3. • Exocrine glands
• Glands with ducts
• Produce saliva and pour their
secretion in the oral cavity
• Major (paired)
• Parotid
• Submandibular
• Sublingual
• Minor
• In the tongue,
palatine tonsil,
palate, lips and
cheeks
6. Objectives
• INTRODUCTION
• PAROTID CAPSULE
• EXTERNAL FEATURES
• DEVELOPMENT
• RELATIONS
• STRUCTURES WITHIN THE PAROTID GLAND
• PAROTID DUCT
• NERVE SUPPLY
• LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE AND LYMPH NODES
• FUNCTIONS OF PAROTID GLAND
• CLINICAL ANATOMY
7. • Parotid region:
– The largest serous salivary gland = Parotid Gland
– The “queen of the face”, the facial nerve
• Parotid gland: Para= Around; Otic = Ear
• Parotid gland:
– Average Wt - 15gm / 25gm
– Irregular lobulated mass
Introduction
8. Also projects forwards on the surface of masseter.
Sternomastoid
Below
External
acoustic
meatusRamus of
mandible
Situation
Between
9. • Small detached part lies on the surface of the
masseter, between zygomatic arch and
parotid duct :–
• Accessory parotid gland or ‘Socia Parotidis’
10. • Occupies the deep hollow
behind the ramus of the
mandible.
• Wedge-shaped,
the base above &
the apex below
– behind the angle of the
mandible.
14. External Features
• Resembles a three sided pyramid.
The apex directed downwards.
• The gland has four surfaces:-
1) Superior (base of the pyramid)
2) Superficial
3) Anteromedial and
4) Posteromedial
The surfaces are separted by 3 borders:
a) Anterior b) Posterior and 3) Medial
15. Apex
Resembles a three sided pyramid
The apex directed downwards
Transverse section Lateral View – Left Parotid
33. • At the anterior border of the masseter, it turns medially
and pierces:
(a) Buccal pad of fat.
(b) Buccalpharyngeal fascia
(c) Buccinator
“Oblique course of the duct through the buccinator
prevent infaltion during blowing.”
34. Opens into the vestibule of
the mouth
Opposite the crown of the
upper 2nd molar tooth.
35. Nerve Supply
• Parasympathetic (Secretomotor):
– Auriculo temporal nerve
– Produces watery secretion
• Symapathetic:
– Vasomotor, Mucous rich sticky secretion
– Derived from plexus around the external carotid
artery
• Sensory:
– Great auricular and auriculotemporal Nerve
40. Clinical Anatomy
• Diseases of parotid gland
A) Congenital:
Aplasia or atresia:-
– Any one or group of salivary glands may be
absent, unilaterally or bilaterally.
– Salivary loss leads to increased dental caries,
burning sensation, oral infections,
taste aberrations
42. • Mumps:
• Viral disease
• Caused by the mumps virus
Paramyxovirus.
• Painful swelling of the parotid gland.
• Do not suppurate
• Orchitis – Inflammation of testis
• Pancreatitis
43. • Bacterial Parotitis:
• It can be acute, chronic and
recurrent.
• Infecfion spread from mouth
– Poor oral hygiene,
– Particularly among elderly
postoperative patient
• Suppurate = Form Abcess
44. • Parotid Abcess:
• Infection spread from mouth
• Suppuration of parotid lymph
node
• Drain By Hilton’s Method:
• Small Horizontal incision
• To avoid injury of facial nerve
branches
45. • Frey’s Syndrome:
Also known as gustatory sweating or
Auriculo-temporal nerve syndrome.
Commonly occurs after parotid surgery or trauma.
Injury of Auriculo-temporal & Great auricular nerev
During healing: Secreto-motor fibers of auriculo-
temporal nerve join with great auricular nerve & reach
sweat glands of facial skin.
46.
