2. Climatology seeks to explain:
• The causes of different types of climates
• The reasons for their variations
• Their general and Specific variation
• Their effect on natural vegetation
• The processes that produce different
• Detailed analysis of the interactions of
weather and climate elements with human
societies
3. CLIMATE
From the Greek word
“klima” meaning
inclination/slope
altitude
The weather
conditions prevailing
in an area in general
or over a long period
WEATHER
-- The state of the
atmosphere at any
given time denoting
the short term
variations of
atmosphere in terms of
temperature, pressure,
wind, moisture,
cloudiness,
precipitation and
visibility.
4. Brief history of climate:
In the early 1900s, the climate of the world
began to warm
Figure 1-1 Global warming
6. EFFECTS OF THE COLD
TEMPERATURE:
Social conflict
Poor food production – caused
widespread hunger, war, pestilence
in the 900s, the Vikings were invading
France, possibly driven from the more
northern latitudes by the cold
of that century
7. data from the Greenland ice core back to 10,000 BC
Figure 1-3 Climate of the last 12,000 years
9. HOW DO WE KNOW ALL THESE
DATA?
Ice records takes us back to 420,000
in the past
Oxygen isotope records in sea floors
Ocean Drilling Project Site 607 – located
Northern Atlantic Ocean
has climate data going back to about 3
million years
10. 1800-1870
Level of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in the
atmosphere, as later measured in ancient ice, is
about 290 ppm (parts per million). Mean global
temperature (1850-1870) is about 13.6°C.
First Industrial Revolution. Coal, railroads, and
land clearing speed up greenhouse gas
emission, while better agriculture and sanitation
speed up population growth.
11. 1859
Tyndall discovers that some gases
block infrared radiation. He
that changes in the concentration of
the gases could bring climate
change
12. 1870-1910
Second Industrial Revolution. Fertilizers
and other chemicals, electricity, and
public health further accelerate
growth.
13. 1938
Callendar argues that CO2 greenhouse
global warming is underway, reviving
interest in the question
1945
US Office of Naval Research begins
generous funding of many fields of
science, some of which happen to be
useful for understanding climate
change
14. 1958
Telescope studies show a greenhouse
effect raises temperature of the
atmosphere of Venus far above the boiling
point of water
15. 1967
International Global Atmospheric Research
Program established, mainly to gather data for
better short-range weather prediction, but
including climate
Manabe and Wetherald make a convincing
calculation that doubling CO2 would raise
world temperatures a couple of degrees
1969
Astronauts walk on the Moon
16. 1970
First Earth Day. Environmental movement
attains strong influence, spreads concern
about global degradation
Creation of US National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, the world's
leading funder of climate research
Aerosols from human activity are shown to be
increasing swiftly
17. 1991
Mt. Pinatubo explodes; (by 1995)
computer models showed aerosol effects
2009
Many experts warn that global warming is
arriving at a faster and more dangerous pace
than anticipated just a few years earlier
Level of CO2 in the atmosphere reaches 385
ppm
Mean global temperature (five-year average) is
14.5°C, the warmest in hundreds, perhaps
thousands of years
18. Tropical Climate – those where heat is the
dominant problem where the annual mean
temperature is not less than 20 degrees Celsius
E.g. Central America, South America, Caribbean,
Central, East and West Africa, Southeast Asia
19. OBSERVABLE ELEMENTS OF
CLIMATE.
Intensity and duration of Solar radiation.
Temperature
Humidity
Evaporation
Cloudiness and Fog
Precipitation
Visibility
Pressure
Winds
20. PHYSICAL CLIMATOLOGY:
The factors responsible forادت bringing
about the temporal and spatial variations in
heat exchange, moisture exchange and air
movement.
Several observable element aid the
description
Intensity and duration of solar radiation
Temperature – Humidity -- Evaporation
Cloudiness and Fog – Precipitation
Visibility, barometric pressure and winds
21. APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY
Explore the relationship of
climate to other phenomena
and consider its potential
effect on human welfare –
Modification of climates to
meet human needs.
22. Agriculture:
Influence of climate elements on specific
crops and their productivity.
Threshold temperature [ Min temp for
growth]
Oats – 40 degrees Celsius
Sweet corn—10 degrees Celsius
Cotton – 17-18 degrees Celsius
Wet climate crops are most seriously
affected by chilling.
Agroclimatology
23. Rice and cotton are killed by near freezing temperature
The principal climatic factors affecting crop production
temperature, length of growing season, moisture
condition, Sunlight, & wind
Low night temp is required – potatoes, sugar beets
The greatest agriculture risk Unseasonable FROSTS Loss
of Millions of dollars—Sub tropical climate crops
Potatoes, Tomatoes, melons, citrus etc.
24.
25. POULTRY
Hens lay larger eggs
in winter and at high
latitudes.
Fertility increase in
poultry in day light.
Lightening the
premises increases
the egg production.
26. HUMAN BIOCLIMATOLOGY
Temperature, sunshine and humidity are
important climatic elements that affect
human body.
Wind exerts influence on skin
temperature and body moisture.
Changes in atmospheric pressure
influences circulatory and respiratory
systems.
‘clothing- the solution’
27. BIOCLIMATOLOGY
Temperature and humidity factors –for
release of pollen allergens.
Low temp- arthritis, stiff joints
swollen sinuses, and chill blains.
Dry air – chapped skin, inhibition of healing
of sores and wounds.
Hyperthermia- heat stroke
Hypothermia –frost bite
28. BIOCLIMATOLOGY
The Intense sunlight of the Arid tropics or
that off snow fields can cause- blindness,
headaches and related discomforts.
UV can cause premature ageing of skin and
sun-burn ( erythema ).
Air pollution
29. Incidence, severity and spread of
diseases:
In tropics and sub tropics –warm
climates –increase in parasites.
Warm humid climates –Yellow
fever and malaria.
In tropics- Leprosy. Winter in mid
latitudes- Pneumonia and
influenza.
Rickets and certain skin diseases
respond to sunlight.
30. INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
1. Harvesting of Solar energy
2.Wind energy
3.Aviation
4.Construction of Bridges and buildings [Architectural
climatology ]
5.Water transport
6.Railways
7.Highways and Roadways
8. Food processing
9. Cosmetics
10.Paper industries
11.Photography
12.Textiles
Editor's Notes
1. The fine line shows the monthly temperatures; the thicker line shows the 12 month yearly averages
2. The figure shows that the 20th century had a temperature rise of nearly one degree Celsius
Data from a kilometer long core taken from the Greenland glacier, as part of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project "GISP2
For historical interest, we marked some events from European history
Little ice age -- cool period preceding the 20th century warming