1. Ant Colony Optimization

7. Natural behavior of ant

16. A simple TSP example A D C B d AB =8;d BC = 4;d CD =15;d DA =6 1 [] 4 [] 3 [] 2 []

17. Iteration 1 A D C B 1 [A] 3 [C] 2 [B] 4 [D]

18. How to build next sub-solution? A D C B 1 [A]

19. Iteration 2 A D C B 2 [B,C] 3 [C,D] 1 [A,B] 4 [D,A]

20. Iteration 3 A D C B 2 [B,C,D] 3 [B,C,A] 4 [D,A,B] 1 [A,B,C]

21. Iteration 4 A D C B 1 [A,B,C,D] 2 [B,C,D,A] 3 [C,D,A,B] 4 [D,A,B,C]

22. Path and Pheromone Evaluation L 1 =27 L 2 =25 L 3 =29 L 4 =18 1 [A,B,C,D 2 [B,C,D,A] 3 [C,D,A,B] 4 [D,A,B,C] Best tour

23. End of First Run All ants die New ants are born Save Best Tour (Sequence and length)