ It can also account for syntactic restrictions
( word-external distributional patterns)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 19 / 89
41. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
2.1 REVIEW: Morphemes, Semanticity, Concatenation
2.2 Different Kinds of Word-Formation
2.3 Selectional Restrictions on Morpheme Concatenation
Evidence for Lexical Categories
ASSUMPTION: Languages organize the words and morphemes in
their lexicons into distinct lexical categories
→ This allows us to account for morphological restrictions
(word-internal distributional patterns)
→ It can also account for syntactic restrictions
( word-external distributional patterns)
“patterns like an X” refers to both of these kinds of patterns
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 19 / 89
42. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Core Subdomains: Syntax
• Syntax: The study of phrase- and sentence-formation in language
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 20 / 89
43. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Core Subdomains: Syntax
• Syntax: The study of phrase- and sentence-formation in language
1 The key notion of Constituency and Structure
2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3 Productivity as a Design Feature
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 20 / 89
44. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Core Subdomains: Syntax
• Syntax: The study of phrase- and sentence-formation in language
1 The key notion of Constituency and Structure
2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3 Productivity as a Design Feature
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 21 / 89
45. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Adjectives in ATTRIBUTIVE position
. Observation: Only some words can occur in the mmmposition
of the following frame sentence:
”The mmmduck quacked.”:
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 22 / 89
46. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Adjectives in ATTRIBUTIVE position
. Observation: Only some words can occur in the mmmposition
of the following frame sentence:
”The mmmduck quacked.”:
I II III IV V
?pencil *convince small *the *by
?dog *realize, fluffy *a *on
?ipod *banish, yellow *this *through
? teacup *read, clever *a *in
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 22 / 89
47. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Adjectives in ATTRIBUTIVE position
. Observation: Only some words can occur in the mmmposition
of the following frame sentence:
”The mmmduck quacked.”:
I II III IV V
?pencil *convince small *the *by
?dog *realize, fluffy *a *on
?ipod *banish, yellow *this *through
? teacup *read, clever *a *in
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 23 / 89
48. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Adjectives in ATTRIBUTIVE position
. Observation: These are the same words that can occur with
superlative morphology -est:
”The mmmduck quacked.”:
I II III IV V
?pencil-est *convince-est small-est *the-est *by-est
?dog-est *realize-est fluffi-est *a-est *on-est
?ipod-est *banish-est yellow-est *this-est *through-est
? teacup-est *read-est clever-est *a-est *in-est
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 24 / 89
49. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Adjectives in ATTRIBUTIVE position
. Observation: These are also the same words that can occur with
comparative morphology -er:
”The mmmduck quacked.”:
I II III IV V
?pencil-er *convince-er small-er *the-er *by-er
?dog-er *realize-er fluffi-er *a-er *on-er
?ipod-er *banish-er yellow-er *this-er *through-er
? teacup-er *read-er clever-er *a-er *in-er
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 25 / 89
50. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Adjectives in PREDICATIVE position
. Observation: These are also the only words that can occur in this
other frame sentence
”Howard the duck is mmm”:
I II III IV V
*pencil *convince small *the *by
*dog *realize, fluffy *a *on
*ipod *banish, yellow *this *through
*teacup *read, clever *a *in
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 26 / 89
51. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Adjectives in PREDICATIVE position
. Observation: These are also the only words that can occur in this
other frame sentence
”Howard the duck is mmm”:
I II III IV V
*pencil *convince small-er *the *by
*dog *realize, fluffi-er *a *on
*ipod *banish, yellow-er *this *through
*teacup *read, clever-er *a *in
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 27 / 89
52. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Adjectives in PREDICATIVE position
. Observation: These are also the only words that can occur in this
other frame sentence
”Howard the duck is mmm”:
I II III IV V
*pencil *convince small-est *the *by
*dog *realize, fluffi-est *a *on
*ipod *banish, yellow-est *this *through
*teacup *read, clever-est *a *in
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 28 / 89
53. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Adjectives in PREDICATIVE position
. Idea: This is not a coincidence!
