Kingdom Animalia

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What Is an Animal?
• Animals are:
– Eukaryotic
– Multicellular
– Heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients
by ingestion
– Able to digest their food within their bodies
• Animal cells lack the cell walls that provide
strong support in the bodies of plants and fungi.

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• Most animals have:
– Muscle cells
– Nerve cells that control the muscles

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• Most animals:
– Are diploid
– Reproduce sexually
– Proceed through a series of typically similar
developmental stages

5. MEIOSIS
Sperm
Egg
Adult
Key
FERTILIZATION
MITOSIS
Eight-cell stage
Internal sac
Digestive tract
Larva
METAMORPHOSIS
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Outer cell layer
(ectoderm)
Later gastrula
(cross section)
Future middle
layer of cells
(mesoderm)
Inner cell layer
(endoderm)
Early gastrula
(cross section)
Blastula
(cross section)
Zygote
(fertilized egg)
Figure 17.2-8

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Animal Phylogeny
• Biologists categorize animals by:
– General features of body structure - anatomical
– More recently, using genetic data

7. Ancestral
protist
No true tissues
Radial symmetry
Tissues
Bilateral symmetry
Sponges
Cnidarians
Molluscs
Flatworms
Annelids
Roundworms
Arthropods
Echinoderms
Chordates
Figure 17.5

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• A second major evolutionary split is based on body
symmetry.
– Radial symmetry refers to animals that are identical
all around a central axis.
– Bilateral symmetry exists where there is only one
way to split the animal into equal halves.

9. Radial symmetry. Parts radiate from the center, so any slice
through the central axis divides into mirror images.
Bilateral symmetry. Only one slice can divide left and right
sides into mirror-image halves.
Figure 17.6

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• Animals also vary according to the presence and
type of body cavity, a fluid-filled space
separating the digestive tract from the outer body
wall.

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• There are differences in how the body cavity forms.
– If the body cavity is not completely lined by tissue
derived from mesoderm, it is a pseudocoelom.
– A true coelom is completely lined by tissue derived
from mesoderm.

12. (a) No body cavity
(b) Pseudocoelom
(c) True coelom
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue-filled
region (from
mesoderm)
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Muscle
layer (from
mesoderm)
Tissue layer lining
coelom and
suspending
internal organs
(from mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Pseudocoelom
Coelom
Figure 17.7

13. (a) No body cavity: for example, flatworm
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue-filled
region (from
mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Figure 17.7a

14. (b) Pseudocoelom: a body cavity only partially
lined by the mesoderm, the middle tissue layer;
for example, roundworm
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Muscle
layer (from
mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Pseudocoelom
Figure 17.7b

15. (c) True coelom: a fluid-filled body cavity completely
lined by mesoderm, for example, annelid
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue layer lining
coelom and
suspending
internal organs
(from mesoderm)Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Coelom
Figure 17.7c

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MAJOR INVERTEBRATE PHYLA
• Invertebrates:
– Are animals without backbones
– Represent 95% of the animal kingdom

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17
Phylum Porifera
 Multicellular
 Body with pores (ostia)
 No organs or true tissues.
 No nervous system
 Adults sessile & attached to
substratum.
 Skeleton of calcareous
spicules, siliceous spicules,
spongin or a combination.
 All aquatic, mostly marine.

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Sponges
• Sponges
• Sponges include sessile animals that lack true
tissues and that were once believed to be plants.

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• The body of a sponge resembles a sac perforated
with holes.
• Choanocyte cells draw water through the walls
of the sponge where food is collected.

20. Choanocyte
(feeding cell)
Water
flow
Skeletal
fiber
Central
cavity
Choanocyte
in contact
with an
amoebocyte
Amoebocyte
Flagella
Pores
Figure 17.8

21. Water
flow
Skeletal
fiber
Central
cavity
Choanocyte
in contact
with an
amoebocyte
Amoebocyte
Flagella
Pores
Choanocyte
(feeding cell)
Figure 17.8a

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Cnidarians
• Cnidarians (phylum Cnidaria) are characterized by:
– The presence of body tissues
– Radial symmetry
– Tentacles with stinging cells
– Has secretory organelle called “cnida” contained in
a cnidocyte

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• The basic body plan of a cnidarian is a sac with a
gastrovascular cavity, a central digestive compartment
with only one opening.
• The body plan has two variations:
– The sessile polyp
– The floating medusa

24. Mouth/anus
Tentacle
Polyp form
Gastrovascular
cavity
Coral Hydra
Sea anemone
Gastrovascular
cavity
Mouth/anus
Tentacle
Medusa form
Jelly
Figure 17.9

25. Mouth/anus
Tentacle
Polyp form
Gastrovascular
cavity
Coral Hydra
Sea anemone
Figure 17.9a

26. Mouth/anus
Tentacle
Polyp form
Gastrovascular
cavity
Figure 17.9aa

27. Coral
Figure 17.9ab

28. Sea anemone Figure 17.9ac

29. Hydra
Figure 17.9ad

30. Gastrovascular
cavity
Mouth/anus
Tentacle
Medusa form
Jelly
Figure 17.9b

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• Cnidarians are carnivores that use tentacles,
armed with cnidocytes (“stinging cells”), to
capture prey.

