SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 180
Download to read offline
Immunità e
Infiammazione
VINCENT CASTRONOVO
MANGIARE
SENZA VENIR
MANGIATI
Difesa
LIVELLO I
Le barriere
LIVELLO II
Immunità
innata
LIVELLO III
Immunità
specifica
PRIMA LINEA DI DIFESA
BARRIERE
Le barriere
Prima linea di difesa, le barriere
naturali rappresentano un ostacolo
contro l’invasione degli intrusi.
Soltanto gli agenti patogeni sono in
grado di superarle.
Il non rispetto dell’integrità delle
barriere provoca l’ingresso nel
nostro organismo di agenti inerti
cioè macromolecole che saranno
considerate alla stregua di agenti
patogeni e diventeranno oggetto di
reazione da parte dei nostri sistemi
difensivi.
Le barriere
PELLE
+/- 2 m2
Epitelio respiratorio
2 m2
Alveoli polmonari
130 m2
BARRIERA
INTESTINALE
1000 m2
5µm
BARRIERA
INTESTINALE
LEAKY GUT
FLORA
INTESTINALE
SECONDA LINEA DI DIFESA
Il nemico è penetrato nel
nostro territorio!
SECONDA LINEA DI DIFESA
Cellule
Citochine/Chemochine
Fattori solubili
La Guerra
NOZIONE DI IMPORTANZA
FONDAMENTALE
I sistemi di difesa innati e
adattativi si sono sviluppati in
base al principio per cui solo i
veri nemici predatori sono in
grado di attraversare le barriere.
L’esercito di cellule difensive…
Un gruppo di globuli bianchi è chiamato granulociti o
leucociti polimorfonucleati (PMNs).
I Granulociti sono composti da 3 tipi di cellule identificate
come neutrofili, eosinofili e basofili in base alle
caratteristiche di colorazione con determinati agenti.
Queste cellule rivestono una particolare importanza ai fini
dell’eliminazione dall’organismo di batteri e parassiti.
Granulociti o leucociti
polimorfonucleati (PMN)
MONOCITI E MACROFAGI
I macrofagi vengono attivati da una varietà di
stimoli diversi nel corso della risposta immunitaria.
Uno dei primi segnali di attivazione viene dalle
chemochine.
La fagocitosi stessa è un importante stimolo di
attivazione.
I macrofagi sono attivati anche dalle citochine
secrete dalle cellule T helper [IFN-gamma] e dai
mediatori della risposta infiammatoria oltre che da
diversi sottoprodotti batterici (come i LPS)
MASTOCITI
CELLULE NK
Le cellule NK ("Natural killers",
assassine naturali) rappresentano dal 5
al 16 % della popolazione totale dei
linfociti umani.
Fanno parte di una sottopopolazione di
linfociti, i LGL (Large Granular
Lymphocytes).
Queste cellule assassine provengono
dalla differenziazione delle cellule
staminali linfoidi prodotte nel midollo
osseo.
Citochine
Agenti di comunicazione
intercellulare
Immunità innata
Immunità innata (naturale, aspecifica)
La risposta all’invasione ha bisogno di 3
elementi:
Riconoscimento
Eliminazione
Comunicazione
Riconoscimento dei
microrganismi da parte del
sistema immunitario innato
Immunità innata
 Cellule dendritiche
 Macrofagi
 Polinucleati
 Enterociti
Immunità innata
DC
MF
PN
Un gioco sempre uguale di recettori
invariati rispetto alle molecole dei batteri
Gram- Lipopolisaccaridi (LPS)
Gram+ Peptidoglicani
Acido lipoteicoico
Funghi Mannani
Immunità innata
PAMPS:
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
Percezione intrinseca di ciò che è
batterico, vale a dire ciò che è
ostile…
Immunità innata
La tolleranza intrinseca al self
dell’immunità naturale è stata acquisita
dopo centinaia di milioni di anni di
evoluzione in seguito ai quali si sono
selezionati dei recettori capaci di
distinguere i sottoprodotti batterici e non
dai sottoprodotti del self…
Immunità innata
Limiti
 Repertorio antibatterico limitato
 Nessun adattamento alle mutazioni batteriche
 Nessuna percezione dei batteri intracellulari
Immunità innata
Immunità innata
I PAMPS sono riconosciuti da recettori sulla superficie delle
cellule del sistema immunitario innato, i PRMs e PRRs(
Pattern-Recognition molecole/recettori)
Recettori di endocitosi
Recettori del mannosio dei macrofagi
Proteine di secrezione
CRP
Recettore di segnalizzazione
La famiglia dei recettori TOLL (TLR)
Recettori TOLL:
Recettori dei PAMPS
RECETTORI
TOLL
Ricezione del segnale
Chinasi
Agenti di comunicazione intracellulare
Enzimi che traducono l’informazione
proveniente dall’esterno per coordinare una
risposta cellulare appropriata.
Chinasi
Cosa fanno?
Fattore trascrizionale
Capo controllo
dell’immunità e
dell’infiammazione
NF-kB
GENE A
Start Stop
Elementi
di controllo
Segnali
A
A
A A
A
A
A
A
RNA
messagero
Proteine
IL FATTORE DI TRASCRIZIONE NF-kB
Trascrizione
Traduzione
FATTORI DI
TRASCRIZIONE
NF-kB
Il maestro della guerra
I-kB
Il maestro della pace
NF-kB
Recettori
Gene A
Gene B
Gene C
NF-kB
SEGNALI
Recettori
Vie di
segnalizzazione Gene A
Gene B
Gene C
NF-kBNF-kB
SEGNALI
Recettori
Gene A
Gene B
Gene C
Vie di
segnalizzazione
NF-kB
SEGNALI
Recettori
Gene A
Gene B
Gene C
Vie di
segnalizzazione
NF-kB
Induttori di NF-kB
Geni la cui trascrizione è sotto il controllo del NF-kB
NF-kB e infiammazione
COX
TNF
IKK
Chinasi che controlla l’infiammazione
IKK e attivazione del NF-kB
NF-kB
- Risposta immunitaria
- Infiammazioni
- Sopravvivenza allo stress (ossidoriduzioni, ionizzazioni,…)
- Traumi neurologici, morbo di Alzheimer,
morbo di Parkinson, tumori, artrite reumatoide.
NF-kB: Ruoli biologici
Sali d’oro
Corticoidi :
Aumento sintesi di Ik-B
e/o antagonismo diretto
di NF-kB
Le armi del nostro
sistema di difesa
Difese aspecifiche
I fattori solubili
Difese aspecifiche
Umorali
La CRP è stata isolata da Tillett e Frances nel 1930 (Rockefeller
University), nel siero di pazienti che presentavano uno stato
infiammatorio acuto.
Questa proteina reagiva al polisaccaride C del pneumococco.
La CRP è un marcatore precoce, sensibile e specifico della reazione
infiammatoria e aumenta proporzionalmente alla sua intensità.
Compare nelle sei ore successive all’esordio dell’ infiammazione
acuta. Il tasso aumenta ed è massimo dopo due giorni.
In presenza di calcio, la CRP si lega specificamente ai residui di
fosfocolina della parete dei batteri.
La CRP attiva per questo tramite la via classica del complemento in
assenza di anticorpi e opsonizza i leganti in previsione della loro
fagocitosi.
Proteina C-reattiva
Proteina C-reattiva
Difesa aspecifica
La febbre
IL COMPLEMENTO
Il complemento
La fagocitosi
Fagociti
Oxygen Dependent Myeloperoxidase
dependent reactions
H2O2 + O2
-2O2
-
+ 2H+
Superoxide dismutase
H2 O2 + Cl
-
myeloperoxidase
OCl
-
+ H2O
H2O + O2
-2 H2 O2
catalase
2OCL
-
+ H2O 1O2
-
+ Cl
-
+ H2O
Produzione di radicali liberi
La reazione infiammatoria è un processo
fisiologico indispensabile alla sopravvivenza
del nostro organismo continuamente
esposto all’aggressione di organismi
batterici, agenti fisici e chimici …
L’infiammazione è il campo di
battaglia in cui le nostre difese
specifiche e aspecifiche
combattono il nemico.
Infiammazione
DIFESA
INFIAMMAZIONE
LIVELLO I
Le Barriere
LIVELLO II
Immunità
innata
LIVELLO III
Immunità
specifica
Immunità adattativa
Immunità
adattativa
• Là dove ha luogo la maggior parte
dell’azione evolutiva
• Dipende dal contatto tra le cellule ospiti e
gli antigeni (anticorps generation)
• Due categorie principali di risposte :
immunità umorale e immunità cellulare
Difesa specifica
Il sistema immunitario
Il sistema immunitario
INNATO
ADATTATIVO
Immunità adattativa
L’immunità adattativa
ricorre alle stesse armi
dell’immunità innata
Gli anticorpi
Antigeni
Antigene : Molecola estranea che provoca una reazione
immunitaria
Virus dell’influenza
Proteina di superficie
RICONOSCIUTA dai
linfociti
ANTIGENE > reazione immunitaria
Il timo
Il timo:
Una scuola
per i
linfociti
I linfociti T
• 2 popolazioni principali
CD4+: Direttore d’orchestra della
risposta immunitaria adattativa
CD8+: Partecipano all’ immunità
cellulare
(citotossicità)
• Circolazione permanente tra il sangue
e gli organi linfoidi secondari.
• Cellula T naive prima dell’incontro
con l’Ag specifico. Dopo l’incontro si
parla di cellula T effettrice armata.
• I LT naive circolano in permanenza tra gli organi linfatici
secondari all’incontro con l’Ag specifico
• LT CD4+ sono programmati per diventare cellule secretrici di
citochine e cellule memoria
• LT CD8+ sono programmati per diventare delle cellule
effettrici citotossiche (CTL CD8+) e delle cellule memoria
I linfociti T
I linfociti B completano la maturazione
diventando competenti nel midollo osseo
Linfociti B
Figure 9-1 part 1 of 2
La risposta immunitaria umorale
è mediata da molecole di
anticorpi secrete dalle
plasmacellule.
L’antigene associato a una
immunoglobulina di superficie è
internalizzato, degradato in
peptidi e presentato su un MHC
di classe II.
Questo porta all’attivazione delle
cellule T, risultando nella
secrezione di citochine.
Linfociti B
Figure 9-5 part 2 of 2
Linfociti B
Figure 9-19 part 1 of 2
Proprietà e funzioni di diverse classi di
immunoglobuline umane
Immunità specifica
Le risposte alle cellule B si
concentrano sui patogeni al di fuori
delle cellula; le risposte alle cellule
T si concentrano sui patogeni
intracellulari
Mucose
e immunità
Immunità mucosale
(tonsille, adenoidi, placche di Peyer,
appendice, linfonodi mesenterici)
mucus no mucus here mucus
Un sistema immunitario a compartimenti
che è, in un certo qual modo, separato
dal SI sistemico
Transcytose des antigènes
Le cellule M facilitano
l’assimilazione degli Ag
IgA Mucosale
• 2 sottoclassi nell’uomo
• IgA1- monomerica, IgA predominante nel siero
• IgA2- polimerica, si riscontra soprattutto nelle
secrezioni esterne.
• J-chain- richiesta per la formazione dell’IgA polimerica,
J-chain gko di topo- IgA monomerica ma è secreta.
• La perdita di 13 aa in una zona cerniera diminuisce la
suscettibilità dell’IgA2 alla divisione proteolitica.
L’IgA dimerico consiste in due monomeri di
IgA legati da una catena J. Le cellule B
individuali sono destinate alla secrezione di
IgA sia monomerica sia dimerica.
Le IgA polimereiche rappresentano l’immunità
adattativa principale presente nell’intestino
Sistema Immunitario Comune alle Mucose (CMIS)
Tolleranza mucosale
• Induzione di un’assenza di risposta sistemica mediante
somministrazione di antigene i.n. o orale.
• L’idea: evitare lo sviluppo di allergie alimentari.
• Alto dosaggio unico, basse dosi multiple.
• Assenza di risposta sistemica– in presenza di risposta
mucosale alle IgA
• Un solo recettore di struttura data su
ciascuna cellula (e sulle sue cellule figlie).
• Una multitudine di recettori diversi a
livello della popolazione
Immunità adattativa
TCR : T cell receptor
BCR : B cell receptor
« Il » recettore specializzato delle
cellule dell’immunità adattativa
Immunità adattativa
Il suo legante : l’antigene
Fa fronte alla diversità dei batteri e
alle loro mutazioni mediante una
generazione aleatoria e continua di
nuovi recettori
Vantaggi
Immunità adattativa
Immunità adattativa
Percezione analitica di sequenze
peptidiche ma nessuna percezione
intrinseca di ciò che è batterico
o meno, ostile o meno
Immunità adattativa
Percepisce i batteri intracellulari
grazie al sistema di campionamento e
di presentazione da parte delle
molecole del Complesso Maggiore di
Istocompatibilità (CMH)
Vantaggi
Connessione immunità innata– immunità
acquisita
TNF
Il supporto del SELF : il Complesso Maggiore
di Istocompatibilità (CMH, sistema HLA
nell’uomo)
CMH : Complexe Majeur d’Histocompatibilité = empreintes
digitales des cellules
Protéines servant de “présentoir” aux antigènes
TUTTE le cellule del corpo:
CMH di classe 1
1
1
Linfociti B e macrofagi :
CMH di classe 1 E di classe 2
1
2
1
2
Antigene + CMH 1 = risposta
cellulare
Antigene + CMH 2 = risposta
umorale
Antigeni e Proteine del CMH
Rapporto fra CMH, tipo di linfocita e
reazione immunitaria scatenata
Ag presentato su CMH I
Linfociti T citotossici (o
CD8)
RISPOSTA
CELLULARE
riconosce
Ag presentato su CMH
II
Linfociti T ausiliari (o
CD4)
Linfociti B
RISPOSTA
UMORALE
riconosce
attiva
Antigeni e proteine del CMH
Le molecole del CMH di Classe I permettono alle cellule T
CD8 di “sorvegliare” la presenza di patogeni nel citoplasma.
Le molecole CMH di Classe II permettono alle cellule T CD4
di “ sorvegliare ” la presenza di patogeni negli spazi
extracellulari e intravescicolari.
Patogeno
CD4
Patogeno CD8
Panoramica della Risposta
Immunitaria
REGOLAZIONE DELLE
RISPOSTE IMMUNITARIE
SPECIFICHE
I LINFOCITI T CD4
Th1, Th2, TH17 e
Treg
OFFESA
INFIAMMAZIONE
Allergie
Malattie Autoimmuni
MALATTIE AUTOIMMUNI
Poliartrite reumatoide
Psoriasi
Sclerosi a placche
Morbo di Crohn
Lupus eritematoso
Guillain-Barré
Tiroiditi
...
Insieme di disordini immunitari che vanno da malattie molto
comuni come l’artrite reumatoide, la tiroidite di Hashimoto, il
morbo di Graves, l’aterosclerosi a patologie meno frequenti
come la sclerosi a placche, il diabete di tipo I, il lupus
eritematoso sistemico….
L’autoimmunità è la causa a monte di oltre 80 patologie
croniche che colpiscono il 20% circa della popolazione dei
paesi industrializzati.
MALATTIE AUTOIMMUNI
Mimetismo antigenico
Artrite reumatoide
Tiroidite di
Hashimoto
Diabete
Di
Tipo I
Aterosclerosi
Sclerosi a placche
ALLERGIE
Riniti
Congiuntiviti
Eczemi
Asma
Diarree
...
Attivazione del
Sistema immunitario
contro molecole
o organismi
non patogeni
ALLERGIE
Allergeni
Allergie
Alimentari
E contro la flora
Batterica
Allergie cutanee
TRATTAMENTI
CLASSICI
DELLE MALATTIE
INFIAMMATORIE:
INIBIRE LA
PRODUZIONE DI
EICOSANOIDI
Meccanismo d’azione biochimico
Influsso Na+
Cortisolo
Recettore
Lipocortina
Fosfolipidi della
membrana cellulare
Prostaglandine
leucotrieni
Azione
Antinfiammatoria
CLASSICI TRATTAMENTI
DELLE MALATTIE INFIAMMATORIE
FANS: Antinfiammatori non steroidei
Nutrition and immunology: from the clinic to cellular biology and back again.
Chandra RK.
Proc Nutr Soc. 1999 Aug;58(3):681-3.
Diet and immunity have been known to be linked to each other for centuries. In the
last 30 years systematic studies have confirmed that nutrient deficiencies impair
immune response and lead to frequent severe infections resulting in increased
mortality, especially in children. Protein-energy malnutrition results in reduced
number and functions of T-cells, phagocytic cells and secretory immunoglobulin A
antibody response. In addition, levels of many complement components are
