More Related Content Similar to Kingdom Animalia Similar to Kingdom Animalia (20) More from Merlyn Denesia (20) Kingdom Animalia2. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Is an Animal?
• Animals are:
– Eukaryotic
– Multicellular
– Heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients
by ingestion
– Able to digest their food within their bodies
• Animal cells lack the cell walls that provide
strong support in the bodies of plants and fungi.
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• Most animals have:
– Muscle cells
– Nerve cells that control the muscles
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• Most animals:
– Are diploid
– Reproduce sexually
– Proceed through a series of typically similar
developmental stages
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Animal Phylogeny
• Biologists categorize animals by:
– General features of body structure - anatomical
– More recently, using genetic data
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• A second major evolutionary split is based on body
symmetry.
– Radial symmetry refers to animals that are identical
all around a central axis.
– Bilateral symmetry exists where there is only one
way to split the animal into equal halves.
9. Radial symmetry. Parts radiate from the center, so any slice
through the central axis divides into mirror images.
Bilateral symmetry. Only one slice can divide left and right
sides into mirror-image halves.
Figure 17.6
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• Animals also vary according to the presence and
type of body cavity, a fluid-filled space
separating the digestive tract from the outer body
wall.
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• There are differences in how the body cavity forms.
– If the body cavity is not completely lined by tissue
derived from mesoderm, it is a pseudocoelom.
– A true coelom is completely lined by tissue derived
from mesoderm.
12. (a) No body cavity
(b) Pseudocoelom
(c) True coelom
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue-filled
region (from
mesoderm)
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Muscle
layer (from
mesoderm)
Tissue layer lining
coelom and
suspending
internal organs
(from mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Pseudocoelom
Coelom
Figure 17.7
13. (a) No body cavity: for example, flatworm
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue-filled
region (from
mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Figure 17.7a
14. (b) Pseudocoelom: a body cavity only partially
lined by the mesoderm, the middle tissue layer;
for example, roundworm
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Muscle
layer (from
mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Pseudocoelom
Figure 17.7b
15. (c) True coelom: a fluid-filled body cavity completely
lined by mesoderm, for example, annelid
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue layer lining
coelom and
suspending
internal organs
(from mesoderm)Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Coelom
Figure 17.7c
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MAJOR INVERTEBRATE PHYLA
• Invertebrates:
– Are animals without backbones
– Represent 95% of the animal kingdom
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17
Phylum Porifera
Multicellular
Body with pores (ostia)
No organs or true tissues.
No nervous system
Adults sessile & attached to
substratum.
Skeleton of calcareous
spicules, siliceous spicules,
spongin or a combination.
All aquatic, mostly marine.
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Sponges
• Sponges
• Sponges include sessile animals that lack true
tissues and that were once believed to be plants.
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• The body of a sponge resembles a sac perforated
with holes.
• Choanocyte cells draw water through the walls
of the sponge where food is collected.
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Cnidarians
• Cnidarians (phylum Cnidaria) are characterized by:
– The presence of body tissues
– Radial symmetry
– Tentacles with stinging cells
– Has secretory organelle called “cnida” contained in
a cnidocyte
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• The basic body plan of a cnidarian is a sac with a
gastrovascular cavity, a central digestive compartment
with only one opening.
• The body plan has two variations:
– The sessile polyp
– The floating medusa
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• Cnidarians are carnivores that use tentacles,
armed with cnidocytes (“stinging cells”), to
capture prey.
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Molluscs
• Molluscs (phylum Mollusca) are represented by soft-
bodied animals, usually protected by a hard shell.
• Many molluscs feed by using a file-like organ called a
radula to scrape up food.