These words belong to a specific lexical category (adjective) that
English grammar (both morphology and syntax) are sensitive to
I II III IV V
*pencil *convince small *the *by
*dog *realize, fluffy *a *on
*ipod *banish, yellow *this *through
*teacup *read, clever *a *in
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 29 / 89
54. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for the lexical category ADJECTIVE
. Proposal: There is a lexical category ADJECTIVE
that behaves differently from other words
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 30 / 89
55. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for the lexical category ADJECTIVE
. Proposal: There is a lexical category ADJECTIVE
that behaves differently from other words
Morphological Evidence: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 30 / 89
56. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for the lexical category ADJECTIVE
. Proposal: There is a lexical category ADJECTIVE
that behaves differently from other words
Morphological Evidence: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
1 Can occur with comparative -er morphemes
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 30 / 89
57. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for the lexical category ADJECTIVE
. Proposal: There is a lexical category ADJECTIVE
that behaves differently from other words
Morphological Evidence: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
1 Can occur with comparative -er morphemes
2 Can occur with superlative -est morphemes
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 30 / 89
58. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for the lexical category ADJECTIVE
. Proposal: There is a lexical category ADJECTIVE
that behaves differently from other words
Morphological Evidence: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
1 Can occur with comparative -er morphemes
2 Can occur with superlative -est morphemes
3 Often end in -ic (eg., academic, iconic, atomic, chronic...)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 30 / 89
59. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for the lexical category ADJECTIVE
. Proposal: There is a lexical category ADJECTIVE
that behaves differently from other words
Morphological Evidence: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
1 Can occur with comparative -er morphemes
2 Can occur with superlative -est morphemes
3 Often end in -ic (eg., academic, iconic, atomic, chronic...)
4 Often end in -ish (eg., childish, lavish, nightmarish...)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 30 / 89
60. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for the lexical category ADJECTIVE
. Proposal: There is a lexical category ADJECTIVE
that behaves differently from other words
Syntactic Evidence: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 31 / 89
61. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for the lexical category ADJECTIVE
. Proposal: There is a lexical category ADJECTIVE
that behaves differently from other words
Syntactic Evidence: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
1 Occurs in ATTRIBUTIVE position
eg., frame sentence “The mmmduck quacked.”
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 31 / 89
62. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for the lexical category ADJECTIVE
. Proposal: There is a lexical category ADJECTIVE
that behaves differently from other words
Syntactic Evidence: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
1 Occurs in ATTRIBUTIVE position
eg., frame sentence “The mmmduck quacked.”
2 Occurs in PREDICATIVE position (without a preceding article)
eg., frame sentence “The duck is mmm.”
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 31 / 89
63. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for the lexical category ADJECTIVE
. Proposal: There is a lexical category ADJECTIVE
that behaves differently from other words
Syntactic Evidence: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
1 Occurs in ATTRIBUTIVE position
eg., frame sentence “The mmmduck quacked.”
2 Occurs in PREDICATIVE position (without a preceding article)
eg., frame sentence “The duck is mmm.”
→ The syntactic patterns provide
independent evidence for lexical categories
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 31 / 89
64. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for lexical categories
. Observation: Each lexical category has distinct
morphological and syntactic distributions
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 32 / 89
65. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for lexical categories
. Observation: Each lexical category has distinct
morphological and syntactic distributions
Morphological Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
Occurs with morpheme X
Often ends in morpheme Y
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 32 / 89
66. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for lexical categories
. Observation: Each lexical category has distinct
morphological and syntactic distributions
Morphological Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
Occurs with morpheme X
Often ends in morpheme Y
Syntactic Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 32 / 89
67. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for lexical categories
. Observation: Each lexical category has distinct
morphological and syntactic distributions
Morphological Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
Occurs with morpheme X
Often ends in morpheme Y
Syntactic Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
Occurs in the mmmposition of a particular kind of frame sentence
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 32 / 89
68. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for lexical categories
. Observation: Each lexical category has distinct
morphological and syntactic distributions
Morphological Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
Occurs with morpheme X
Often ends in morpheme Y
Syntactic Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
Occurs in the mmmposition of a particular kind of frame sentence