reduced. Similar findings have been reported for moderate deficiencies of individual
nutrients such as trace minerals and vitamins, particularly Zn, Fe, Se, vitamins A,
B6, C and E. For example, Zn deficiency is associated with profound impairment of
cell-mediated immunity such as lymphocyte stimulation response, decreased
CD4+:CD8+ cells, and decreased chemotaxis of phagocytes. In addition, the level
of thymulin, which is a Zn-dependent hormone, is markedly decreased. The use of
nutrient supplements, singly or in combination, stimulates immune response and
may result in fewer infections, particularly in the elderly, low-birth-weight infants
and malnourished critically-ill patients in hospitals. The interactions between
nutrition and the immune system are of clinical, practical and public health
importance.
Palmitate activates the NF-kappaB transcription factor and induces IL-6 and
TNFalpha expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
Ajuwon KM, Spurlock ME.
J Nutr. 2005 Aug;135(8):1841-6.
Fatty acids and their metabolites regulate gene expression and immunological pathways.
Furthermore, obese individuals frequently have increased circulating fatty acid concentrations,
and localized inflammation in adipose tissue may facilitate the systemic inflammation associated
with the insulin resistance of obesity. Although palmitate induces inflammation (i.e., activates
proinflammatory pathways) in myotubes, the effects of fatty acids on inflammatory processes in
adipocytes have not been established. Therefore, we examined the potential for palmitate,
laurate, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to modulate inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
Palmitate, but not DHA or laurate, induced nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB)-driven luciferase
activity and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression (P < 0.05). Inhibition of fatty acyl Co-A synthase
(FACS) with triacsin C suppressed palmitate-induced NF-kappaB activation (P < 0.05), but
caused an additive increase in palmitate-induced IL-6 expression (P < 0.05). Disrupting
mitogen-activated protein kinase/Erk kinase (MEK) and protein kinase C (PKC) activity with
U0126 and Bisindolylmaleimide (Bis), respectively, suppressed palmitate-induced IL-6
expression (P < 0.05), but had no effect on NF-kappaB reporter gene activity (P > 0.05).
However, the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, wortmannin, alone and additively with
palmitate, activated the NF-kappaB reporter gene and induced IL-6 expression (P < 0.05).
Palmitate also induced the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) (P <
0.05), but the increase in mRNA abundance was not reflected in a greater protein concentration
in the media (P > 0.05). These data indicate that palmitate induces inflammation in adipocytes,
and that this is not a generalized effect of all SFA. Furthermore, PI3K may act constitutively to
suppress inflammation. Consequently, inhibition of this enzyme may promote and exacerbate
the inflammation in adipose tissue that is associated with obesity and insulin resistance.
PRESA IN CARICO NUTRIZIONALE E FUNZIONALE
DELLE MALATTIE DISIMMUNITARIE
• Ridurre il rischio di ingresso di antigeni non ostili
Digestione, Barriera intestinale
• Ridurre l’intensità della risposta infiammatoria
Equilibrio AA/EPA, Regolatori del NFKB
•Impedire l’accumulo di lesioni ossidative e da carbonili
inflitte ai tessuti attaccati
• Antiossidanti
• Aumentare l’immunotolleranza:
Probiotici, Vitamina D
LIVELLO I
Le barriere
LIVELLO II
Immunità
innata
LIVELLO III
Immunità
specifica
Medicina nutrizionale
Ripristinare le
barriere
Tight junctions, leaky intestines, and pediatric diseases.
Liu Z, Li N, Neu J.
Acta Paediatr. 2005 Apr;94(4):386-93.
BACKGROUND: Tight junctions (TJs) represent the major barrier
within the paracellular pathway between intestinal epithelial cells.
Disruption of TJs leads to intestinal hyperpermeability (the so-called
"leaky gut") and is implicated in the pathogenesis of several acute and
chronic pediatric disease entities that are likely to have their origin
during infancy. AIM: This review provides an overview of evidence
for the role of TJ breakdown in diseases such as systemic
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), inflammatory bowel
disease, type 1 diabetes, allergies, asthma, and autism.
CONCLUSION: A better basic understanding of this structure might
lead to prevention or treatment of these diseases using nutritional or
other means.
L-GLUTAMMINA
Effect of glutamine on the intestinal permeability
changes induced by indomethacin in humans.
Hond ED, Peeters M, Hiele M, Bulteel V, Ghoos Y, Rutgeerts P.
Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999 May;13(5):679-85
BACKGROUND: Long-term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) intake may
induce increased intestinal permeability, eventually resulting in enteropathy. Because
increased permeability might be related to cell damage resulting from energy depletion,
it was hypothesized that glutamine--the major energy source of the intestinal mucosal
cell--might prevent permeability changes. METHODS: The 6-h urinary excretion of 51Cr-
EDTA after an oral load of 51Cr-EDTA was used in this study as a measure for intestinal
permeability. Healthy volunteers underwent a series of permeability tests: (i) basal test;
(ii) test following NSAID (indomethacin); (iii) test following NSAID in combination with
glutamine and/or misoprostol. RESULTS: The NSAID induced increased permeability in
all volunteers. Pre-treatment with glutamine (3x7 g daily, 1 week before NSAID-dosing)
did not prevent the NSAID-induced increase in permeability. Multiple doses of glutamine
close in time to NSAID-dosing resulted in significantly lower permeability compared to
the NSAID without glutamine. Co-administration of misoprostol with the multiple-dose
scheme of glutamine resulted in a further reduction in the NSAID-induced increase in
permeability. CONCLUSIONS: Glutamine decreases the permeability changes caused
by NSAID-dosing when it is administered close in time, and misoprostol has a
synergistic effect.
Inflammation rather than nutritional depletion determines glutamine concentrations and
intestinal permeability.
Hulsewe KW, van der Hulst RW, van Acker BA, von Meyenfeldt MF, Soeters PB.
Clin Nutr. 2004 Oct;23(5):1209-16.
AIM: Nutritional depletion has been correlated with low plasma and mucosal glutamine
concentrations and with increased intestinal permeability. Since nutritional depletion often is
associated with (chronic) inflammatory stress, this study was designed to establish the influence of
depletion and inflammation on glutamine concentrations and gut barrier function. METHODS:
Anthropometric parameters were calculated from 26 patients who required artificial nutrition.
Glutamine concentrations in plasma and gut mucosa, gut permeability and mucosal morphology
were assessed. For determination of the degree of inflammation erythrocyte sedimentation rates
and (pre)albumin concentrations were measured. On the basis of these parameters patients were
divided into two groups having significant inflammatory stress or not. Similarly, a depleted and a
non-depleted group was formed based on percentage ideal body weight, fat-free mass index
(FFMI) and percentage weight loss. Glutamine concentrations, gut permeability and villus
morphology were compared between the groups. RESULTS: The presence of inflammatory activity
had significant negative effects on glutamine concentrations in contrast to the presence or absence
of nutritional depletion. Similarly, intestinal permeability increased during active inflammation but not
in depleted patients. FFMI but not inflammation was related to villus height. CONCLUSIONS: The
presence of inflammation significantly affects glutamine concentrations and gut permeability, in
contrast to the presence of depletion of body cell mass per se. On the other hand, villus
morphology is not influenced by changes in systemic inflammatory activity whereas nutritional
status possibly does affect villus height.
Infiammazione
L-Glutammina
Leaky
Gut
+
Probiotici
Prebiotici
Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a
randomised placebo-controlled trial.
Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H, Kero P, Koskinen P, Isolauri E.
Lancet 2001 Apr 7;357(9262):1076-9
BACKGROUND: Reversal of the progressive increase in frequency of atopic disease
would be an important breakthrough for health care and wellbeing in western
societies. In the hygiene hypothesis this increase is attributed to reduced microbial
exposure in early life. Probiotics are cultures of potentially beneficial bacteria of the
healthy gut microflora. We assessed the effect on atopic disease of Lactobacillus GG
(which is safe at an early age and effective in treatment of allergic inflammation and
food allergy). METHODS: In a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial we
gave Lactobacillus GG prenatally to mothers who had at least one first-degree
relative (or partner) with atopic eczema, allergic rhinitis, or asthma, and postnatally
for 6 months to their infants. Chronic recurring atopic eczema, which is the main sign
of atopic disease in the first years of life, was the primary endpoint. FINDINGS:
Atopic eczema was diagnosed in 46 of 132 (35%) children aged 2 years. Asthma was
diagnosed in six of these children and allergic rhinitis in one. The frequency of atopic
eczema in the probiotic group was half that of the placebo group (15/64 [23%]
vs31/68 [46%]; relative risk 0.51 [95% CI 0.32-0.84]). The number needed to treat
was 4.5 (95% CI 2.6-15.6). INTERPRETATIONS: Lactobacillus GG was effective in
prevention of early atopic disease in children at high risk. Thus, gut microflora might
be a hitherto unexplored source of natural immunomodulators and probiotics, for
prevention of atopic disease.
Il Lactobacillus GG si è dimostrato efficace nella prevenzione
dell’atopia precoce in bambini ad alto rischio. Pertanto la
microflora intestinale potrebbe rappresentare una fonte finora
inesplorata di immunomodulatori naturali e probiotici per la
prevenzione dell’atopia.
Oral probiotic control skin inflammation by acting on both effector and regulatory T cells.
Hacini-Rachinel F, Gheit H, Le Luduec JB, Dif F, Nancey S, Kaiserlian D.
PLoS One. 2009;4(3):e4903.
Probiotics are believed to alleviate allergic and inflammatory skin disorders, but
their impact on pathogenic effector T cells remains poorly documented. Here we
show that oral treatment with the probiotic bacteria L. casei (DN-114 001) alone
alleviates antigen-specific skin inflammation mediated by either protein-specific
CD4(+) T cells or hapten-specific CD8(+) T cells. In the model of CD8(+) T cell-
mediated skin inflammation, which reproduces allergic contact dermatitis in human,
inhibition of skin inflammation by L. casei is not due to impaired priming of hapten-
specific IFNgamma-producing cytolytic CD8(+) effector T cells. Alternatively, L. casei
treatment reduces the recruitment of CD8(+) effector T cells into the skin during the
elicitation (i.e. symptomatic) phase of CHS. Inhibition of skin inflammation by L.
casei requires MHC class II-restricted CD4(+) T cells but not CD1d-restricted NK-T
cells. L casei treatment enhanced the frequency of FoxP3(+) Treg in the skin and
increased the production of IL-10 by CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in skin
draining lymph nodes of hapten-sensitized mice. These data demonstrate that orally
administered L. casei (DN-114 001) efficiently alleviate T cell-mediated skin
inflammation without causing immune suppression, via mechanisms that include
control of CD8(+) effector T cells and involve regulatory CD4(+) T cells. L. casei (DN-
114 001) may thus represent a probiotic of potential interest for
immunomodulation of T cell-mediated allergic skin diseases in human.
Anti-inflammatory effects of bifidobacteria
by inhibition of LPS-induced NF-kappaB
activation.
Riedel CU, Foata F, Philippe D, Adolfsson O, Eikmanns BJ, Blum S.
Microbiology Department and Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University
College Cork, Cork, Ireland. c.riedel@ucc.ie.
World J Gastroenterol. 2006
AIM: Different strains of bifidobacteria were analysed for their effects on HT-29
intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in in vitro models both of the non-inflamed and
inflamed intestinal epithelium. METHODS: A reporter gene system in HT-29
cells was used to measure levels of NF-kappaB activation after challenge with
bifidobacteria or after bacterial pre-treatment following LPS challenge. IL-8
protein and pro-inflammatory gene expression was investigated using normal
HT-29 cells. RESULTS: None of the bifidobacteria tested induced activation of
nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) indicating that bifidobacteria themselves
do not induce inflammatory events in IECs. However, six out of eight
bifidobacteria tested inhibited lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced NF-kappaB
activation in a dose- and strain-dependent manner. In contrast, NF-kappaB
activation in response to challenge with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-
alpha) was affected by none of the tested bifidobacteria, indicating that the
inhibitory effect of bifidobacteria is specific for LPS-induced inflammation in
IECs. As shown with two of the six inhibition-positive bifidobacteria, LPS-
induced inhibition of NF-kappaB activation was accompanied by a dose-
dependent decrease of interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion and by lower mRNA levels
for IL-8, TNF-alpha, cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2), and intercellular adhesion
molecule 1 (ICAM-1). CONCLUSION: Some strains of bifidobacteria are
effective in inhibiting LPS-induced inflammation and thus might be appropriate
candidates for probiotic intervention in chronic intestinal inflammation.
Ripristinare gli
equilibri