32. Tentacle
Trigger
Capsule
Cnidocyte
Discharge
of thread
Prey
Coiled
thread
Figure 17.10

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Molluscs
• Molluscs (phylum Mollusca) are represented by soft-
bodied animals, usually protected by a hard shell.
• Many molluscs feed by using a file-like organ called a
radula to scrape up food.

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• The body of a mollusc has three main parts:
– A muscular foot used for movement
– A visceral mass housing most of the internal organs
– A mantle, which secretes the shell if present

35. Visceral mass
Reproductive
organs
Digestive
tract
Mantle
cavity
Nerve
cords
Digestive
tract
Coelom
Radula
Radula
Kidney Heart
Shell
Mouth
Mouth
Anus
Gill
Foot
Mantle
Figure 17.11

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• The three major groups of molluscs are:
– Gastropods, protected by a single, spiraled
shell
– Most gastropods have separate sexes but
some groups (mainly the Heterobranchia) are
hermaphroditic

37. Snail (spiraled shell)
Figure 17.12aa

38. Sea slug (no shell)
Figure 17.12ab

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– Bivalves, with a shell divided into two halves
hinged together
– Bivalves are hermaphroditic or have separate
sexes

40. Bivalves
(hinged shell)
Scallop
Figure 17.12b

41. Octopus
Figure 17.12ca

42. Squid
Figure 17.12cb

43. Gastropods Bivalves
(hinged shell)
Cephalopods
(large brain and tentacles)
Snail (spiraled shell)
Sea slug (no shell)
Scallop Octopus Squid
MAJOR GROUPS OF MOLLUSCS
Figure 17.12

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Turritella

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Cone Shells

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Cowries (Genus: Cypraea)

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Pond snail (Genus: Lymnaea)

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Tridacna

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Scallop

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Nautilus

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Cradle Shell
(Chiton)

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Common Name Genus Class
Turritella shell Turritella Gastropoda
Cone shell Conus Gastropoda
Cowries Cypraea Gastropoda
Pond snail Lymnaea Gastropoda
Spider shell Lambis Gastropoda
Edible oyster Ostrea Bivalvia
Giant clam Tridacna Bivalvia
Mud clam Mya Bivalvia
Scallop Pecten Bivalvia
Sea mussel Mytilus Bivalvia
Cuttle fish Sepia Cephalopoda
Nautilus Nautilus Cephalopoda
Octopus Octopus Cephalopoda
Squid Loligo Loligo
Cradle shell Chiton Polyplacophora

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Flatworms
• Flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) are the simplest
bilateral animals.
• Flatworms include forms that are:
– Parasites or
– Free-living in marine, freshwater, or damp habitats

57. Head
Sucker
Reproductive unit
with skin removed
Tapeworm
Figure 17.13ba

58. Blood fluke
Figure 17.13c

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• The gastrovascular cavity of flatworms
– Is highly branched but incomplete
– Provides an extensive surface area for absorption of
nutrients
• Nervous system
-consist of pair of anterior ganglia with longitudinal
nerve cords connected by transverse nerves

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• Excretory system
- consist of two lateral canals with branches
bearing flame cells (protonephridia)

61. Digestive tract
(gastrovascular
cavity)
Nerve cords
Mouth
Eyespots (detect light)
Nervous tissue clusters
(simple brain)
Planarian
Bilateral symmetry
Figure 17.13a

62. Digestive tract
(gastrovascular
cavity) Nerve cords
Mouth
Eyespots
(detect light)
Nervous tissue
clusters
(simple brain)
Planarian Bilateral symmetry
Blood fluke
Head Hooks
Suckers
Reproductive unit
with skin removed
Tapeworm
Figure 17.13

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Class Turbellaria
-Members of this class are mostly free-living
-They are bottom dwellers in freshwater and marine
environments
-They crawl on stones, sand, or vegetation
-Turbellarians are named for the turbulence
-The beating of cilia creates this turbulence in the water
-Turbellarians are predators and scavengers

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Class Trematoda
-all trematodes (flukes) are parasitic
-Most species are hermaphroditic
-Most are flattened and leaf-like or ribbon-like
-A circulatory system is absent
-The nervous system consists of a pair of anterior ganglia, or
nerve centers, and usually three pairs of lengthwise nerve
cords

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Class Monogenea
-Members are mostly ectoparasite
-have complicated attachment organs at the posterior or tail
end of their bodies, often including a mixture of suckers,
clamps, hooks and spines
-Mostly hermaphroditic, found on the gills of fish

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Class Cestoda
 Intestinal parasites of humans and other
vertebrates.