“DET fluffy duck quacked in the water.“
. (See website for English diagnostics for N, V, Det, P, etc)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 32 / 89
69. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for lexical categories
. Observation: DETERMINERS have distinct
morphological and syntactic distributions
Morphological Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
Occurs with morpheme X (N/A)
Often ends in morpheme Y (N/A; often agrees with following N)
Syntactic Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
Occurs in the mmmposition of a particular kind of frame sentence
“DET fluffy duck quacked in the water.“
→ If a word occurs in this position, that’s evidence it’s a DETERMINER
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 33 / 89
70. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for lexical categories
. Observation: ADJECTIVES have distinct
morphological and syntactic distributions
Morphological Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
Occurs with morpheme X (un-, -er, -est, -ish)
Often ends in morpheme Y (-ic, -ish, -al, -ful, -ive, -ous, -able)
Syntactic Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
Occurs in the mmmposition of a particular kind of frame sentence
“The ADJ duck quacked in the water.“
→ If a word occurs in this position, that’s evidence it’s an ADJECTIVE
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 34 / 89
71. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for lexical categories
. Observation: NOUNS have distinct
morphological and syntactic distributions
Morphological Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
Occurs with morpheme X (-sPL, -ish, )
Often ends in morpheme Y (-ity, -ness, -er, -ism, -ment, -tion)
Syntactic Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
Occurs in the mmmposition of a particular kind of frame sentence
“The fluffy N quacked in the water.“
→ If a word occurs in this position, that’s evidence it’s a NOUN
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 35 / 89
72. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for lexical categories
. Observation: VERBS have distinct
morphological and syntactic distributions
Morphological Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
Occurs with morpheme X (-s3.sg.pres, -edpast, -ing )
Often ends in morpheme Y (-ize, -ate, -ify )
Syntactic Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
Occurs in the mmmposition of a particular kind of frame sentence
“The fluffy duck V in the water.“
→ If a word occurs in this position, that’s evidence it’s a VERB
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 36 / 89
73. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for lexical categories
. Observation: PREPOSITIONS have distinct
morphological and syntactic distributions
Morphological Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
Occurs with morpheme X (N/A)
Often ends in morpheme Y (N/A )
Syntactic Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
Occurs in the mmmposition of a particular kind of frame sentence
“The fluffy duck quacked P the water.“
→ If a word occurs in this position, that’s evidence it’s a PREPOSITION
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 37 / 89
74. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for lexical categories
. NOTE: Different languages often have different
lexical categories and diagnostics
Morphological Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
1 Occurs with morpheme X
2 Often ends in morpheme Y
Syntactic Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
1 Occurs in the mmmposition of a particular kind of frame sentence
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 38 / 89
75. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Lexical Categories: Frame Sentences
Evidence for lexical categories
. NOTE: Different languages often have different
lexical categories and diagnostics
Morphological Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
1 Occurs with morpheme X
2 Often ends in morpheme Y
Syntactic Diagnostics: (word-internal patterns/distribution)
1 Occurs in the mmmposition of a particular kind of frame sentence
. (→ Assignment/Problem Set 004)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 38 / 89
76. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
.
Q: Where do the frame sentence patterns come from?
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 39 / 89
77. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
.
Q: Where do the frame sentence patterns come from?
Recall: Our morphological theory encodes selectional restrictions
about lexical categories in morphemes, eg.
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 39 / 89
78. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
.
Q: Where do the frame sentence patterns come from?
Recall: Our morphological theory encodes selectional restrictions
about lexical categories in morphemes, eg.
[N/ADJ]-ish]ADJ, property of being similar to N/ADJ
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 39 / 89
79. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
.
Q: Where do the frame sentence patterns come from?
Recall: Our morphological theory encodes selectional restrictions
about lexical categories in morphemes, eg.
[N/ADJ]-ish]ADJ, property of being similar to N/ADJ
→ This predicts the patterns we use as morphological diagnostics
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 39 / 89
80. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
.
Q: Where do the frame sentence patterns come from?
Recall: Our morphological theory encodes selectional restrictions
about lexical categories in morphemes, eg.
[N/ADJ]-ish]ADJ, property of being similar to N/ADJ
→ This predicts the patterns we use as morphological diagnostics
...but we don’t have anything in our theory that
predicts the patterns we use as syntactic diagnostics (yet)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 39 / 89
81. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
Adjectives in ATTRIBUTIVE Position
Frame Sentences patterns are patterns in WORD ORDER
“The fluffy duck quacked.”
“A funny student smiled.”