Medicina nutrizionale


Il rapporto fra gli
acidi grassi
 
Determina l’intensità
della reazione
infiammatoria
L’intensità della reazione infiammatoria
è controllata dalle prostaglandine
e dai leucotrieni
Acidei grassi OMEGA-3
I nutrienti
antinfiammatori
per eccellenza
The role of fish oils in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Cleland LG, James MJ, Proudman SM.
Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Drugs. 2003;63(9):845-53.
Fish oils are a rich source of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC
PUFA). The specific fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, are
homologues of the n-6 fatty acid, arachidonic acid (AA). This chemistry provides for antagonism
by n-3 LC PUFA of AA metabolism to pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic n-6 eicosanoids, as
well as production of less active n-3 eicosanoids. In addition, n-3 LC PUFA can suppress
production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cartilage degradative enzymes.In accordance with
the biochemical effects, beneficial anti-inflammatory effects of dietary fish oils have been
demonstrated in randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Also, fish oils have protective clinical effects in occlusive cardiovascular disease, for which
patients with RA are at increased risk.Implementation of the clinical use of anti-inflammatory
fish oil doses has been poor. Since fish oils do not provide industry with the opportunities for
substantial profit associated with patented prescription items, they have not received the
marketing inputs that underpin the adoption of usual pharmacotherapies. Accordingly, many
prescribers remain ignorant of their biochemistry, therapeutic effects, formulations, principles of
application and complementary dietary modifications. Evidence is presented that increased
uptake of this approach can be achieved using bulk fish oils. This approach has been used with
good compliance in RA patients. In addition, an index of n-3 nutrition can be used to provide
helpful feedback messages to patients and to monitor the attainment of target levels.Collectively,
these issues highlight the challenges in advancing the use of fish oil amid the complexities of
modern management of RA, with its emphasis on combination chemotherapy applied early.
Conformemente agli effetti biochimici si sono dimostrati effetti
antinfiammatori interessanti con gli oli di pesce alimentari in studi
randomizzati in doppio cieco verso placebo nell’artrite reumatoide
(RA). Gli oli di pesce dimostrano anche effetti clinici di protezione
nei confronti delle patologie cardiovascolari occlusive nel gruppo
di pazienti per i quali la RA rappresenta un maggior rischio.
L’applicazione dell’utilizzo clinico di dosi di oli di pesce
antinfiammatori è limitata. Nella misura in cui gli oli di pesce non
rappresentano per l’industria possibilità di profitti sostanziali del
tipo di quelli associati a prodotti brevettati e sottoposti a
prescrizione, non hanno ricevuto il contributo di marketing che
sostiene l’adozione delle consuete farmacoterapie. Di
conseguenza molti prescrittori restano all’oscuro della loro
biochimica, degli effetti terapeutici, di formulazioni, principi
d’applicazione e modifiche alimentari da associarvi.
Vitamina D
Vitamina D
Vitamina D
Vitamin D: its role and uses in immunology.
Deluca HF, Cantorna MT.
FASEB J. 2001 Dec;15(14):2579-85.
In recent years there has been an effort to understand possible noncalcemic roles of
vitamin D, including its role in the immune system and, in particular, on T cell-
medicated immunity. Vitamin D receptor is found in significant concentrations in the
T lymphocyte and macrophage populations. However, its highest concentration is in
the immature immune cells of the thymus and the mature CD-8 T lymphocytes. The
significant role of vitamin D compounds as selective immunosuppressants is
illustrated by their ability to either prevent or markedly suppress animal models of
autoimmune disease. Results show that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can either prevent
or markedly suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, rheumatoid
arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type I diabetes, and inflammatory bowel
disease. In almost every case, the action of the vitamin D hormone requires that the
animals be maintained on a normal or high calcium diet. Possible mechanisms of
suppression of these autoimmune disorders by the vitamin D hormone have been
presented. The vitamin D hormone stimulates transforming growth factor TGFbeta-1
and interleukin 4 (IL-4) production, which in turn may suppress inflammatory T cell
activity. In support of this, the vitamin D hormone is unable to suppress a murine
model of the human disease multiple sclerosis in IL-4-deficient mice. The results
suggest an important role for vitamin D in autoimmune disorders and provide a fertile
and interesting area of research that may yield important new therapies.
D-hormone and the immune system.
Cantorna MT, Mahon BD.
J Rheumatol Suppl. 2005 Sep;76:11-20.
D-hormone [1,25(OH)2 D3] is an important immune system regulator that has been
shown to inhibit development of autoimmune diseases including experimental
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS),
and type 1 diabetes. Paradoxically, other immune mediated diseases (experimental
asthma) and immunity to infectious organisms were not found to be affected by D-
hormone treatment. The effectiveness of D-hormone treatment of autoimmune
diseases is due to inhibition of the development and function of Th1 cells and the
induction of other Th cells including Th2 cells. We report results of microarray
analysis of colons from D-hormone treated mice with experimental IBD. Two hundred
thirty-nine genes were inhibited and 298 genes were upregulated in the colon by D-
hormone treatment of mice with IBD. Of interest was the D-hormone mediated
inhibition of 3 tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha, lipopolysaccharide-induced
TNF-alpha factor, and TNF receptor) related genes in the colon. It is likely that the
effectiveness of D-hormone treatment of experimental autoimmunity is due in part to
the inhibition of the TNF family of genes. D-hormone is a selective regulator of the
immune system, and the outcome of D-hormone treatment depends on the nature
(infectious disease, asthma, autoimmune disease, etc.) of the immune response.
Vitamin D: a natural inhibitor of multiple sclerosis.
Hayes CE.
Proc Nutr Soc. 2000 Nov;59(4):531-5.
Inheriting genetic risk factors for multiple sclerosis (MS) is not sufficient to cause this demyelinating
disease of the central nervous system; exposure to environmental risk factors is also required. MS
may be preventable if these unidentified environmental factors can be avoided. MS prevalence
increases with decreasing solar radiation, suggesting that sunlight may be protective in MS. Since
the vitamin D endocrine system is exquisitely responsive to sunlight, and MS prevalence is highest
where environmental supplies of vitamin D are lowest, we have proposed that the hormone, 1, 25-
dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3), may protect genetically-susceptible individuals from
developing MS. Evidence consistent with this hypothesis comes not only from geographic studies,
but also genetic and biological studies. Over-representation of the vitamin D receptor gene b allele
was found in Japanese MS patients, suggesting it may confer MS susceptibility. Fish oil is an
excellent vitamin D source, and diets rich in fish may lower MS prevalence or severity. Vitamin D
deficiency afflicts most MS patients, as demonstrated by their low bone mass and high fracture
rates. However, the clearest evidence that vitamin D may be a natural inhibitor of MS comes from
experiments with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS. Treatment of
mice with 1,25-(OH)2D3 completely inhibited EAE induction and progression. The hormone
stimulated the synthesis of two anti-encephalitogenic cytokines, interleukin 4 and transforming
growth factor beta-1, and influenced inflammatory cell trafficking or apoptosis. If vitamin D is a
natural inhibitor of MS, providing supplemental vitamin D to individuals who are at risk for MS would
be advisable.
Vitamina D
Ripristinare l’ambiente
molecolare originale
Medicina nutrizionale
NF-kB
Le spezie possono
bloccare
l’attivazione del
NF-κB
Medicina nutrizionale
Spegner
e il fuoco
Valutazione
MALATTIE AUTOIMMUNI
Valutazione nutrizionale e funzionale
• Vitamina D
• Microbiota intestinale (Mou)
• Permeabilità intestinale ( IgG
alimentare)
• CRP
• Profilo acidi grassi
• Indicatori stress ossidativo
• Difese antiossidanti