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Annelids
• Annelids (phylum Annelida) have:
– Body segmentation, a subdivision of the body along its length into a
series of repeated parts
– A coelom
– A complete digestive tract with
– Two openings, a mouth and anus
– One-way movement of food

70. Mouth
Brain
Coelom
Nerve cord
Blood vessels
Waste disposal organ
Anus
Accessory
hearts
Main
heart
Digestive
tract
Segment
walls
Figure 17.15

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• The three main groups of annelids are:
– Earthworms, which eat their way through soil
– Polychaetes, marine worms with segmental appendages for movement
and gas exchange
– Leeches, typically free-living carnivores but with some bloodsucking
forms

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Class Polychaetes
Class Oligochaeta
Class Hirudinea

74. Earthworms
Giant Australian earthworm Figure 17.14a

75. Polychaetes
Christmas tree worm
Figure 17.14b

76. Leeches
European freshwater leech
Figure 17.14c

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Roundworms
• Roundworms (phylum Nematoda) are:
– Cylindrical in shape, tapered at both ends
– The most diverse and widespread of all animals
• Roundworms (also called nematodes) are:
– Important decomposers
– Dangerous parasites in plants, humans, and other
animals

78. (a) A free-living roundworm
Figure 17.16a

79. (b) Parasitic roundworms in pork
Figure 17.16b

80. (c) Canine heart infected with
parasitic roundworms
Figure 17.16c

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Arthropods
• Arthropods (phylum Arthropoda) are named for their
jointed appendages.
• There are about one million arthropod species identified,
mostly insects.
• Arthropods are a very diverse and successful group,
occurring in nearly all habitats in the biosphere.

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Lectures by Chris C. Romero, updated by Edward J. Zalisko
PowerPoint®
Lectures for
Campbell Essential Biology, Fourth Edition
– Eric Simon, Jane Reece, and Jean Dickey
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Third Edition
– Eric Simon, Jane Reece, and Jean Dickey
Phylum Arthropoda
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobita
Subphylum Chelicerata
Class Merostomata
Class Pycnogonida
Class Arachnida
Subphylum Crustacea
Branchiopoda, Maxilopoda, Malacostraca
Subphylum Uniramia
Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Pauropoda,
Symphyla, Insekta
Class P

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General Characteristics of Arthropods
• Arthropods are segmented animals with specialized
segments and appendages for an efficient division of
labor among body regions
• Bilateral symmetry
• Jointed appendages

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• The body of arthropods is completely covered by an
exoskeleton, an external skeleton that provides:
– Protection
– Points of attachment for the muscles that move
appendages
– Molting – shedding off of exoskeleton for growth

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Compound Eyes
•Bundles of up to
14,000 light sensitive
units grouped
together
•Some on stalks that
can be used like
periscopes

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Taxonomic Classification:
Subphylum Trilobita
- All extinct forms from Cambrian to
Carboniferous
- Body is divided into two longitudinal furrows
into three lobes
- Distinct head, thorax, and abdomen
- Biramous appendages – limb that branches
into two, and each branch consists of a series of
segments attached end to end

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Subphylum Chelicerata
- First pair of appendages modified to form
chelicerae
- Mandibles
- Cephalothorax and abdomen often with
segments fused

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Sub Phylum Chelicerata
 Includes Horseshoe
crabs, spiders, mites
 Chelicerae are the only
small appendages
before the mouth
 Range from small
pinchers to venomous
fangs

90. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

91. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Class Merostomata
 Horseshoe Crabs
 Not true crabs and have not
evolved for millions of years
 Six pairs of appendages
 No mandible jaw
 Chelicerae, Walking Legs, four
pairs of Pushing Legs
 Telson or tail used for steering
and flipping itself right side up.