“This cheap teacup cracked.”
“I heard the fluffy duck.”
“I broke this cheap teacup.”
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 40 / 89
82. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
Adjectives in ATTRIBUTIVE Position: Occur between D and N
Frame Sentences patterns are patterns in WORD ORDER
“The fluffy duck quacked.” D ADJ N V
“A funny student smiled.” D ADJ N V
“This cheap teacup cracked.” D ADJ N V
“I heard the fluffy duck.” Pro V D ADJ N
“I broke this cheap teacup.” Pro V D ADJ N
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 41 / 89
83. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
Adjectives in ATTRIBUTIVE Position: Occur between D and N
Question: Why is [D Adj N] such a common sequence?
“The fluffy duck quacked.” D ADJ N V
“A funny student smiled.” D ADJ N V
“This cheap teacup cracked.” D ADJ N V
“I heard the fluffy duck.” Pro V D ADJ N
“I broke this cheap teacup.” Pro V D ADJ N
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 42 / 89
84. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
Adjectives in ATTRIBUTIVE Position: Occur between D and N
Question: Why is [D Adj N] such a common sequence?
“The angry lion roared.” D ADJ N V
“A sad song played.” D ADJ N V
“This dangerous dog bites.” D ADJ N V
“I sold the new car.” Pro V D ADJ N
“I ate a gigantic burger.” Pro V D ADJ N
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 43 / 89
85. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
Question: Why is [D Adj N] such a
common sequence in sentences?
Syntactic Theory:
(i) Words are combined to form
constituents
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 44 / 89
86. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
Question: Why is [D Adj N] such a
common sequence in sentences?
Syntactic Theory:
(i) Words are combined to form
constituents
(ii) The combination [D Adj N]NP is a
constituent called a Noun Phrase
(NP)
(iii) Sentences are made by combining
constituents (like NPs)
S
VP
V
quacked
NP
N
duck
Adj
fluffy
D
the
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 44 / 89
87. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
Question: Why is [D Adj N] such a
common sequence in sentences?
Syntactic Theory:
(i) Words are combined to form
constituents
(ii) The combination [D Adj N]NP is a
constituent called a Noun Phrase
(NP)
(iii) Sentences are made by combining
constituents (like NPs)
S
VP
V
roared
NP
N
lion
Adj
angry
D
the
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 45 / 89
88. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
Question: Why is [D Adj N] such a
common sequence in sentences?
Syntactic Theory:
(i) Words are combined to form
constituents
(ii) The combination [D Adj N]NP is a
constituent called a Noun Phrase
(NP)
(iii) Sentences are made by combining
constituents (like NPs)
S
VP
V
played
NP
N
song
Adj
sad
D
A
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 46 / 89
89. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
Question: Why is [D Adj N] such a
common sequence in sentences?
Syntactic Theory:
(i) Words are combined to form
constituents
(ii) The combination [D Adj N]NP is a
constituent called a Noun Phrase
(NP)
(iii) Sentences are made by combining
constituents (like NPs)
S
VP
V
bites
NP
N
dog
Adj
dangerous
D
This
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 47 / 89
90. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
Q: Where do the Frame Sentence word-order patterns come from?
Proposal: Sentences are made up of constituents
S
VP
V
bites
NP
N
dog
Adj
dangerous
D
This
Constituents are formed from words with
Phrase-Structure Rules (PSRs)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 48 / 89
91. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
Q: Where do the Frame Sentence word-order patterns come from?
Proposal: Sentences are made up of constituents
S
VP
V
bites
NP
N
dog
Adj
dangerous
D
This
Constituents are formed from words with
Phrase-Structure Rules (PSRs)
PSRs restrict word order
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 48 / 89
92. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
Q: Where do the Frame Sentence word-order patterns come from?
Proposal: Sentences are made up of constituents
S
VP
V
bites
NP
N
dog
Adj
dangerous
D
This
Constituents are formed from words with
Phrase-Structure Rules (PSRs)
PSRs restrict word order
eg., English PSRs
S → NP VP
NP → (D) (Adj) N
VP → V (NP)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 48 / 89
93. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
Q: Where do the Frame Sentence word-order patterns come from?