More Related Content

What's hot

Respuesta inmune frente_a_virus_y_bacterias-1
Respuesta inmune frente_a_virus_y_bacterias-1Respuesta inmune frente_a_virus_y_bacterias-1
Respuesta inmune frente_a_virus_y_bacterias-1Qâtii Sanchez
 
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Primary Immunodeficiency DisordersPrimary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Primary Immunodeficiency DisordersMona Mofti
 
Presentation antibody and structure
Presentation antibody and structurePresentation antibody and structure
Presentation antibody and structureGM Niazi
 
Nk cells and their functions
Nk cells and their functionsNk cells and their functions
Nk cells and their functionsHafiz M Waseem
 
Hla transplantation and complement
Hla transplantation and complementHla transplantation and complement
Hla transplantation and complementYahya Noori, Ph.D
 
Sistema Inmunitario de las Mucosas
Sistema Inmunitario de las MucosasSistema Inmunitario de las Mucosas
Sistema Inmunitario de las MucosasOswaldo A. Garibay
 
Antibody Structure & Function
Antibody Structure & FunctionAntibody Structure & Function
Antibody Structure & Functionraj kumar
 
Reactantes De Fase Aguda Cristian Salinas
Reactantes De Fase Aguda Cristian SalinasReactantes De Fase Aguda Cristian Salinas
Reactantes De Fase Aguda Cristian Salinaspablongonius
 
Inmunidad celular y cooperación
Inmunidad celular y cooperaciónInmunidad celular y cooperación
Inmunidad celular y cooperaciónLili Arciniega
 
The development of b lymphocytes
The development of b lymphocytesThe development of b lymphocytes
The development of b lymphocytesCae Upr Cayey
 

What's hot (20)

Ontogenia 2012
Ontogenia 2012Ontogenia 2012
Ontogenia 2012
 
T cells
T cells T cells
T cells
 
Respuesta inmune frente_a_virus_y_bacterias-1
Respuesta inmune frente_a_virus_y_bacterias-1Respuesta inmune frente_a_virus_y_bacterias-1
Respuesta inmune frente_a_virus_y_bacterias-1
 
15. Autoinmunidad UVM Campus Zapopan
15. Autoinmunidad UVM Campus Zapopan15. Autoinmunidad UVM Campus Zapopan
15. Autoinmunidad UVM Campus Zapopan
 
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Primary Immunodeficiency DisordersPrimary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
 
Laboratory diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies
Laboratory diagnosis of primary immunodeficienciesLaboratory diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies
Laboratory diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies
 
Presentation antibody and structure
Presentation antibody and structurePresentation antibody and structure
Presentation antibody and structure
 
Nk cells and their functions
Nk cells and their functionsNk cells and their functions
Nk cells and their functions
 
Hyper IgM Syndrome
Hyper IgM SyndromeHyper IgM Syndrome
Hyper IgM Syndrome
 
Llc
LlcLlc
Llc
 
Transplant immunology.pdf
Transplant immunology.pdfTransplant immunology.pdf
Transplant immunology.pdf
 
Hla transplantation and complement
Hla transplantation and complementHla transplantation and complement
Hla transplantation and complement
 
Sistema Inmunitario de las Mucosas
Sistema Inmunitario de las MucosasSistema Inmunitario de las Mucosas
Sistema Inmunitario de las Mucosas
 
Interleukin 6
Interleukin 6Interleukin 6
Interleukin 6
 
Antibody Structure & Function
Antibody Structure & FunctionAntibody Structure & Function
Antibody Structure & Function
 
Sesión Clínica Inmunología del CRAIC "Síndrome de Hiper IgM"
Sesión Clínica Inmunología del CRAIC "Síndrome de Hiper IgM"Sesión Clínica Inmunología del CRAIC "Síndrome de Hiper IgM"
Sesión Clínica Inmunología del CRAIC "Síndrome de Hiper IgM"
 
Reactantes De Fase Aguda Cristian Salinas
Reactantes De Fase Aguda Cristian SalinasReactantes De Fase Aguda Cristian Salinas
Reactantes De Fase Aguda Cristian Salinas
 
1. Introducción a la Inmunología UVM Campus Zapopan
1. Introducción a la Inmunología UVM Campus Zapopan1. Introducción a la Inmunología UVM Campus Zapopan
1. Introducción a la Inmunología UVM Campus Zapopan
 
Inmunidad celular y cooperación
Inmunidad celular y cooperaciónInmunidad celular y cooperación
Inmunidad celular y cooperación
 
The development of b lymphocytes
The development of b lymphocytesThe development of b lymphocytes
The development of b lymphocytes
 

Similar to Nutrizione, Immunità e infiammazione - Prof. Vincent Castronovo

Immunity-Tcell-Bcell-Cytokines
Immunity-Tcell-Bcell-CytokinesImmunity-Tcell-Bcell-Cytokines
Immunity-Tcell-Bcell-CytokinesChintan Patel
 
Chronic suppurative otitis media-Tubotympanic type
Chronic suppurative otitis media-Tubotympanic typeChronic suppurative otitis media-Tubotympanic type
Chronic suppurative otitis media-Tubotympanic typeVysakh Balan
 
Basic Immune12121212121212121212121212122
Basic Immune12121212121212121212121212122Basic Immune12121212121212121212121212122
Basic Immune12121212121212121212121212122ssusera32ec41
 
Immunology Of The Eye
Immunology Of The EyeImmunology Of The Eye
Immunology Of The EyeAnkit Punjabi
 
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of viewBasic immunology from the dermatologic point of view
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of viewAhmed Amer
 
Immunity. Basic princeples of humoral and cellular immune response.
Immunity. Basic princeples of humoral and cellular immune response. Immunity. Basic princeples of humoral and cellular immune response.
Immunity. Basic princeples of humoral and cellular immune response. Iryna Nováková
 
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view(innate)
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view(innate)Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view(innate)
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view(innate)Hima Farag
 
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view (2)
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view (2)Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view (2)
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view (2)Ahmed Amer
 
Vip immunity to infections
Vip immunity to infectionsVip immunity to infections
Vip immunity to infectionsBruno Mmassy
 
1. basics concepts of immune system dr. sinhasan, mdzah
1. basics concepts of immune system  dr. sinhasan, mdzah1. basics concepts of immune system  dr. sinhasan, mdzah
1. basics concepts of immune system dr. sinhasan, mdzahkciapm
 
everything in Innate adaptive immunity @ujjwal sirohi
everything in Innate adaptive immunity @ujjwal sirohieverything in Innate adaptive immunity @ujjwal sirohi
everything in Innate adaptive immunity @ujjwal sirohiujjwal sirohi
 

Similar to Nutrizione, Immunità e infiammazione - Prof. Vincent Castronovo (20)

4 basic-immunology
4 basic-immunology4 basic-immunology
4 basic-immunology
 
Basics of Immunity
Basics of ImmunityBasics of Immunity
Basics of Immunity
 
Immunity-Tcell-Bcell-Cytokines
Immunity-Tcell-Bcell-CytokinesImmunity-Tcell-Bcell-Cytokines
Immunity-Tcell-Bcell-Cytokines
 
Chronic suppurative otitis media-Tubotympanic type
Chronic suppurative otitis media-Tubotympanic typeChronic suppurative otitis media-Tubotympanic type
Chronic suppurative otitis media-Tubotympanic type
 
Basic Immune12121212121212121212121212122
Basic Immune12121212121212121212121212122Basic Immune12121212121212121212121212122
Basic Immune12121212121212121212121212122
 
Immunology Of The Eye
Immunology Of The EyeImmunology Of The Eye
Immunology Of The Eye
 
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of viewBasic immunology from the dermatologic point of view
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view
 
Basic Immunology
Basic ImmunologyBasic Immunology
Basic Immunology
 
Immunity. Basic princeples of humoral and cellular immune response.
Immunity. Basic princeples of humoral and cellular immune response. Immunity. Basic princeples of humoral and cellular immune response.
Immunity. Basic princeples of humoral and cellular immune response.
 
DISEASE OF IMMUNITY
DISEASE OF IMMUNITYDISEASE OF IMMUNITY
DISEASE OF IMMUNITY
 
Diseases Of Immunity
Diseases Of ImmunityDiseases Of Immunity
Diseases Of Immunity
 
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view(innate)
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view(innate)Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view(innate)
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view(innate)
 
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view (2)
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view (2)Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view (2)
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view (2)
 
Vip immunity to infections
Vip immunity to infectionsVip immunity to infections
Vip immunity to infections
 
1. basics concepts of immune system dr. sinhasan, mdzah
1. basics concepts of immune system  dr. sinhasan, mdzah1. basics concepts of immune system  dr. sinhasan, mdzah
1. basics concepts of immune system dr. sinhasan, mdzah
 
Immunology
ImmunologyImmunology
Immunology
 
Basic of Immunology and Immunity
Basic of Immunology and ImmunityBasic of Immunology and Immunity
Basic of Immunology and Immunity
 
The Immune System
The Immune SystemThe Immune System
The Immune System
 
everything in Innate adaptive immunity @ujjwal sirohi
everything in Innate adaptive immunity @ujjwal sirohieverything in Innate adaptive immunity @ujjwal sirohi
everything in Innate adaptive immunity @ujjwal sirohi
 
Immunology 1, 2, 3
Immunology 1, 2, 3Immunology 1, 2, 3
Immunology 1, 2, 3
 

More from Metagenics Academy

Fast impact of lifestyle and functional interventions on adults affected by n...
Fast impact of lifestyle and functional interventions on adults affected by n...Fast impact of lifestyle and functional interventions on adults affected by n...
Fast impact of lifestyle and functional interventions on adults affected by n...Metagenics Academy
 
Detossicazione Epatica: approccio funzionale
Detossicazione Epatica: approccio funzionaleDetossicazione Epatica: approccio funzionale
Detossicazione Epatica: approccio funzionaleMetagenics Academy
 
Curcuma: la radice d'oro per la tua salute - Vincent Castronovo
Curcuma: la radice d'oro per la tua salute - Vincent CastronovoCurcuma: la radice d'oro per la tua salute - Vincent Castronovo
Curcuma: la radice d'oro per la tua salute - Vincent CastronovoMetagenics Academy
 
Il ruolo della Medicina Nutrizionale e Funzionale nell'Infertilità Maschile
Il ruolo della Medicina Nutrizionale e Funzionale nell'Infertilità MaschileIl ruolo della Medicina Nutrizionale e Funzionale nell'Infertilità Maschile
Il ruolo della Medicina Nutrizionale e Funzionale nell'Infertilità MaschileMetagenics Academy
 
Gestione nutrizionale dell'Infertilità femminile
Gestione nutrizionale dell'Infertilità femminileGestione nutrizionale dell'Infertilità femminile
Gestione nutrizionale dell'Infertilità femminileMetagenics Academy
 
La salute Gastrointestinale II° Parte - Prof. VIncent Castronovo
La salute Gastrointestinale II° Parte - Prof. VIncent CastronovoLa salute Gastrointestinale II° Parte - Prof. VIncent Castronovo
La salute Gastrointestinale II° Parte - Prof. VIncent CastronovoMetagenics Academy
 
La salute Gastrointestinale I° Parte - Prof. VIncent Castronovo
La salute Gastrointestinale I° Parte - Prof. VIncent CastronovoLa salute Gastrointestinale I° Parte - Prof. VIncent Castronovo
La salute Gastrointestinale I° Parte - Prof. VIncent CastronovoMetagenics Academy
 
I 7 pilastri medicina funzionale - Prof. Vincent Castronovo
I 7 pilastri medicina funzionale - Prof. Vincent CastronovoI 7 pilastri medicina funzionale - Prof. Vincent Castronovo
I 7 pilastri medicina funzionale - Prof. Vincent CastronovoMetagenics Academy
 
Dismetabolismo nutrizione ed ecosistema intestinale nella steatosi epatica
Dismetabolismo nutrizione ed ecosistema intestinale nella steatosi epaticaDismetabolismo nutrizione ed ecosistema intestinale nella steatosi epatica
Dismetabolismo nutrizione ed ecosistema intestinale nella steatosi epaticaMetagenics Academy
 
Vitamina D e Immunità - F. Alebardi
Vitamina D e Immunità - F. AlebardiVitamina D e Immunità - F. Alebardi
Vitamina D e Immunità - F. AlebardiMetagenics Academy
 
Equilibrio Nutrizionale in Età Evolutiva
Equilibrio Nutrizionale in Età EvolutivaEquilibrio Nutrizionale in Età Evolutiva
Equilibrio Nutrizionale in Età EvolutivaMetagenics Academy
 
Medicina Metabolica e Funzionale - Corso 3-4 Luglio 2015
Medicina Metabolica e Funzionale - Corso 3-4 Luglio 2015Medicina Metabolica e Funzionale - Corso 3-4 Luglio 2015
Medicina Metabolica e Funzionale - Corso 3-4 Luglio 2015Metagenics Academy
 

More from Metagenics Academy (13)

Curcumina nel dolore cronico
Curcumina nel dolore cronicoCurcumina nel dolore cronico
Curcumina nel dolore cronico
 
Fast impact of lifestyle and functional interventions on adults affected by n...
Fast impact of lifestyle and functional interventions on adults affected by n...Fast impact of lifestyle and functional interventions on adults affected by n...
Fast impact of lifestyle and functional interventions on adults affected by n...
 