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• The body of a mollusc has three main parts:
– A muscular foot used for movement
– A visceral mass housing most of the internal organs
– A mantle, which secretes the shell if present
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• The three major groups of molluscs are:
– Gastropods, protected by a single, spiraled
shell
– Most gastropods have separate sexes but
some groups (mainly the Heterobranchia) are
hermaphroditic
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– Bivalves, with a shell divided into two halves
hinged together
– Bivalves are hermaphroditic or have separate
sexes
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Common Name Genus Class
Turritella shell Turritella Gastropoda
Cone shell Conus Gastropoda
Cowries Cypraea Gastropoda
Pond snail Lymnaea Gastropoda
Spider shell Lambis Gastropoda
Edible oyster Ostrea Bivalvia
Giant clam Tridacna Bivalvia
Mud clam Mya Bivalvia
Scallop Pecten Bivalvia
Sea mussel Mytilus Bivalvia
Cuttle fish Sepia Cephalopoda
Nautilus Nautilus Cephalopoda
Octopus Octopus Cephalopoda
Squid Loligo Loligo
Cradle shell Chiton Polyplacophora
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Flatworms
• Flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) are the simplest
bilateral animals.
• Flatworms include forms that are:
– Parasites or
– Free-living in marine, freshwater, or damp habitats
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• The gastrovascular cavity of flatworms
– Is highly branched but incomplete
– Provides an extensive surface area for absorption of
nutrients
• Nervous system
-consist of pair of anterior ganglia with longitudinal
nerve cords connected by transverse nerves
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• Excretory system
- consist of two lateral canals with branches
bearing flame cells (protonephridia)
62. Digestive tract
(gastrovascular
cavity) Nerve cords
Mouth
Eyespots
(detect light)
Nervous tissue
clusters
(simple brain)
Planarian Bilateral symmetry
Blood fluke
Head Hooks
Suckers
Reproductive unit
with skin removed
Tapeworm
Figure 17.13
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Class Turbellaria
-Members of this class are mostly free-living
-They are bottom dwellers in freshwater and marine
environments
-They crawl on stones, sand, or vegetation
-Turbellarians are named for the turbulence
-The beating of cilia creates this turbulence in the water
-Turbellarians are predators and scavengers
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Class Trematoda
-all trematodes (flukes) are parasitic
-Most species are hermaphroditic
-Most are flattened and leaf-like or ribbon-like
-A circulatory system is absent
-The nervous system consists of a pair of anterior ganglia, or
nerve centers, and usually three pairs of lengthwise nerve
cords
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Class Monogenea
-Members are mostly ectoparasite
-have complicated attachment organs at the posterior or tail
end of their bodies, often including a mixture of suckers,
clamps, hooks and spines
-Mostly hermaphroditic, found on the gills of fish
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Class Cestoda
Intestinal parasites of humans and other
vertebrates.
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Annelids
• Annelids (phylum Annelida) have:
– Body segmentation, a subdivision of the body along its length into a
series of repeated parts
– A coelom
– A complete digestive tract with
– Two openings, a mouth and anus
– One-way movement of food
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• The three main groups of annelids are:
– Earthworms, which eat their way through soil
– Polychaetes, marine worms with segmental appendages for movement
and gas exchange
– Leeches, typically free-living carnivores but with some bloodsucking
forms
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Class Polychaetes
Class Oligochaeta
Class Hirudinea
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Roundworms
• Roundworms (phylum Nematoda) are:
– Cylindrical in shape, tapered at both ends
– The most diverse and widespread of all animals
• Roundworms (also called nematodes) are:
– Important decomposers
– Dangerous parasites in plants, humans, and other
animals
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Arthropods
• Arthropods (phylum Arthropoda) are named for their
jointed appendages.
• There are about one million arthropod species identified,
mostly insects.
• Arthropods are a very diverse and successful group,
occurring in nearly all habitats in the biosphere.