Proposal: Sentences are made up of constituents
S
VP
NP
N
mailmen
V
bites
NP
N
dog
Adj
dangerous
D
This
Constituents are formed from words with
Phrase-Structure Rules (PSRs)
PSRs restrict word order
eg., English PSRs
S → NP VP
NP → (D) (Adj) N
VP → V (NP)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 49 / 89
94. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
.
REVIEW: Why is [D Adj N] such a
common sequence in sentences?
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 50 / 89
95. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
.
REVIEW: Why is [D Adj N] such a
common sequence in sentences?
1 Phrase-Structure Rules (PSRs)
(i) make constituents/phrases by combining words, and
(ii) make sentences by combining these constituents
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 50 / 89
96. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
.
REVIEW: Why is [D Adj N] such a
common sequence in sentences?
1 Phrase-Structure Rules (PSRs)
(i) make constituents/phrases by combining words, and
(ii) make sentences by combining these constituents
2 The NP rule (NP → (D) (Adj) N) makes [D Adj N] sequences
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 50 / 89
97. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
.
REVIEW: Why is [D Adj N] such a
common sequence in sentences?
1 Phrase-Structure Rules (PSRs)
(i) make constituents/phrases by combining words, and
(ii) make sentences by combining these constituents
2 The NP rule (NP → (D) (Adj) N) makes [D Adj N] sequences
This is why we see so many [D Adj N] sequences in sentences
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 50 / 89
98. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
About Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
.
The NP Rule: NP → (D) (Adj) N
(4) a. . [The girl]NP ate [the gigantic sandwich]NP
b. . [The girl]NP ate [the sandwich]NP
c. . [The girl]NP ate [sandwiches]NP
d. . [The girl]NP ate [gigantic sandwiches]NP
The elements in parentheses in a PSR are OPTIONAL
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 51 / 89
99. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
About Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
.
The NP Rule: NP → (D) (Adj) N
(5) a. .*[The girl]NP ate [the gigantic mmm]NP
b. .*[The girl]NP ate [gigantic mmm]NP
c. .*[The girl]NP ate [the mmm]NP
The elements without parentheses In a PSR are REQUIRED
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 52 / 89
100. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
About Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
.
The NP Rule: NP → (D) (Adj) N
(6) a. . [The girl]NP ate [the gigantic sandwich]NP
b. . *[The girl]NP ate [sandwich the gigantic]NP
c. . *[The girl]NP ate [sandwich gigantic the]NP
d. . *[The girl]NP ate [the sandwich gigantic]NP
The order of elements in the PSR is STRICT (unless otherwise stated)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 53 / 89
101. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
About Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
Syntactic Theory:
Each language, X, has a set of PSRs:
Any sentence that can be generated by the PSRs
is grammatical in X
Only the sentences that can be generated by the PSRs
are grammatical in X
(The goal of a syntactician is to determine what these PSRs are)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 54 / 89
102. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
.
Question: Why is [V D Adj N] such a
common sequence in sentences?
(7) a. I [ate a gigantic sandwich]VP
b. I [painted an ugly picture]VP
c. I [cooked a spicy meal]VP
d. I [read a mean e-mail]VP
e. I [wrote a long text-message]VP
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 55 / 89
103. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
.
Question: Why is [V D Adj N] such a
common sequence in sentences?
1 Phrase-Structure Rules (PSRs) make
(i) constituents by combining words, and
(ii) sentences by combining constituents
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 56 / 89
104. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
.
Question: Why is [V D Adj N] such a
common sequence in sentences?
1 Phrase-Structure Rules (PSRs) make
(i) constituents by combining words, and
(ii) sentences by combining constituents
2 The VP rule (VP → V (NP)) makes [V D Adj N] sequences
(with help from the NP → (D) (Adj) N rule)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 56 / 89
105. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
.
Question: Why is [V D Adj N] such a
common sequence in sentences?
1 Phrase-Structure Rules (PSRs) make
(i) constituents by combining words, and
(ii) sentences by combining constituents
2 The VP rule (VP → V (NP)) makes [V D Adj N] sequences
(with help from the NP → (D) (Adj) N rule)
This is why we see so many [V D Adj N] sequences in sentences
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 56 / 89
106. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
About Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
.