Detossicazione Epatica: approccio funzionale
Detossicazione Epatica: approccio funzionaleDetossicazione Epatica: approccio funzionale
Detossicazione Epatica: approccio funzionale
 
Curcuma: la radice d'oro per la tua salute - Vincent Castronovo
Curcuma: la radice d'oro per la tua salute - Vincent CastronovoCurcuma: la radice d'oro per la tua salute - Vincent Castronovo
Curcuma: la radice d'oro per la tua salute - Vincent Castronovo
 
Il ruolo della Medicina Nutrizionale e Funzionale nell'Infertilità Maschile
Il ruolo della Medicina Nutrizionale e Funzionale nell'Infertilità MaschileIl ruolo della Medicina Nutrizionale e Funzionale nell'Infertilità Maschile
Il ruolo della Medicina Nutrizionale e Funzionale nell'Infertilità Maschile
 
Gestione nutrizionale dell'Infertilità femminile
Gestione nutrizionale dell'Infertilità femminileGestione nutrizionale dell'Infertilità femminile
Gestione nutrizionale dell'Infertilità femminile
 
La salute Gastrointestinale II° Parte - Prof. VIncent Castronovo
La salute Gastrointestinale II° Parte - Prof. VIncent CastronovoLa salute Gastrointestinale II° Parte - Prof. VIncent Castronovo
La salute Gastrointestinale II° Parte - Prof. VIncent Castronovo
 
La salute Gastrointestinale I° Parte - Prof. VIncent Castronovo
La salute Gastrointestinale I° Parte - Prof. VIncent CastronovoLa salute Gastrointestinale I° Parte - Prof. VIncent Castronovo
La salute Gastrointestinale I° Parte - Prof. VIncent Castronovo
 
I 7 pilastri medicina funzionale - Prof. Vincent Castronovo
I 7 pilastri medicina funzionale - Prof. Vincent CastronovoI 7 pilastri medicina funzionale - Prof. Vincent Castronovo
I 7 pilastri medicina funzionale - Prof. Vincent Castronovo
 
Dismetabolismo nutrizione ed ecosistema intestinale nella steatosi epatica
Dismetabolismo nutrizione ed ecosistema intestinale nella steatosi epaticaDismetabolismo nutrizione ed ecosistema intestinale nella steatosi epatica
Dismetabolismo nutrizione ed ecosistema intestinale nella steatosi epatica
 
Vitamina D e Immunità - F. Alebardi
Vitamina D e Immunità - F. AlebardiVitamina D e Immunità - F. Alebardi
Vitamina D e Immunità - F. Alebardi
 
Equilibrio Nutrizionale in Età Evolutiva
Equilibrio Nutrizionale in Età EvolutivaEquilibrio Nutrizionale in Età Evolutiva
Equilibrio Nutrizionale in Età Evolutiva
 
Medicina Metabolica e Funzionale - Corso 3-4 Luglio 2015
Medicina Metabolica e Funzionale - Corso 3-4 Luglio 2015Medicina Metabolica e Funzionale - Corso 3-4 Luglio 2015
Medicina Metabolica e Funzionale - Corso 3-4 Luglio 2015
 

Recently uploaded

Glomerular Filtration rate and its determinants.pptx
Glomerular Filtration rate and its determinants.pptxGlomerular Filtration rate and its determinants.pptx
Glomerular Filtration rate and its determinants.pptxDr.Nusrat Tariq
 
Call Girls In Andheri East Call 9920874524 Book Hot And Sexy Girls
Call Girls In Andheri East Call 9920874524 Book Hot And Sexy GirlsCall Girls In Andheri East Call 9920874524 Book Hot And Sexy Girls
Call Girls In Andheri East Call 9920874524 Book Hot And Sexy Girlsnehamumbai
 
Glomerular Filtration and determinants of glomerular filtration .pptx
Glomerular Filtration and  determinants of glomerular filtration .pptxGlomerular Filtration and  determinants of glomerular filtration .pptx
Glomerular Filtration and determinants of glomerular filtration .pptxDr.Nusrat Tariq
 
High Profile Call Girls Jaipur Vani 8445551418 Independent Escort Service Jaipur
High Profile Call Girls Jaipur Vani 8445551418 Independent Escort Service JaipurHigh Profile Call Girls Jaipur Vani 8445551418 Independent Escort Service Jaipur
High Profile Call Girls Jaipur Vani 8445551418 Independent Escort Service Jaipurparulsinha
 
Call Girls Whitefield Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Whitefield Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Whitefield Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Whitefield Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Availablenarwatsonia7
 
Call Girls ITPL Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls ITPL Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls ITPL Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls ITPL Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Availablenarwatsonia7
 
call girls in munirka DELHI 🔝 >༒9540349809 🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️
call girls in munirka  DELHI 🔝 >༒9540349809 🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️call girls in munirka  DELHI 🔝 >༒9540349809 🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️
call girls in munirka DELHI 🔝 >༒9540349809 🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️saminamagar
 
Hemostasis Physiology and Clinical correlations by Dr Faiza.pdf
Hemostasis Physiology and Clinical correlations by Dr Faiza.pdfHemostasis Physiology and Clinical correlations by Dr Faiza.pdf
Hemostasis Physiology and Clinical correlations by Dr Faiza.pdfMedicoseAcademics
 
Call Girl Service Bidadi - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original Photos
Call Girl Service Bidadi - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original PhotosCall Girl Service Bidadi - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original Photos
Call Girl Service Bidadi - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original Photosnarwatsonia7
 
Mumbai Call Girls Service 9910780858 Real Russian Girls Looking Models
Mumbai Call Girls Service 9910780858 Real Russian Girls Looking ModelsMumbai Call Girls Service 9910780858 Real Russian Girls Looking Models
Mumbai Call Girls Service 9910780858 Real Russian Girls Looking Modelssonalikaur4
 
Call Girls Service Noida Maya 9711199012 Independent Escort Service Noida
Call Girls Service Noida Maya 9711199012 Independent Escort Service NoidaCall Girls Service Noida Maya 9711199012 Independent Escort Service Noida
Call Girls Service Noida Maya 9711199012 Independent Escort Service NoidaPooja Gupta
 
Book Call Girls in Yelahanka - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original Photos
Book Call Girls in Yelahanka - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original PhotosBook Call Girls in Yelahanka - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original Photos
Book Call Girls in Yelahanka - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original Photosnarwatsonia7
 
Russian Call Girls Gunjur Mugalur Road : 7001305949 High Profile Model Escort...
Russian Call Girls Gunjur Mugalur Road : 7001305949 High Profile Model Escort...Russian Call Girls Gunjur Mugalur Road : 7001305949 High Profile Model Escort...
Russian Call Girls Gunjur Mugalur Road : 7001305949 High Profile Model Escort...narwatsonia7
 
Russian Call Girls Chickpet - 7001305949 Booking and charges genuine rate for...
Russian Call Girls Chickpet - 7001305949 Booking and charges genuine rate for...Russian Call Girls Chickpet - 7001305949 Booking and charges genuine rate for...
Russian Call Girls Chickpet - 7001305949 Booking and charges genuine rate for...narwatsonia7
 
Call Girl Bangalore Nandini 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Bangalore
Call Girl Bangalore Nandini 7001305949 Independent Escort Service BangaloreCall Girl Bangalore Nandini 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Bangalore
Call Girl Bangalore Nandini 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Bangalorenarwatsonia7
 
Call Girls Service Chennai Jiya 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Chennai
Call Girls Service Chennai Jiya 7001305949 Independent Escort Service ChennaiCall Girls Service Chennai Jiya 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Chennai
Call Girls Service Chennai Jiya 7001305949 Independent Escort Service ChennaiNehru place Escorts
 
Kolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Kolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call NowKolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Kolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call NowNehru place Escorts
 
Dwarka Sector 6 Call Girls ( 9873940964 ) Book Hot And Sexy Girls In A Few Cl...
Dwarka Sector 6 Call Girls ( 9873940964 ) Book Hot And Sexy Girls In A Few Cl...Dwarka Sector 6 Call Girls ( 9873940964 ) Book Hot And Sexy Girls In A Few Cl...
Dwarka Sector 6 Call Girls ( 9873940964 ) Book Hot And Sexy Girls In A Few Cl...rajnisinghkjn
 
Call Girls Hosur Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Hosur Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Hosur Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Hosur Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Availablenarwatsonia7
 
Low Rate Call Girls Mumbai Suman 9910780858 Independent Escort Service Mumbai
Low Rate Call Girls Mumbai Suman 9910780858 Independent Escort Service MumbaiLow Rate Call Girls Mumbai Suman 9910780858 Independent Escort Service Mumbai
Low Rate Call Girls Mumbai Suman 9910780858 Independent Escort Service Mumbaisonalikaur4
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Glomerular Filtration rate and its determinants.pptx
Glomerular Filtration rate and its determinants.pptxGlomerular Filtration rate and its determinants.pptx
Glomerular Filtration rate and its determinants.pptx
 
Call Girls In Andheri East Call 9920874524 Book Hot And Sexy Girls
Call Girls In Andheri East Call 9920874524 Book Hot And Sexy GirlsCall Girls In Andheri East Call 9920874524 Book Hot And Sexy Girls
Call Girls In Andheri East Call 9920874524 Book Hot And Sexy Girls
 
Glomerular Filtration and determinants of glomerular filtration .pptx
Glomerular Filtration and  determinants of glomerular filtration .pptxGlomerular Filtration and  determinants of glomerular filtration .pptx
Glomerular Filtration and determinants of glomerular filtration .pptx
 
High Profile Call Girls Jaipur Vani 8445551418 Independent Escort Service Jaipur
High Profile Call Girls Jaipur Vani 8445551418 Independent Escort Service JaipurHigh Profile Call Girls Jaipur Vani 8445551418 Independent Escort Service Jaipur
High Profile Call Girls Jaipur Vani 8445551418 Independent Escort Service Jaipur
 
Call Girls Whitefield Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Whitefield Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Whitefield Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Whitefield Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Call Girls ITPL Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls ITPL Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls ITPL Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls ITPL Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
call girls in munirka DELHI 🔝 >༒9540349809 🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️
call girls in munirka  DELHI 🔝 >༒9540349809 🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️call girls in munirka  DELHI 🔝 >༒9540349809 🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️
call girls in munirka DELHI 🔝 >༒9540349809 🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️
 
Hemostasis Physiology and Clinical correlations by Dr Faiza.pdf
Hemostasis Physiology and Clinical correlations by Dr Faiza.pdfHemostasis Physiology and Clinical correlations by Dr Faiza.pdf
Hemostasis Physiology and Clinical correlations by Dr Faiza.pdf
 
Call Girl Service Bidadi - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original Photos
Call Girl Service Bidadi - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original PhotosCall Girl Service Bidadi - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original Photos
Call Girl Service Bidadi - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original Photos
 
Mumbai Call Girls Service 9910780858 Real Russian Girls Looking Models
Mumbai Call Girls Service 9910780858 Real Russian Girls Looking ModelsMumbai Call Girls Service 9910780858 Real Russian Girls Looking Models
Mumbai Call Girls Service 9910780858 Real Russian Girls Looking Models
 
Call Girls Service Noida Maya 9711199012 Independent Escort Service Noida
Call Girls Service Noida Maya 9711199012 Independent Escort Service NoidaCall Girls Service Noida Maya 9711199012 Independent Escort Service Noida
Call Girls Service Noida Maya 9711199012 Independent Escort Service Noida
 
Book Call Girls in Yelahanka - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original Photos
Book Call Girls in Yelahanka - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original PhotosBook Call Girls in Yelahanka - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original Photos
Book Call Girls in Yelahanka - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original Photos
 
Russian Call Girls Gunjur Mugalur Road : 7001305949 High Profile Model Escort...
Russian Call Girls Gunjur Mugalur Road : 7001305949 High Profile Model Escort...Russian Call Girls Gunjur Mugalur Road : 7001305949 High Profile Model Escort...
Russian Call Girls Gunjur Mugalur Road : 7001305949 High Profile Model Escort...
 