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Lectures by Chris C. Romero, updated by Edward J. Zalisko
PowerPoint®
Lectures for
Campbell Essential Biology, Fourth Edition
– Eric Simon, Jane Reece, and Jean Dickey
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Third Edition
– Eric Simon, Jane Reece, and Jean Dickey
Phylum Arthropoda
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobita
Subphylum Chelicerata
Class Merostomata
Class Pycnogonida
Class Arachnida
Subphylum Crustacea
Branchiopoda, Maxilopoda, Malacostraca
Subphylum Uniramia
Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Pauropoda,
Symphyla, Insekta
Class P
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General Characteristics of Arthropods
• Arthropods are segmented animals with specialized
segments and appendages for an efficient division of
labor among body regions
• Bilateral symmetry
• Jointed appendages
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• The body of arthropods is completely covered by an
exoskeleton, an external skeleton that provides:
– Protection
– Points of attachment for the muscles that move
appendages
– Molting – shedding off of exoskeleton for growth
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Compound Eyes
•Bundles of up to
14,000 light sensitive
units grouped
together
•Some on stalks that
can be used like
periscopes
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Taxonomic Classification:
Subphylum Trilobita
- All extinct forms from Cambrian to
Carboniferous
- Body is divided into two longitudinal furrows
into three lobes
- Distinct head, thorax, and abdomen
- Biramous appendages – limb that branches
into two, and each branch consists of a series of
segments attached end to end
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Subphylum Chelicerata
- First pair of appendages modified to form
chelicerae
- Mandibles
- Cephalothorax and abdomen often with
segments fused
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Sub Phylum Chelicerata
Includes Horseshoe
crabs, spiders, mites
Chelicerae are the only
small appendages
before the mouth
Range from small
pinchers to venomous
fangs
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Class Merostomata
Horseshoe Crabs
Not true crabs and have not
evolved for millions of years
Six pairs of appendages
No mandible jaw
Chelicerae, Walking Legs, four
pairs of Pushing Legs
Telson or tail used for steering
and flipping itself right side up.
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Class Pycnogonida
Sea Spiders
Have four or more pairs of legs
A large proboscis with a moth on
the tip allows it to feed on soft
invertebrates
No respiratory system as gases
diffuse through body
Tiny muscles consist of one cell
covered with connective tissue
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• Arachnids:
– Live on land
– Usually have four pairs of walking legs and a
specialized pair of feeding appendages
– Include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites
Class Arachnida
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• Crustaceans:
– Are nearly all aquatic
– Have multiple pairs of specialized appendages
– Include crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps, and
barnacles
Subphylum Crustacea
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• Class Diplopoda
Millipedes:
– Eat decaying plant matter
– Have two pairs of short legs per body segment
• Class Chilopoda
• Centipedes:
– Are terrestrial carnivores with poison claws
– Have one pair of short legs per body segment
Subphylum Uniramia
111. One pair of legs per segment
Two pairs of legs
per segment
Millipede Centipede
Figure 17.21
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• Insects typically have a three-part body:
– Head
– Thorax
– Abdomen
Class Insecta
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• The insect head usually bears:
– A pair of sensory antennae
– A pair of eyes
• The mouthparts are adapted for particular kinds of
eating.
• Flight is one key to the great success of insects.
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• Insects outnumber all other forms of life combined.
• Insects live in:
– Almost every terrestrial habitat
– Freshwater
– The air
Insect Diversity
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• Many insects undergo metamorphosis in their development.
• Young insects may:
– Appear to be smaller forms of the adult or
– Change from a larval form to something much different as an adult
Video: Butterfly Emerging
131. The larva (caterpillar) spends
its time eating and growing,
molting as it grows.
After several molts, the
larva becomes a pupa
encased in a cocoon.
Within the pupa, the larval organs break
down and adult organs develop from
cells that were dormant in the larva.
Finally, the adult emerges
from the cocoon.
The butterfly flies off and reproduces, nourished mainly
by calories stored when it was a caterpillar.
Figure 17.24-5
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Echinoderms
• Echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata):
– Lack body segments
– Typically show radial symmetry as adults but bilateral symmetry as
larvae
– Have an endoskeleton
– Have a water vascular system that facilitates movement and gas
exchange
• Echinoderms are a very diverse group.