The VP Rule: VP → V (NP)
The NP Rule: NP → (D) (Adj) N
(8) a. I [ate a gigantic sandwich]VP
b. I [painted an ugly picture]VP
c. I [cooked a spicy meal]VP
d. I [read a mean e-mail]VP
e. I [wrote a long text-message]VP
Alternative Hypothesis: VP → V (D) (Adj) N
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 57 / 89
107. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
About Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
.
The VP Rule: VP → V (NP)
The NP Rule: NP → (D) (Adj) N
(9) a. I [ate gigantic sandwiches]VP
b. I [painted ugly pictures]VP
c. I [cooked spicy meals]VP
d. I [read mean e-mails]VP
e. I [wrote long text-messages]VP
Alternative Hypothesis: VP → V (D) (Adj) N
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 58 / 89
108. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
About Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
.
The VP Rule: VP → V (NP)
The NP Rule: NP → (D) (Adj) N
(10) a. I [ate a sandwich]VP
b. I [painted an picture]VP
c. I [cooked a meal]VP
d. I [read an e-mail]VP
e. I [wrote a text-message]VP
Alternative Hypothesis: VP → V (D) (Adj) N
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 59 / 89
109. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
About Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
.
The VP Rule: VP → V (NP)
The NP Rule: NP → (D) (Adj) N
(11) a. I [ate sandwiches]VP
b. I [painted pictures]VP
c. I [cooked meals]VP
d. I [read e-mails]VP
e. I [wrote text-messages]VP
Alternative Hypothesis: VP → V (D) (Adj) N
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 60 / 89
110. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
About Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
.
The VP Rule: VP → V (NP)
The NP Rule: NP → (D) (Adj) N
(12) a. I [ate]VP
b. I [painted]VP
c. I [cooked]VP
d. I [read]VP
e. I [wrote]VP
Alternative Hypothesis: VP → V (D) (Adj) N
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 61 / 89
111. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
.
Question: Why is the sequence [P V D]
never found in sentences?
(13) a. *[On run the] smiled.
b. *[On run the] bites.
c. *The dog ate [on run the].
d. *The dog [on run the] ate.
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 62 / 89
112. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
.
Question: Why is the sequence [P V D]
never found in sentences?
1 Phrase-Structure Rules (PSRs) make
(i) constituents by combining words, and
(ii) sentences by combining constituents
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 63 / 89
113. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
.
Question: Why is the sequence [P V D]
never found in sentences?
1 Phrase-Structure Rules (PSRs) make
(i) constituents by combining words, and
(ii) sentences by combining constituents
2 There is no PSR (or combination of PSRs)
that makes [P V D] sequences
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 63 / 89
114. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents: Frame Sentences
.
Question: Why is the sequence [P V D]
never found in sentences?
1 Phrase-Structure Rules (PSRs) make
(i) constituents by combining words, and
(ii) sentences by combining constituents
2 There is no PSR (or combination of PSRs)
that makes [P V D] sequences
This is why we don’t see [P V D] sequences in sentences
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 63 / 89
115. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
SYNTACTIC THEORY: Phrase-Structure Rules
. Proposal: Sentences are made up of constituents
S
VP
NP
NAdjD
V
NP
NAdjD
Constituents are formed from words
with Phrase-Structure Rules
(PSRs) that restrict word order
eg., English PSRs
S → NP VP
NP → (D) (Adj) N
VP → V (NP)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 64 / 89
116. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
SYNTACTIC THEORY: Phrase-Structure Rules
. Proposal: Sentences are made up of constituents
S
VP
NP
NAdjD
V
NP
NAdjD
Constituents are formed from words
with Phrase-Structure Rules
(PSRs) that restrict word order
eg., English PSRs
S → NP VP
NP → (D) (Adj) N
VP → V (NP)
Sequences that can’t be formed from
the PSRs are ungrammatical
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 64 / 89
117. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
SYNTACTIC THEORY: Phrase-Structure Rules
. Proposal: Sentences are made up of constituents
S
VP
NP
NAdjD
V
NP
NAdjD
Constituents are formed from words
with Phrase-Structure Rules
(PSRs) that restrict word order
eg., English PSRs
S → NP VP
NP → (D) (Adj) N
VP → V (NP)
Goal: Propose a set of PSRs that can
describe a language
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 65 / 89
118. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Core Subdomains: Syntax
• Syntax: The study of phrase- and sentence-formation in language
1 The key notion of Constituency and Structure
2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3 Productivity as a Design Feature
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 66 / 89
119. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Core Subdomains: Syntax
• Syntax: The study of phrase- and sentence-formation in language
1 The key notion of Constituency and Structure
2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3 Productivity as a Design Feature
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 67 / 89
120. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Hockett’s Design Features of Language Hockett (1959)
.Q: What properties does LANGUAGE have?
i.e., what counts as a LANGUAGE (vs communication system)?