Russian Call Girls Chickpet - 7001305949 Booking and charges genuine rate for...
Russian Call Girls Chickpet - 7001305949 Booking and charges genuine rate for...Russian Call Girls Chickpet - 7001305949 Booking and charges genuine rate for...
Russian Call Girls Chickpet - 7001305949 Booking and charges genuine rate for...
 
Call Girl Bangalore Nandini 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Bangalore
Call Girl Bangalore Nandini 7001305949 Independent Escort Service BangaloreCall Girl Bangalore Nandini 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Bangalore
Call Girl Bangalore Nandini 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Bangalore
 
Call Girls Service Chennai Jiya 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Chennai
Call Girls Service Chennai Jiya 7001305949 Independent Escort Service ChennaiCall Girls Service Chennai Jiya 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Chennai
Call Girls Service Chennai Jiya 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Chennai
 
Kolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Kolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call NowKolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Kolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
 
Dwarka Sector 6 Call Girls ( 9873940964 ) Book Hot And Sexy Girls In A Few Cl...
Dwarka Sector 6 Call Girls ( 9873940964 ) Book Hot And Sexy Girls In A Few Cl...Dwarka Sector 6 Call Girls ( 9873940964 ) Book Hot And Sexy Girls In A Few Cl...
Dwarka Sector 6 Call Girls ( 9873940964 ) Book Hot And Sexy Girls In A Few Cl...
 
Call Girls Hosur Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Hosur Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Hosur Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Hosur Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Low Rate Call Girls Mumbai Suman 9910780858 Independent Escort Service Mumbai
Low Rate Call Girls Mumbai Suman 9910780858 Independent Escort Service MumbaiLow Rate Call Girls Mumbai Suman 9910780858 Independent Escort Service Mumbai
Low Rate Call Girls Mumbai Suman 9910780858 Independent Escort Service Mumbai
 