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Pentamerous symmetry
Locomotion – tube feet
Digestive system – usually complete; anus is
absent
Respiration – By dermal branchiae, tube feet,
respiratory tree and bursae
Excretory organs – absent
Sexes – Separate; fertilization is usually external
Editor's Notes Figure 17.2 Life cycle of a sea star as an example of animal development (Step 8)
Figure 17.5 An overview of animal phylogeny based on body features and genetic data
Figure 17.6 Body symmetry
Figure 17.7 Body plans of bilateral animals
Figure 17.7a Body plans of bilateral animals: no body cavity
Figure 17.7b Body plans of bilateral animals: pseudocoelom
Figure 17.7c Body plans of bilateral animals: true coelom
Figure 17.8 Anatomy of a sponge
Figure 17.8a Anatomy of a sponge: art
Figure 17.9 Polyp and medusa forms of cnidarians
Figure 17.9a Polyp form of cnidarians
Figure 17.9aa Polyp form of cnidarians: art
Figure 17.9ab Polyp form of cnidarians: coral
Figure 17.9ac Polyp form of cnidarians: sea anemone
Figure 17.9ad Polyp form of cnidarians: hydra
Figure 17.9b Medusa form of cnidarians
Cnidocytes or nematocytes – used to capture prey and defense from predators
Figure 17.10 Cnidocyte action
Figure 17.11 The general body plan of a mollusc
Figure 17.12aa Mollusc diversity: snail
Figure 17.12ab Mollusc diversity: sea slug
Figure 17.12b Mollusc diversity: bivalves
Figure 17.12ca Mollusc diversity: octopus
Figure 17.12cb Mollusc diversity: squid
Figure 17.12 Mollusc diversity
Genus: Conus
Spider shell (Genus: Lambis)
Genus: Mytilus
Figure 17.13ba Flatworm diversity: tapeworm
Figure 17.13c Flatworm diversity: blood fluke
is a network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings found in the phyla Platyhelminthes, Nemertea and Rotifera. The ends are called flame cells (if ciliated) or solenocytes (if flagellated); they function in osmoregulation and ionoregulation, respectively.
Figure 17.13a Flatworm diversity: planarian
Figure 17.13 Flatworm diversity
flatworms
Fasciola hepatica
Figure 17.15 Segmented anatomy of an earthworm
Parapodia – lateral appendages
Figure 17.14a Annelid diversity: earthworm
Figure 17.14b Annelid diversity: polychaete
Figure 17.14c Annelid diversity: leech
Figure 17.16a Roundworm diversity: free-living roundworm
Figure 17.16b Roundworm diversity: parasitic roundworms in pork
Figure 17.16c Roundworm diversity: parasitic roundworms in canine heart
Amphids – chemosensory organs
No respiratory system
Figure 17.19 Arachnid characteristics and diversity
Figure 17.19a Tarantula spider (an arachnid)
Figure 17.19b Arachnid diversity: scorpion
Figure 17.19c Arachnid diversity: black widow spider
Figure 17.19d Arachnid diversity: dust mite
Figure 17.19e Arachnid diversity: wood tick
Figure 17.18 Anatomy of a lobster, a crustacean
Figure 17.20 Crustacean characteristics and diversity
Figure 17.20a Crab (a crustacean)
Figure 17.20b Crustacean diversity: ghost crab
Figure 17.20c Crustacean diversity: shrimp
Figure 17.20d Crustacean diversity: pill bug
Figure 17.20e Crustacean diversity: crayfish
Figure 17.20f Crustacean diversity: barnacles
Figure 17.21 Millipede and centipede
Figure 17.22 Anatomy of a grasshopper, an insect
Figure 17.23 Insect diversity
Figure 17.23a Insect diversity: peacock katydid
Figure 17.23b Insect diversity: Banded Orange Heliconian butterfly
Figure 17.23c Insect diversity: giraffe weevil
Figure 17.23d Insect diversity: yellow jacket wasp
Figure 17.23e Insect diversity: leaf beetle
Figure 17.23f Insect diversity: longhorn beetle
Figure 17.23g Insect diversity: praying mantis
Figure 17.23h Insect diversity: leaf roller moth
Figure 17.24 Metamorphosis of a monarch butterfly (Step 5)
Figure 17.24 Monarch butterflies
tick
Figure 17.25 Echinoderm diversity
Figure 17.25a Echinoderm diversity: sea star and close up of feeding
Figure 17.25aa Echinoderm diversity: sea star
Figure 17.25ab Echinoderm diversity: sea star feeding
Figure 17.25ac Echinoderm diversity: cluster of sea stars
Sea cucumber
Figure 17.25b Echinoderm diversity: sea urchin
Figure 17.25c Echinoderm diversity: sea cucumber
Figure 17.25d Echinoderm diversity: sand dollar