Hockett’s Design Features
1 Discreteness
2 Semanticity
3 Arbitrariness
4 Productivity
5 Prevarication
6 Duality of Patterning
7 Displacement
8 ...
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 68 / 89
121. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Hockett’s Design Features of Language Hockett (1959)
.Q: What properties does LANGUAGE have?
i.e., what counts as a LANGUAGE (vs communication system)?
Hockett’s Design Features
1 Discreteness
2 Semanticity
3 Arbitrariness
4 Productivity
5 Prevarication
6 Duality of Patterning
7 Displacement
8 ...
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 69 / 89
122. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Hockett’s Design Features of Language Hockett (1959)
.Q: What properties does LANGUAGE have?
i.e., what counts as a LANGUAGE (vs communication system)?
Hockett’s Design Feature:
PRODUCTIVITY
Language-users can create and
understand novel/original utterances
e.g., you can produce and
understand utterances that you have
never heard before
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 70 / 89
123. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Hockett’s Design Features of Language Hockett (1959)
.Q: What properties does LANGUAGE have?
i.e., what counts as a LANGUAGE (vs communication system)?
Hockett’s Design Feature:
PRODUCTIVITY
Language-users can create and
understand novel/original utterances
“Penny the polka-dotted dolphin
learned to ride a motorcycle from a
bear.“
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 71 / 89
124. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Language as a GENERATIVE System Chomsky (1959)
.Productivity: Language-users can CREATE
and UNDERSTAND novel/original utterances)
Noam Chomsky
Photo from biography.com]
This was one of Chomsky’s main
criticisms of B.F. Skinner’s
BEHAVIOURIST approach to
language acquisition
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 72 / 89
125. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
B. F. Skinner’s VERBAL BEHAVIOUR Skinner (1957)
.Productivity: Language-users can CREATE
and UNDERSTAND novel/original utterances)
B.F. Skinner, circa 1950
Photo: Silly rabbit [GFDL]
According to Skinner’s
BEHAVIOURISM
Children learn language via
(i) imitation and
(ii) operant conditioning
i.e., positive/negative feedback
on their utterances
×
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 73 / 89
126. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
B. F. Skinner’s VERBAL BEHAVIOUR Skinner (1957)
.Productivity: Language-users can CREATE
and UNDERSTAND novel/original utterances)
B.F. Skinner, circa 1950
Photo: Silly rabbit [GFDL]
According to Skinner’s
BEHAVIOURISM
e.g., Children get
(i) positive feedback
if the imitation is correct
(ii) negative feedback
if the imitation is incorrect ×
×
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 74 / 89
127. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Language as a GENERATIVE System Chomsky (1959)
.Productivity: Language-users can CREATE
and UNDERSTAND novel/original utterances)
Noam Chomsky
Photo from biography.com]
According to Chomsky’s
GENERATIVE approach
Children’s linguistic output isn’t
merely IMITATIONS of their input ...
×
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 75 / 89
128. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Language as a GENERATIVE System Chomsky (1959)
.Productivity: Language-users can CREATE
and UNDERSTAND novel/original utterances)
Noam Chomsky
Photo from biography.com]
According to Chomsky’s
GENERATIVE approach
Children GENERATE their output
using productive rules
(shaped by their input)
PSRs
×
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 76 / 89
129. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
The Generative Approach to Language Chomsky (1957)
.
Q: What do you know, when you know a LANGUAGE?
S → NP VP
NP → (D) (Adj) N
VP → V (NP)
→ Phrase-Structure Rules (how to create sentences)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 77 / 89
130. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
The Generative Approach to Language Chomsky (1957)
.