Nutrizione, Immunità e infiammazione - Prof. Vincent Castronovo

  • 3. Difesa LIVELLO I Le barriere LIVELLO II Immunità innata LIVELLO III Immunità specifica
  • 4. PRIMA LINEA DI DIFESA BARRIERE
  • 5. Le barriere Prima linea di difesa, le barriere naturali rappresentano un ostacolo contro l’invasione degli intrusi. Soltanto gli agenti patogeni sono in grado di superarle. Il non rispetto dell’integrità delle barriere provoca l’ingresso nel nostro organismo di agenti inerti cioè macromolecole che saranno considerate alla stregua di agenti patogeni e diventeranno oggetto di reazione da parte dei nostri sistemi difensivi.
  • 14. SECONDA LINEA DI DIFESA Il nemico è penetrato nel nostro territorio!
  • 15. SECONDA LINEA DI DIFESA Cellule Citochine/Chemochine Fattori solubili La Guerra
  • 16. NOZIONE DI IMPORTANZA FONDAMENTALE I sistemi di difesa innati e adattativi si sono sviluppati in base al principio per cui solo i veri nemici predatori sono in grado di attraversare le barriere.
  • 17. L’esercito di cellule difensive…
  • 18. Un gruppo di globuli bianchi è chiamato granulociti o leucociti polimorfonucleati (PMNs). I Granulociti sono composti da 3 tipi di cellule identificate come neutrofili, eosinofili e basofili in base alle caratteristiche di colorazione con determinati agenti. Queste cellule rivestono una particolare importanza ai fini dell’eliminazione dall’organismo di batteri e parassiti. Granulociti o leucociti polimorfonucleati (PMN)
  • 19. MONOCITI E MACROFAGI I macrofagi vengono attivati da una varietà di stimoli diversi nel corso della risposta immunitaria. Uno dei primi segnali di attivazione viene dalle chemochine. La fagocitosi stessa è un importante stimolo di attivazione. I macrofagi sono attivati anche dalle citochine secrete dalle cellule T helper [IFN-gamma] e dai mediatori della risposta infiammatoria oltre che da diversi sottoprodotti batterici (come i LPS)
  • 21. CELLULE NK Le cellule NK ("Natural killers", assassine naturali) rappresentano dal 5 al 16 % della popolazione totale dei linfociti umani. Fanno parte di una sottopopolazione di linfociti, i LGL (Large Granular Lymphocytes). Queste cellule assassine provengono dalla differenziazione delle cellule staminali linfoidi prodotte nel midollo osseo.
  • 23.
  • 24. Immunità innata Immunità innata (naturale, aspecifica) La risposta all’invasione ha bisogno di 3 elementi: Riconoscimento Eliminazione Comunicazione
  • 25. Riconoscimento dei microrganismi da parte del sistema immunitario innato Immunità innata
  • 26.  Cellule dendritiche  Macrofagi  Polinucleati  Enterociti Immunità innata
  • 27. DC MF PN Un gioco sempre uguale di recettori invariati rispetto alle molecole dei batteri Gram- Lipopolisaccaridi (LPS) Gram+ Peptidoglicani Acido lipoteicoico Funghi Mannani Immunità innata PAMPS: Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
  • 28. Percezione intrinseca di ciò che è batterico, vale a dire ciò che è ostile… Immunità innata
  • 29. La tolleranza intrinseca al self dell’immunità naturale è stata acquisita dopo centinaia di milioni di anni di evoluzione in seguito ai quali si sono selezionati dei recettori capaci di distinguere i sottoprodotti batterici e non dai sottoprodotti del self… Immunità innata
  • 30. Limiti  Repertorio antibatterico limitato  Nessun adattamento alle mutazioni batteriche  Nessuna percezione dei batteri intracellulari Immunità innata
  • 31. Immunità innata I PAMPS sono riconosciuti da recettori sulla superficie delle cellule del sistema immunitario innato, i PRMs e PRRs( Pattern-Recognition molecole/recettori) Recettori di endocitosi Recettori del mannosio dei macrofagi Proteine di secrezione CRP Recettore di segnalizzazione La famiglia dei recettori TOLL (TLR)
  • 35. Chinasi Agenti di comunicazione intracellulare Enzimi che traducono l’informazione proveniente dall’esterno per coordinare una risposta cellulare appropriata.
  • 38. GENE A Start Stop Elementi di controllo Segnali A A A A A A A A RNA messagero Proteine IL FATTORE DI TRASCRIZIONE NF-kB Trascrizione Traduzione FATTORI DI TRASCRIZIONE
  • 41. NF-kB
  • 43. SEGNALI Recettori Vie di segnalizzazione Gene A Gene B Gene C NF-kBNF-kB
  • 44. SEGNALI Recettori Gene A Gene B Gene C Vie di segnalizzazione NF-kB
  • 45. SEGNALI Recettori Gene A Gene B Gene C Vie di segnalizzazione NF-kB
  • 47. Geni la cui trascrizione è sotto il controllo del NF-kB
  • 49. IKK Chinasi che controlla l’infiammazione
  • 50. IKK e attivazione del NF-kB
  • 51. NF-kB
  • 52. - Risposta immunitaria - Infiammazioni - Sopravvivenza allo stress (ossidoriduzioni, ionizzazioni,…) - Traumi neurologici, morbo di Alzheimer, morbo di Parkinson, tumori, artrite reumatoide. NF-kB: Ruoli biologici
  • 53. Sali d’oro Corticoidi : Aumento sintesi di Ik-B e/o antagonismo diretto di NF-kB
  • 54. Le armi del nostro sistema di difesa
  • 57. La CRP è stata isolata da Tillett e Frances nel 1930 (Rockefeller University), nel siero di pazienti che presentavano uno stato infiammatorio acuto. Questa proteina reagiva al polisaccaride C del pneumococco. La CRP è un marcatore precoce, sensibile e specifico della reazione infiammatoria e aumenta proporzionalmente alla sua intensità. Compare nelle sei ore successive all’esordio dell’ infiammazione acuta. Il tasso aumenta ed è massimo dopo due giorni. In presenza di calcio, la CRP si lega specificamente ai residui di fosfocolina della parete dei batteri. La CRP attiva per questo tramite la via classica del complemento in assenza di anticorpi e opsonizza i leganti in previsione della loro fagocitosi. Proteina C-reattiva
  • 64.
  • 65. Oxygen Dependent Myeloperoxidase dependent reactions H2O2 + O2 -2O2 - + 2H+ Superoxide dismutase H2 O2 + Cl - myeloperoxidase OCl - + H2O H2O + O2 -2 H2 O2 catalase 2OCL - + H2O 1O2 - + Cl - + H2O Produzione di radicali liberi
  • 66.
  • 67. La reazione infiammatoria è un processo fisiologico indispensabile alla sopravvivenza del nostro organismo continuamente esposto all’aggressione di organismi batterici, agenti fisici e chimici …
  • 68. L’infiammazione è il campo di battaglia in cui le nostre difese specifiche e aspecifiche combattono il nemico.
  • 71. LIVELLO I Le Barriere LIVELLO II Immunità innata LIVELLO III Immunità specifica Immunità adattativa
  • 72. Immunità adattativa • Là dove ha luogo la maggior parte dell’azione evolutiva • Dipende dal contatto tra le cellule ospiti e gli antigeni (anticorps generation) • Due categorie principali di risposte : immunità umorale e immunità cellulare
  • 75. Immunità adattativa L’immunità adattativa ricorre alle stesse armi dell’immunità innata
  • 77. Antigeni Antigene : Molecola estranea che provoca una reazione immunitaria Virus dell’influenza Proteina di superficie RICONOSCIUTA dai linfociti ANTIGENE > reazione immunitaria
  • 78.
  • 80. Il timo: Una scuola per i linfociti
  • 81.
  • 82. I linfociti T • 2 popolazioni principali CD4+: Direttore d’orchestra della risposta immunitaria adattativa CD8+: Partecipano all’ immunità cellulare (citotossicità) • Circolazione permanente tra il sangue e gli organi linfoidi secondari. • Cellula T naive prima dell’incontro con l’Ag specifico. Dopo l’incontro si parla di cellula T effettrice armata.
  • 83. • I LT naive circolano in permanenza tra gli organi linfatici secondari all’incontro con l’Ag specifico • LT CD4+ sono programmati per diventare cellule secretrici di citochine e cellule memoria • LT CD8+ sono programmati per diventare delle cellule effettrici citotossiche (CTL CD8+) e delle cellule memoria I linfociti T
  • 84. I linfociti B completano la maturazione diventando competenti nel midollo osseo Linfociti B
  • 85. Figure 9-1 part 1 of 2 La risposta immunitaria umorale è mediata da molecole di anticorpi secrete dalle plasmacellule. L’antigene associato a una immunoglobulina di superficie è internalizzato, degradato in peptidi e presentato su un MHC di classe II. Questo porta all’attivazione delle cellule T, risultando nella secrezione di citochine. Linfociti B
  • 86. Figure 9-5 part 2 of 2 Linfociti B
  • 87.
  • 88.
  • 89. Figure 9-19 part 1 of 2 Proprietà e funzioni di diverse classi di immunoglobuline umane
  • 90. Immunità specifica Le risposte alle cellule B si concentrano sui patogeni al di fuori delle cellula; le risposte alle cellule T si concentrano sui patogeni intracellulari
  • 91.
  • 92.
  • 94. Immunità mucosale (tonsille, adenoidi, placche di Peyer, appendice, linfonodi mesenterici) mucus no mucus here mucus Un sistema immunitario a compartimenti che è, in un certo qual modo, separato dal SI sistemico Transcytose des antigènes
  • 95. Le cellule M facilitano l’assimilazione degli Ag
  • 96.
  • 97. IgA Mucosale • 2 sottoclassi nell’uomo • IgA1- monomerica, IgA predominante nel siero • IgA2- polimerica, si riscontra soprattutto nelle secrezioni esterne. • J-chain- richiesta per la formazione dell’IgA polimerica, J-chain gko di topo- IgA monomerica ma è secreta. • La perdita di 13 aa in una zona cerniera diminuisce la suscettibilità dell’IgA2 alla divisione proteolitica.
  • 98. L’IgA dimerico consiste in due monomeri di IgA legati da una catena J. Le cellule B individuali sono destinate alla secrezione di IgA sia monomerica sia dimerica.
  • 99. Le IgA polimereiche rappresentano l’immunità adattativa principale presente nell’intestino
  • 100.
  • 101. Sistema Immunitario Comune alle Mucose (CMIS)
  • 102. Tolleranza mucosale • Induzione di un’assenza di risposta sistemica mediante somministrazione di antigene i.n. o orale. • L’idea: evitare lo sviluppo di allergie alimentari. • Alto dosaggio unico, basse dosi multiple. • Assenza di risposta sistemica– in presenza di risposta mucosale alle IgA
  • 103. • Un solo recettore di struttura data su ciascuna cellula (e sulle sue cellule figlie). • Una multitudine di recettori diversi a livello della popolazione Immunità adattativa
  • 104. TCR : T cell receptor BCR : B cell receptor « Il » recettore specializzato delle cellule dell’immunità adattativa Immunità adattativa Il suo legante : l’antigene
  • 105. Fa fronte alla diversità dei batteri e alle loro mutazioni mediante una generazione aleatoria e continua di nuovi recettori Vantaggi Immunità adattativa
  • 106. Immunità adattativa Percezione analitica di sequenze peptidiche ma nessuna percezione intrinseca di ciò che è batterico o meno, ostile o meno
  • 107. Immunità adattativa Percepisce i batteri intracellulari grazie al sistema di campionamento e di presentazione da parte delle molecole del Complesso Maggiore di Istocompatibilità (CMH) Vantaggi
  • 108. Connessione immunità innata– immunità acquisita TNF
  • 109. Il supporto del SELF : il Complesso Maggiore di Istocompatibilità (CMH, sistema HLA nell’uomo)
  • 110. CMH : Complexe Majeur d’Histocompatibilité = empreintes digitales des cellules Protéines servant de “présentoir” aux antigènes TUTTE le cellule del corpo: CMH di classe 1 1 1 Linfociti B e macrofagi : CMH di classe 1 E di classe 2 1 2 1 2 Antigene + CMH 1 = risposta cellulare Antigene + CMH 2 = risposta umorale Antigeni e Proteine del CMH
  • 111. Rapporto fra CMH, tipo di linfocita e reazione immunitaria scatenata Ag presentato su CMH I Linfociti T citotossici (o CD8) RISPOSTA CELLULARE riconosce Ag presentato su CMH II Linfociti T ausiliari (o CD4) Linfociti B RISPOSTA UMORALE riconosce attiva
  • 113. Le molecole del CMH di Classe I permettono alle cellule T CD8 di “sorvegliare” la presenza di patogeni nel citoplasma. Le molecole CMH di Classe II permettono alle cellule T CD4 di “ sorvegliare ” la presenza di patogeni negli spazi extracellulari e intravescicolari. Patogeno CD4 Patogeno CD8
  • 115. REGOLAZIONE DELLE RISPOSTE IMMUNITARIE SPECIFICHE I LINFOCITI T CD4 Th1, Th2, TH17 e Treg
  • 116.
  • 118. MALATTIE AUTOIMMUNI Poliartrite reumatoide Psoriasi Sclerosi a placche Morbo di Crohn Lupus eritematoso Guillain-Barré Tiroiditi ...
  • 119. Insieme di disordini immunitari che vanno da malattie molto comuni come l’artrite reumatoide, la tiroidite di Hashimoto, il morbo di Graves, l’aterosclerosi a patologie meno frequenti come la sclerosi a placche, il diabete di tipo I, il lupus eritematoso sistemico…. L’autoimmunità è la causa a monte di oltre 80 patologie croniche che colpiscono il 20% circa della popolazione dei paesi industrializzati. MALATTIE AUTOIMMUNI
  • 127. Attivazione del Sistema immunitario contro molecole o organismi non patogeni ALLERGIE
  • 129.
  • 133.
  • 134. Meccanismo d’azione biochimico Influsso Na+ Cortisolo Recettore Lipocortina Fosfolipidi della membrana cellulare Prostaglandine leucotrieni Azione Antinfiammatoria
  • 135. CLASSICI TRATTAMENTI DELLE MALATTIE INFIAMMATORIE FANS: Antinfiammatori non steroidei
  • 136.
  • 137. Nutrition and immunology: from the clinic to cellular biology and back again. Chandra RK. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999 Aug;58(3):681-3. Diet and immunity have been known to be linked to each other for centuries. In the last 30 years systematic studies have confirmed that nutrient deficiencies impair immune response and lead to frequent severe infections resulting in increased mortality, especially in children. Protein-energy malnutrition results in reduced number and functions of T-cells, phagocytic cells and secretory immunoglobulin A antibody response. In addition, levels of many complement components are reduced. Similar findings have been reported for moderate deficiencies of individual nutrients such as trace minerals and vitamins, particularly Zn, Fe, Se, vitamins A, B6, C and E. For example, Zn deficiency is associated with profound impairment of cell-mediated immunity such as lymphocyte stimulation response, decreased CD4+:CD8+ cells, and decreased chemotaxis of phagocytes. In addition, the level of thymulin, which is a Zn-dependent hormone, is markedly decreased. The use of nutrient supplements, singly or in combination, stimulates immune response and may result in fewer infections, particularly in the elderly, low-birth-weight infants and malnourished critically-ill patients in hospitals. The interactions between nutrition and the immune system are of clinical, practical and public health importance.
  • 138. Palmitate activates the NF-kappaB transcription factor and induces IL-6 and TNFalpha expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Ajuwon KM, Spurlock ME. J Nutr. 2005 Aug;135(8):1841-6. Fatty acids and their metabolites regulate gene expression and immunological pathways. Furthermore, obese individuals frequently have increased circulating fatty acid concentrations, and localized inflammation in adipose tissue may facilitate the systemic inflammation associated with the insulin resistance of obesity. Although palmitate induces inflammation (i.e., activates proinflammatory pathways) in myotubes, the effects of fatty acids on inflammatory processes in adipocytes have not been established. Therefore, we examined the potential for palmitate, laurate, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to modulate inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Palmitate, but not DHA or laurate, induced nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB)-driven luciferase activity and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression (P < 0.05). Inhibition of fatty acyl Co-A synthase (FACS) with triacsin C suppressed palmitate-induced NF-kappaB activation (P < 0.05), but caused an additive increase in palmitate-induced IL-6 expression (P < 0.05). Disrupting mitogen-activated protein kinase/Erk kinase (MEK) and protein kinase C (PKC) activity with U0126 and Bisindolylmaleimide (Bis), respectively, suppressed palmitate-induced IL-6 expression (P < 0.05), but had no effect on NF-kappaB reporter gene activity (P > 0.05). However, the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, wortmannin, alone and additively with palmitate, activated the NF-kappaB reporter gene and induced IL-6 expression (P < 0.05). Palmitate also induced the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) (P < 0.05), but the increase in mRNA abundance was not reflected in a greater protein concentration in the media (P > 0.05). These data indicate that palmitate induces inflammation in adipocytes, and that this is not a generalized effect of all SFA. Furthermore, PI3K may act constitutively to suppress inflammation. Consequently, inhibition of this enzyme may promote and exacerbate the inflammation in adipose tissue that is associated with obesity and insulin resistance.
  • 139. PRESA IN CARICO NUTRIZIONALE E FUNZIONALE DELLE MALATTIE DISIMMUNITARIE • Ridurre il rischio di ingresso di antigeni non ostili Digestione, Barriera intestinale • Ridurre l’intensità della risposta infiammatoria Equilibrio AA/EPA, Regolatori del NFKB •Impedire l’accumulo di lesioni ossidative e da carbonili inflitte ai tessuti attaccati • Antiossidanti • Aumentare l’immunotolleranza: Probiotici, Vitamina D
  • 140. LIVELLO I Le barriere LIVELLO II Immunità innata LIVELLO III Immunità specifica
  • 142.
  • 143.
  • 144. Tight junctions, leaky intestines, and pediatric diseases. Liu Z, Li N, Neu J. Acta Paediatr. 2005 Apr;94(4):386-93. BACKGROUND: Tight junctions (TJs) represent the major barrier within the paracellular pathway between intestinal epithelial cells. Disruption of TJs leads to intestinal hyperpermeability (the so-called "leaky gut") and is implicated in the pathogenesis of several acute and chronic pediatric disease entities that are likely to have their origin during infancy. AIM: This review provides an overview of evidence for the role of TJ breakdown in diseases such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, allergies, asthma, and autism. CONCLUSION: A better basic understanding of this structure might lead to prevention or treatment of these diseases using nutritional or other means.
  • 146.
