2. INTRODUCTION TO BANKING
Origin Of Word:
Banke, banc, banque, or banck
Definition:
Under English common law, a banker is
defined as a person who carries on the
business of banking, which is specified as:
• Conducting current accounts for his
customers
• Paying cheques drawn on him, and
• Collecting Cheques for his customers.
3. Kenlay Says:
“A bank is an institution which receives deposits and
advances loan.”
Pakistan Banking Ordinance 1962:
“Banking means the accepting for the purpose of lending
or investing of deposits of money from the public
repayable in the demand or otherwise and withdraw able
by cheque, draft or otherwise.”
4. EARLIEST FORM OF BANKING:
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• INDIA
• CHINA
• Greece
• ROME
5. CENTRAL BANK:
HISTORY:
• Before independence Reserve Bank Of India central
bank for both Pakistan and India.
• 30th December,1948. British Government distributes
reserves between both countries 70 or 30% ratio.
• On 1st July, 1948 state bank of Pakistan functioned
• A large rules and regulations introduced in 1956.
6. FUNCTIONS OF STATE BANK OF PAKISTAN:
SBP performed both traditional or non traditional functions.
1. TRADITIONAL FUNCTIONS:
• Primary functions ( Note issue, Govt. Bank, Monetary Policy)
• Secondary functions (management of public debt, management of
foreign exchange, etc., and other functions like advising the
government on policy matters and maintaining close relationships
with international financial institutions).
2. NON TRADITIONAL FUNCTIONS:
• Development of financial framework.
• Institutionalization of savings and investment.
• Provision of training facilities to bankers.
• Provision of credit to priority sectors.
7. MONETARY POLICY:
DEFINATION:
• According to Prof. Harry Johnson,
"A policy employing the central banks control of the supply of money
as an instrument for achieving the objectives of general economic
policy is a monetary policy.“
OBJECTIVES:
• Rapid Economic Growth
• Price Stability
• Exchange Rate Stability
• Balance of Payments (BOP) Equilibrium
• Full Employment
• Neutrality of Money
• Equal Income Distribution
8. TOOLS OF MONETARY POLICY:
The followings are two types of tools that adopt state
bank of Pakistan.
1. QUANTITATIVE MEASURES:
• Cash Reserve Ratio
• Statutory Liquidity Ratio
• Open Market Operations
2. QUALITATIVE MEASURES:
• Bank Rate
• Repo Rate
• Reverse Repo Rate
9. COMMERCIAL BANK
CLASSIFICATION OF BANKS:
Bank can be classified into the various types on the basis of their
function:
1. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF FUNCTIONS:
• CENTERAL BANK
• COMMERCIAL BANK
• INDUSTRIAL BANK
• AGRICULTURAL BANKS
• EXCHANGE BANK
• SAVING BANK
• INVESTMENT BANK
• MORTGAGE BANK
• MICRO-FINANCE BANK
10. 2. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP:
• PUBLIC SECTOR BANK
• PRIVATE SECTOR BANK
• COOPERATIVE BANK
3. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF DOMICILE:
• DOMESTIC BANK
• FOREIGN BANKS
4. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF STATUS:
• SCHEDULED BANK
• NON SCHEDULED BANK
11. BANK ACCOUNTS
Banks thrive on three accounts based on commodity and business
needs.
1). Safety needs
2). Borrowing needs
3). Debt clearing needs
TYPES OF ACCOUNTS:
The following accounts are the types:
1). Saving Account
2). Current Account
3). Fixed Deposit Account
12. 1. SAVING ACCOUNT:
For peoples who save money from their monthly income.
It can be open with minimum Rs. 100/-
FEATURES:
• Interest Rates
• Minimum Monthly Balances
• Unlimited Transactions
• ATM Access
• Cheque Book Options
• Online Banking Services
• Opening Deposits and Balances
13. 1. CURRENT ACCOUNT:
Account in which you can deposit and withdraw at any time. This
account specially maintain for traders and businessman.