47. It is characterized by
o Sweating
o Warmth
o Redness of the face
As a result of salivary stimulation
by the smell or taste of food
48. • Mixed Parotid Tumor:
• Slow growing
• Benign
• Painless
• Does not involve facial nerve
49. • Sialolithiasis:
• Salivary calculi, or salivary
stones),
• Calcified mass forms within
a salivary gland,
• Usually in the duct of the
submandibular gland
• Less commonly the parotid
gland.
51. The middle cranial fossa
Internal Acoustic Meatus
Groove for
Greater petrosal
nerve
Groove for
Lesser petrosal
nerve
Petrous Part Of
Temporal Bone
Foramen Lacerum
55. Introduction
• Seventh cranial nerve
• 2nd “busiest” cranial nerve
of the human body
• Nerve of the second
branchial arch
• Mixed
56. Functional Components of Cranial Nerves
• Total – 7, 4 – General Sensations & 3 – Special sensations
• General Components:
GSA – General Somatic Afferent
• Touch, temperature, and pain from non-visceral structures
GSE – General Somatic Efferent
• Motor to skeletal muscle
GVA – General Visceral Afferent
• Touch (distention), temperature, and pain from the viscera
GVE – General Visceral Efferent
• Motor to viscera, smooth muscle, and glands
57. Functional Components of Cranial Nerves
• Special Components:
SSA – Special Somatic Afferent
• Vision, hearing, and balance
SSE – Doesn’t exist
SVA – Special Visceral Afferent
– Taste and olfaction
SVE – Special Visceral Efferent / Branchial Efferent
• Motor to muscles derived from the branchial
arches
58. Functional components of Facial Nerve
Special visceral Efferent / Branchial Efferent
Facial Muscles, Posterior Belly Of Digastric, Stylohyoid & Stapedius
59. General Visceral Efferent / Parasympathetic / Secretomotor
Glands of the
Nose,
Palate and
Pharynx
General Visceral Affetent
63. Nuclei
• 4 nuclei situated in the lower pons.
1. Motor nucleus or brachiomotor : lies deep in lower pons.
2. Superior salivatory nucleus or parasympathetic.
3. Lacrimatory nucleus – parasympathetic.
4. Nucleus of tractus solitarius – Gustatory and also receives
afferent fibres from the glands.
66. • The part of motor nucleus supplying upper
part of face---controlled by corticonuclear
fibres of both sides
• The part of motor nucleus supplying lower
part of face---controlled by corticonuclear
fibres of opposite side (only)
CENTRAL CONNECTIONS
73. A. Within the facial canal:
1. Greater petrosal nerve
2. The nerve to the stapedius
3. Chorda tympani
B. At its exit from the stylomastoid foramen:
1. The posterior auricular
2. Digastric
3. Stylohyoid
Branches and Distribution
74. C. Terminal branches within the parotid gland:
1. Temporal
2. Zygomatic
3. Buccal
4. Marginal mandibular
5. Cervical
D. Communicating branches:
With adjacent cranial and spinal nerves.
75. Within the facial canal:
Greater Superficial
Petrosal Nerve
Nerve to
Stapedius
Chorda
Tympani
86. 1. Loss of Lacrimation
2. Loss of Stapedial Reflex
3. Loss of taste from Ant 2/3rd
of tongue
4. Lack of Salivation
5. Facial Palsy
Internal Acoustic Meatus
At Genu
All except loss of Lacrimation
Below Genu
All except loss of Lacrimation &
Loss of Stapedial Reflex Below Stylomastoid
Foramen
Only facial Palsy
87. Applied
• In infranuclear lesions of facial nerve (Bell’s palsy)-
whole Ipsilateral face is paralyzed
• Affected side is motionless
• Loss of wrinkles on forehead
• Eye cannot be closed
• In smiling the mouth is drawn to normal side
• During mastication food accumulates in vestibule of mouth
• In Supranuclear lesions of facial nerve
• Lower part of opposite face is paralyzed
• Upper part is escaped due to
• Bilateral representation of upper part in cerebral cortex