  • 147. Effect of glutamine on the intestinal permeability changes induced by indomethacin in humans. Hond ED, Peeters M, Hiele M, Bulteel V, Ghoos Y, Rutgeerts P. Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999 May;13(5):679-85 BACKGROUND: Long-term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) intake may induce increased intestinal permeability, eventually resulting in enteropathy. Because increased permeability might be related to cell damage resulting from energy depletion, it was hypothesized that glutamine--the major energy source of the intestinal mucosal cell--might prevent permeability changes. METHODS: The 6-h urinary excretion of 51Cr- EDTA after an oral load of 51Cr-EDTA was used in this study as a measure for intestinal permeability. Healthy volunteers underwent a series of permeability tests: (i) basal test; (ii) test following NSAID (indomethacin); (iii) test following NSAID in combination with glutamine and/or misoprostol. RESULTS: The NSAID induced increased permeability in all volunteers. Pre-treatment with glutamine (3x7 g daily, 1 week before NSAID-dosing) did not prevent the NSAID-induced increase in permeability. Multiple doses of glutamine close in time to NSAID-dosing resulted in significantly lower permeability compared to the NSAID without glutamine. Co-administration of misoprostol with the multiple-dose scheme of glutamine resulted in a further reduction in the NSAID-induced increase in permeability. CONCLUSIONS: Glutamine decreases the permeability changes caused by NSAID-dosing when it is administered close in time, and misoprostol has a synergistic effect.
  • 148. Inflammation rather than nutritional depletion determines glutamine concentrations and intestinal permeability. Hulsewe KW, van der Hulst RW, van Acker BA, von Meyenfeldt MF, Soeters PB. Clin Nutr. 2004 Oct;23(5):1209-16. AIM: Nutritional depletion has been correlated with low plasma and mucosal glutamine concentrations and with increased intestinal permeability. Since nutritional depletion often is associated with (chronic) inflammatory stress, this study was designed to establish the influence of depletion and inflammation on glutamine concentrations and gut barrier function. METHODS: Anthropometric parameters were calculated from 26 patients who required artificial nutrition. Glutamine concentrations in plasma and gut mucosa, gut permeability and mucosal morphology were assessed. For determination of the degree of inflammation erythrocyte sedimentation rates and (pre)albumin concentrations were measured. On the basis of these parameters patients were divided into two groups having significant inflammatory stress or not. Similarly, a depleted and a non-depleted group was formed based on percentage ideal body weight, fat-free mass index (FFMI) and percentage weight loss. Glutamine concentrations, gut permeability and villus morphology were compared between the groups. RESULTS: The presence of inflammatory activity had significant negative effects on glutamine concentrations in contrast to the presence or absence of nutritional depletion. Similarly, intestinal permeability increased during active inflammation but not in depleted patients. FFMI but not inflammation was related to villus height. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of inflammation significantly affects glutamine concentrations and gut permeability, in contrast to the presence of depletion of body cell mass per se. On the other hand, villus morphology is not influenced by changes in systemic inflammatory activity whereas nutritional status possibly does affect villus height.
  • 151. Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H, Kero P, Koskinen P, Isolauri E. Lancet 2001 Apr 7;357(9262):1076-9 BACKGROUND: Reversal of the progressive increase in frequency of atopic disease would be an important breakthrough for health care and wellbeing in western societies. In the hygiene hypothesis this increase is attributed to reduced microbial exposure in early life. Probiotics are cultures of potentially beneficial bacteria of the healthy gut microflora. We assessed the effect on atopic disease of Lactobacillus GG (which is safe at an early age and effective in treatment of allergic inflammation and food allergy). METHODS: In a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial we gave Lactobacillus GG prenatally to mothers who had at least one first-degree relative (or partner) with atopic eczema, allergic rhinitis, or asthma, and postnatally for 6 months to their infants. Chronic recurring atopic eczema, which is the main sign of atopic disease in the first years of life, was the primary endpoint. FINDINGS: Atopic eczema was diagnosed in 46 of 132 (35%) children aged 2 years. Asthma was diagnosed in six of these children and allergic rhinitis in one. The frequency of atopic eczema in the probiotic group was half that of the placebo group (15/64 [23%] vs31/68 [46%]; relative risk 0.51 [95% CI 0.32-0.84]). The number needed to treat was 4.5 (95% CI 2.6-15.6). INTERPRETATIONS: Lactobacillus GG was effective in prevention of early atopic disease in children at high risk. Thus, gut microflora might be a hitherto unexplored source of natural immunomodulators and probiotics, for prevention of atopic disease. Il Lactobacillus GG si è dimostrato efficace nella prevenzione dell’atopia precoce in bambini ad alto rischio. Pertanto la microflora intestinale potrebbe rappresentare una fonte finora inesplorata di immunomodulatori naturali e probiotici per la prevenzione dell’atopia.
  • 152. Oral probiotic control skin inflammation by acting on both effector and regulatory T cells. Hacini-Rachinel F, Gheit H, Le Luduec JB, Dif F, Nancey S, Kaiserlian D. PLoS One. 2009;4(3):e4903. Probiotics are believed to alleviate allergic and inflammatory skin disorders, but their impact on pathogenic effector T cells remains poorly documented. Here we show that oral treatment with the probiotic bacteria L. casei (DN-114 001) alone alleviates antigen-specific skin inflammation mediated by either protein-specific CD4(+) T cells or hapten-specific CD8(+) T cells. In the model of CD8(+) T cell- mediated skin inflammation, which reproduces allergic contact dermatitis in human, inhibition of skin inflammation by L. casei is not due to impaired priming of hapten- specific IFNgamma-producing cytolytic CD8(+) effector T cells. Alternatively, L. casei treatment reduces the recruitment of CD8(+) effector T cells into the skin during the elicitation (i.e. symptomatic) phase of CHS. Inhibition of skin inflammation by L. casei requires MHC class II-restricted CD4(+) T cells but not CD1d-restricted NK-T cells. L casei treatment enhanced the frequency of FoxP3(+) Treg in the skin and increased the production of IL-10 by CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in skin draining lymph nodes of hapten-sensitized mice. These data demonstrate that orally administered L. casei (DN-114 001) efficiently alleviate T cell-mediated skin inflammation without causing immune suppression, via mechanisms that include control of CD8(+) effector T cells and involve regulatory CD4(+) T cells. L. casei (DN- 114 001) may thus represent a probiotic of potential interest for immunomodulation of T cell-mediated allergic skin diseases in human.
  • 153.
  • 154. Anti-inflammatory effects of bifidobacteria by inhibition of LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation. Riedel CU, Foata F, Philippe D, Adolfsson O, Eikmanns BJ, Blum S. Microbiology Department and Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. c.riedel@ucc.ie. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 AIM: Different strains of bifidobacteria were analysed for their effects on HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in in vitro models both of the non-inflamed and inflamed intestinal epithelium. METHODS: A reporter gene system in HT-29 cells was used to measure levels of NF-kappaB activation after challenge with bifidobacteria or after bacterial pre-treatment following LPS challenge. IL-8 protein and pro-inflammatory gene expression was investigated using normal HT-29 cells. RESULTS: None of the bifidobacteria tested induced activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) indicating that bifidobacteria themselves do not induce inflammatory events in IECs. However, six out of eight bifidobacteria tested inhibited lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced NF-kappaB activation in a dose- and strain-dependent manner. In contrast, NF-kappaB activation in response to challenge with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- alpha) was affected by none of the tested bifidobacteria, indicating that the inhibitory effect of bifidobacteria is specific for LPS-induced inflammation in IECs. As shown with two of the six inhibition-positive bifidobacteria, LPS- induced inhibition of NF-kappaB activation was accompanied by a dose- dependent decrease of interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion and by lower mRNA levels for IL-8, TNF-alpha, cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). CONCLUSION: Some strains of bifidobacteria are effective in inhibiting LPS-induced inflammation and thus might be appropriate candidates for probiotic intervention in chronic intestinal inflammation.
  • 155.
  • 157.   Il rapporto fra gli acidi grassi   Determina l’intensità della reazione infiammatoria
  • 158. L’intensità della reazione infiammatoria è controllata dalle prostaglandine e dai leucotrieni
  • 159. Acidei grassi OMEGA-3 I nutrienti antinfiammatori per eccellenza
  • 160. The role of fish oils in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Cleland LG, James MJ, Proudman SM. Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Drugs. 2003;63(9):845-53. Fish oils are a rich source of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC PUFA). The specific fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, are homologues of the n-6 fatty acid, arachidonic acid (AA). This chemistry provides for antagonism by n-3 LC PUFA of AA metabolism to pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic n-6 eicosanoids, as well as production of less active n-3 eicosanoids. In addition, n-3 LC PUFA can suppress production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cartilage degradative enzymes.In accordance with the biochemical effects, beneficial anti-inflammatory effects of dietary fish oils have been demonstrated in randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Also, fish oils have protective clinical effects in occlusive cardiovascular disease, for which patients with RA are at increased risk.Implementation of the clinical use of anti-inflammatory fish oil doses has been poor. Since fish oils do not provide industry with the opportunities for substantial profit associated with patented prescription items, they have not received the marketing inputs that underpin the adoption of usual pharmacotherapies. Accordingly, many prescribers remain ignorant of their biochemistry, therapeutic effects, formulations, principles of application and complementary dietary modifications. Evidence is presented that increased uptake of this approach can be achieved using bulk fish oils. This approach has been used with good compliance in RA patients. In addition, an index of n-3 nutrition can be used to provide helpful feedback messages to patients and to monitor the attainment of target levels.Collectively, these issues highlight the challenges in advancing the use of fish oil amid the complexities of modern management of RA, with its emphasis on combination chemotherapy applied early. Conformemente agli effetti biochimici si sono dimostrati effetti antinfiammatori interessanti con gli oli di pesce alimentari in studi randomizzati in doppio cieco verso placebo nell’artrite reumatoide (RA). Gli oli di pesce dimostrano anche effetti clinici di protezione nei confronti delle patologie cardiovascolari occlusive nel gruppo di pazienti per i quali la RA rappresenta un maggior rischio. L’applicazione dell’utilizzo clinico di dosi di oli di pesce antinfiammatori è limitata. Nella misura in cui gli oli di pesce non rappresentano per l’industria possibilità di profitti sostanziali del tipo di quelli associati a prodotti brevettati e sottoposti a prescrizione, non hanno ricevuto il contributo di marketing che sostiene l’adozione delle consuete farmacoterapie. Di conseguenza molti prescrittori restano all’oscuro della loro biochimica, degli effetti terapeutici, di formulazioni, principi d’applicazione e modifiche alimentari da associarvi.
  • 164.
  • 165. Vitamin D: its role and uses in immunology. Deluca HF, Cantorna MT. FASEB J. 2001 Dec;15(14):2579-85. In recent years there has been an effort to understand possible noncalcemic roles of vitamin D, including its role in the immune system and, in particular, on T cell- medicated immunity. Vitamin D receptor is found in significant concentrations in the T lymphocyte and macrophage populations. However, its highest concentration is in the immature immune cells of the thymus and the mature CD-8 T lymphocytes. The significant role of vitamin D compounds as selective immunosuppressants is illustrated by their ability to either prevent or markedly suppress animal models of autoimmune disease. Results show that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can either prevent or markedly suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type I diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease. In almost every case, the action of the vitamin D hormone requires that the animals be maintained on a normal or high calcium diet. Possible mechanisms of suppression of these autoimmune disorders by the vitamin D hormone have been presented. The vitamin D hormone stimulates transforming growth factor TGFbeta-1 and interleukin 4 (IL-4) production, which in turn may suppress inflammatory T cell activity. In support of this, the vitamin D hormone is unable to suppress a murine model of the human disease multiple sclerosis in IL-4-deficient mice. The results suggest an important role for vitamin D in autoimmune disorders and provide a fertile and interesting area of research that may yield important new therapies.
  • 166. D-hormone and the immune system. Cantorna MT, Mahon BD. J Rheumatol Suppl. 2005 Sep;76:11-20. D-hormone [1,25(OH)2 D3] is an important immune system regulator that has been shown to inhibit development of autoimmune diseases including experimental inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), and type 1 diabetes. Paradoxically, other immune mediated diseases (experimental asthma) and immunity to infectious organisms were not found to be affected by D- hormone treatment. The effectiveness of D-hormone treatment of autoimmune diseases is due to inhibition of the development and function of Th1 cells and the induction of other Th cells including Th2 cells. We report results of microarray analysis of colons from D-hormone treated mice with experimental IBD. Two hundred thirty-nine genes were inhibited and 298 genes were upregulated in the colon by D- hormone treatment of mice with IBD. Of interest was the D-hormone mediated inhibition of 3 tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha, lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha factor, and TNF receptor) related genes in the colon. It is likely that the effectiveness of D-hormone treatment of experimental autoimmunity is due in part to the inhibition of the TNF family of genes. D-hormone is a selective regulator of the immune system, and the outcome of D-hormone treatment depends on the nature (infectious disease, asthma, autoimmune disease, etc.) of the immune response.
  • 167. Vitamin D: a natural inhibitor of multiple sclerosis. Hayes CE. Proc Nutr Soc. 2000 Nov;59(4):531-5. Inheriting genetic risk factors for multiple sclerosis (MS) is not sufficient to cause this demyelinating disease of the central nervous system; exposure to environmental risk factors is also required. MS may be preventable if these unidentified environmental factors can be avoided. MS prevalence increases with decreasing solar radiation, suggesting that sunlight may be protective in MS. Since the vitamin D endocrine system is exquisitely responsive to sunlight, and MS prevalence is highest where environmental supplies of vitamin D are lowest, we have proposed that the hormone, 1, 25- dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3), may protect genetically-susceptible individuals from developing MS. Evidence consistent with this hypothesis comes not only from geographic studies, but also genetic and biological studies. Over-representation of the vitamin D receptor gene b allele was found in Japanese MS patients, suggesting it may confer MS susceptibility. Fish oil is an excellent vitamin D source, and diets rich in fish may lower MS prevalence or severity. Vitamin D deficiency afflicts most MS patients, as demonstrated by their low bone mass and high fracture rates. However, the clearest evidence that vitamin D may be a natural inhibitor of MS comes from experiments with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS. Treatment of mice with 1,25-(OH)2D3 completely inhibited EAE induction and progression. The hormone stimulated the synthesis of two anti-encephalitogenic cytokines, interleukin 4 and transforming growth factor beta-1, and influenced inflammatory cell trafficking or apoptosis. If vitamin D is a natural inhibitor of MS, providing supplemental vitamin D to individuals who are at risk for MS would be advisable.
  • 170. NF-kB
  • 172.
  • 173.
  • 174.
  • 176.
  • 177.
  • 178.
  • 180. MALATTIE AUTOIMMUNI Valutazione nutrizionale e funzionale • Vitamina D • Microbiota intestinale (Mou) • Permeabilità intestinale ( IgG alimentare) • CRP • Profilo acidi grassi • Indicatori stress ossidativo • Difese antiossidanti