Q: What do you know, when you know a LANGUAGE?
[ADJ-ness]N
[N-ic]Adj
[ADJ-ize]V
→ Morphological Rules (how to create words)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 78 / 89
131. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
The Generative Approach to Language Chomsky (1957)
.
Q: What do you know, when you know a LANGUAGE?
N → { cat, dog, book, ... }
Adj → { big, tall, smart, ... }
V → { walk, run, jump, ... }
→ Lexical Rules (which morphemes are in which lexical category)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 79 / 89
132. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
The Generative Approach to Language Chomsky (1957)
.
Q: What do you know, when you know a LANGUAGE?
/b/ → [B, b, p]
/n/ → [ñ]/mm j
/p/ → VmmV
→ Phonological Rules (how phonemes are pronounced in context)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 80 / 89
133. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
The Generative Approach to Language Chomsky (1957)
.
Q: What do you know, when you know a LANGUAGE?
→ Phonetic/Articulatory Rules (how to produce speech sounds)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 81 / 89
134. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
The Generative Approach to Language Chomsky (1957)
.
Q: What do you know, when you know a LANGUAGE?
GRAM
M
AR
→ i.e., you know GRAMMATICAL rules that categorize utterances
as acceptable or not acceptable in a given language
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 82 / 89
135. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
The Generative Approach to Language Chomsky (1957)
Productivity: Language-users can CREATE
and UNDERSTAND novel/original utterances)
Noam Chomsky
Photo from biography.com]
According to Chomsky’s
GENERATIVE approach
Children GENERATE their output
using productive rules
(shaped by their input)
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
×
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 83 / 89
136. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
The Generative Approach to Language Chomsky (1957)
Productivity: Language-users can CREATE
and UNDERSTAND novel/original utterances)
Noam Chomsky
Photo from biography.com]
If children only IMITATED their input,
we wouldn’t be able to explain their
PRODUCTIVITY
eg., boot-skates (roller blades);
one wug, two wugs
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
×
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 84 / 89
137. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Hockett’s Design Features of Language Hockett (1959)
.Q: What properties does LANGUAGE have?
i.e., what counts as a LANGUAGE (vs communication system)?
Hockett’s Design Feature:
PRODUCTIVITY
Language-users can CREATE and
UNDERSTAND novel/original
utterances
→ PSRs allow us to
create novel utterances
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 85 / 89
138. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Hockett’s Design Features of Language Hockett (1959)
.Q: What properties does LANGUAGE have?
i.e., what counts as a LANGUAGE (vs communication system)?
Hockett’s Design Feature:
PRODUCTIVITY
Language-users can CREATE and
UNDERSTAND novel/original
utterances
→ PSRs allow us to
CREATE novel utterances
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 86 / 89
139. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Hockett’s Design Features of Language Hockett (1959)
.Q: What properties does LANGUAGE have?
i.e., what counts as a LANGUAGE (vs communication system)?
Hockett’s Design Feature:
PRODUCTIVITY
Language-users can CREATE and
UNDERSTAND novel/original
utterances
...but we need semantic rules
to UNDERSTAND them
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 87 / 89
140. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
3.1 Frame Sentences as a Syntactic Diagnostic
3.2 Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs)
3.3 Productivity as a DESIGN FEATURE of Language
Next Time: Syntax and Semantics
Compositionality at the Phrase and Sentence-Level
1 Homework: Syntax Problem Set
Start working on the problems now, in groups
Due next week - hand in one per group
(Put everyone’s names and student numbers on the assignment)
2 Instagram Homework: Syntactic Minimal Pair AND/OR
Find and post an example (or non-example) of a Design Feature
Discreteness
Semanticity
Arbitrariness
Productivity
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 88 / 89
141. 1 Introduction
2 Morphology: Word-Internal Distribution
3 Syntax: Word-External Distribution
References
References I
Chomsky, Noam. 1957. Syntactic structures. Walter de Gruyter.
Chomsky, Noam. 1959. A review of bf skinner’s verbal behavior. Language
35(1). 26–58.
Hockett, Charles F. 1959. Animal "languages" and human language. Human
Biology 31(1). 32–39.
Skinner, BF. 1957. Verbal behavior. .
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 89 / 89