FEATURES:
• Cash or Debit Card
• Direct Debits
• Checkbook
• Online or Telephone Banking
• Overdraft Facility
• Interest
• Post Office Branches
14. 3. FIXED DEPOSITE ACCOUNT:
This account is maintain for those people who have surplus but no
need it in near future.
FEATURES:
• PROFIT:
• TERM OF DEPOSITE:
• PERIOD:
• INTEREST:
• WITHDRAWAL FROM FIXED DEPOSITE ACCOUNT
• FIXED DEPOSIT RECEIPT
15. NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS
Definition of Negotiable Instrument:
According to section 13 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, a
negotiable instrument means:
“promissory note, bill of exchange, or cheque, payable either to
order or to bearer”.
Types of Negotiable Instruments:
There are just three types of negotiable Instruments:
1. Promissory Note
2. Bill of Exchange
3. Cheque
16. 1. PROMISSORY NOTE:
A contract detailing the term of a promise by one party to pay a sum
of money to the other.
Parties to a Promissory Note:
• Drawer
• Payee
• Endorser
Features of a promissory note:
• In writing
• Clear promise
• Definite promise
• Payable on demand
• Certain amount
17. 2. Bill of Exchange:
Section 5 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 defines a bill of
exchange as:
„an instrument in writing containing an unconditional order, signed
by the maker, directing a certain person to pay a certain sum of
money only to or to the order of a certain person, or to the bearer of
the instrument‟.
PARTIES OF A BILL OF EXCHANGE:
• Drawer
• Drawee
• Payee
FEATURES OF BILL OF EXCHANGE:
• Must be in writing
• Must contain order to pay
• Order must be unconditional
• Parties must be mentioned
18. 3. CHEQUES:
The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 defines a cheque as:
a bill of exchange drawn on a specified banker and not expressed to
be payable otherwise than on demand.
Features of a cheque:
• Must be written or signed by drawer
• Contain unconditional order
• Issued on specified banker only
• Amount must be cleared
• Always payable on demand
Types of Cheque:
• Open cheque, and
• Crossed cheque.
• Bearer cheque
• Order cheque
19. CREDIT CREATION
Commercial banks creates his income from diferent
sources such sources as:
• Cash Reserve Ratio:
Formula:
Reserve Ratio = Amount Of Reserve / Total Amount Of Reserve
Bank Advances:
• Demand Loan
• Term Loan
• Overdraft:
• Cash Credit:
• Bill Purchased
• Bill Discounting
20. ISLAMIC BANKING IN PAKISTAN
ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE:
• Not a new religion
• Economic growth is main channel
• Socio economic justice
• Facilitate international trade
• Global development and poverty reduction
• Tools for acheivment of socio economic objectives
• Zakat distribution
• Uses Islamic modes of financing (Riba)
MEASURES TAKEN FOR ISLAMIZATION IN
PAKISTAN:
Pakistan is an Islamic country
The Eighth Amendment of the 1973 Constitution
21. • Creation of the Council of Islamic Ideology (CII) in 1962.
• Measures taken included the introduction of Zakat (June, 1980) and
Usher
• Procedure adopted by banks was declared un-Islamic by the
Federal Shariat Court (FSC) in November 1991
• State Bank has issued the criteria for establishment of Islamic banks
• A Musharaka-based Export Refinance Scheme has been designed
by the State Bank
• Islamic Banking Department has been created in the State Bank
• Shariah Board and Shariah scholars hired.
• Anti Money Laundering Measures
22. Introduction of Zakat and Ushr:
• Zakat and Ushr Ordinance, 1980
• Zakat providing to the needy
• Government enacted the “Enforcement of Shariah Act, 1991”
CHALLENGES:
• Enforcement of contracts is not effective
• Inefficient system for early recovery.
• Ineffective code of conduct for professionals.
• Development of Shariah compliant government securities.
• Research and development in the field of Islamic finance and
economies.
• HR development and training to the banks staff on Islamic Banking
and Finance.
• Education and public awareness about Islamic financial system.