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Class Pycnogonida
 Sea Spiders
 Have four or more pairs of legs
 A large proboscis with a moth on
the tip allows it to feed on soft
invertebrates
 No respiratory system as gases
diffuse through body
 Tiny muscles consist of one cell
covered with connective tissue

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• Arachnids:
– Live on land
– Usually have four pairs of walking legs and a
specialized pair of feeding appendages
– Include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites
Class Arachnida

94. Two feeding
appendages
Leg (four pairs)
Black widow spider Wood tick
Dust miteScorpion
Figure 17.19

95. Two feeding
appendages
Leg (four pairs)
Tarantula spider (an arachnid)
Figure 17.19a

96. Scorpion
Figure 17.19b

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98. Black widow spider
Figure 17.19c

99. Dust mite
Figure 17.19d

100. Wood tick
Figure 17.19e

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• Crustaceans:
– Are nearly all aquatic
– Have multiple pairs of specialized appendages
– Include crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps, and
barnacles
Subphylum Crustacea

102. Abdomen
Cephalothorax
(head and thorax)
Swimming
appendage
Antenna
(sensory reception)
Eyes on
movable stalks
Mouthparts (feeding)
Walking leg
Walking legs
Figure 17.18

103. Two feeding
appendages Leg (three or more pairs)
Antennae
BarnaclesCrayfish
Pill bug
Shrimp
Crab
Figure 17.20

104. Two feeding
appendages
Leg (three or more pairs)
Antennae
Crab (a crustacean)
Figure 17.20a

105. Crab
Figure 17.20b

106. Shrimp
Figure 17.20c

107. Pill bug
Figure 17.20d

108. Crayfish
Figure 17.20e

109. Barnacles
Figure 17.20f

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• Class Diplopoda
Millipedes:
– Eat decaying plant matter
– Have two pairs of short legs per body segment
• Class Chilopoda
• Centipedes:
– Are terrestrial carnivores with poison claws
– Have one pair of short legs per body segment
Subphylum Uniramia

111. One pair of legs per segment
Two pairs of legs
per segment
Millipede Centipede
Figure 17.21

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Class Pauropoda

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Class Symphyla

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• Insects typically have a three-part body:
– Head
– Thorax
– Abdomen
Class Insecta

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• The insect head usually bears:
– A pair of sensory antennae
– A pair of eyes
• The mouthparts are adapted for particular kinds of
eating.
• Flight is one key to the great success of insects.

119. Antenna
Head Thorax Abdomen
Eye
Mouthparts
Figure 17.22

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• Insects outnumber all other forms of life combined.
• Insects live in:
– Almost every terrestrial habitat
– Freshwater
– The air
Insect Diversity

121. Banded Orange
Heliconian
Praying
mantisGiraffe weevil
Yellow jacket wasp Leaf beetle
Leaf roller
Peacock katydid
Longhorn beetle
Figure 17.23

122. Peacock katydid
Figure 17.23a

123. Banded Orange Heliconian
Figure 17.23b

124. Giraffe weevil
Figure 17.23c

125. Yellow jacket wasp
Figure 17.23d

126. Leaf beetle
Figure 17.23e

127. Longhorn beetle
Figure 17.23f

128. Praying mantis
Figure 17.23g

129. Leaf roller
Figure 17.23h

130. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Many insects undergo metamorphosis in their development.
• Young insects may:
– Appear to be smaller forms of the adult or
– Change from a larval form to something much different as an adult
Video: Butterfly Emerging

131. The larva (caterpillar) spends
its time eating and growing,
molting as it grows.
After several molts, the
larva becomes a pupa
encased in a cocoon.
Within the pupa, the larval organs break
down and adult organs develop from
cells that were dormant in the larva.
Finally, the adult emerges
from the cocoon.
The butterfly flies off and reproduces, nourished mainly
by calories stored when it was a caterpillar.
Figure 17.24-5

132. Monarch butterflies
Figure 17.24a

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Body louse

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Bed Bug

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138. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Crayfish

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Lobster

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Tick

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Echinoderms
• Echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata):
– Lack body segments
– Typically show radial symmetry as adults but bilateral symmetry as
larvae
– Have an endoskeleton
– Have a water vascular system that facilitates movement and gas
exchange
• Echinoderms are a very diverse group.

145. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Pentamerous symmetry
 Locomotion – tube feet
 Digestive system – usually complete; anus is
absent
 Respiration – By dermal branchiae, tube feet,
respiratory tree and bursae
 Excretory organs – absent
 Sexes – Separate; fertilization is usually external

146. Sea star
Sea urchin
Sea cucumber Sand dollar
Tube feet
Figure 17.25

147. Sea star
Figure 17.25a

148. Sea star Figure 17.25aa

149. Sea star Figure 17.25ab

150. Sea stars
Figure 17.25ac

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Asterias rubens

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Culcita

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Linckia

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Protoreaster

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Arbacia

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Diadema

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Tripneustes

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Holothurea

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Ophiotrix

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Sand Dollar

163. Sea urchin
Tube feet
Figure 17.25b

164. Sea cucumber
Figure 17.25c

165. Sand dollar
Figure 17.25d