Tunnel & Underpass Lighting based on CIE 88: 2004

TUNNEL & UNDERPASS LIGHTING
Based on CIE88:2004
Engr. Michael T. Santiago
LAD Supervisor, Philips-Saudi Lighting Company
DIALux Authorized Trainer, Certificate No. 2013029
Registered Electrical Engineer, License No. 26294
IESNA Member No. 693787 since 2011 (North America)
ILP Affiliate No. 9670 since 2010 (UK & Ireland)
Co-Published ANSI/IES RP-8-14 (Recommended Practice for Roadway Lighting)
2010 MBA Crash Course Certificate & 1st Place Presenter

I. INTRODUCTION
This report shall initiate the students of the
process of Tunnel & Underpass Lighting based on
CIE 88: 2004.
ANSI/IESNA RP-22-11 BS 5489-2:2003 CIE 88: 2004
CIE 88:2004 TUNNEL & UNDERPASS LIGHTING
Engr. Michael T. Santiago | REE.AILP.MIES
LAD Supervisor, PHILIPS SAUDI LIGHTING COMPANY
IIEE – CRCSA 18TH ANNUAL CONVENTION
CIE 88:2004 | TUNNEL & UNDERPASS LIGHTING

• VISUAL ADAPTATION – from bright Daytime light
to Dark Hollow Portal of the Tunnel
• Similarly when exiting from a less brighter tunnel
to a bright exterior light
• FEELING OF SAFETY & GUIDANCE – It is necessary
that Tunnel lighting provide comfort, safety and
guidance for motorists while travelling inside the
tunnel
II. IMPORTANCE OF TUNNEL LIGHTING
Beginning Middle End

III. METHODS OF DETERMINING ACCESS ZONE LUMINANCE, L20
1. Direct Measurement - The most precise
determination of access zone luminance L20
is by direct measurement at the time of the
year when its value is at a maximum.
2. Perceived Contrast Method – A photo of
the tunnel portal is taken from a distance
equal to SD and a 20° conical cell matrix is
subtended from center of portal. Each of
these 9 x 12 cells are assessed to determine
the percent of sky, road, surroundings and
even tunnel itself.
Values are then replaced in formula to
calculate for Lth.

IV. DETAILS OF THE SHAROURA TUNNEL
The Direction is East to West with 57 degrees to North

Dual Carriageway with each Direction having 7.9m width 2 Lane Roads

Total Length of Tunnel is 145m but with 2 gaps (X & Y)
It splits the Tunnel in 3 smaller Underpasses (A, B & C)
This will lead to two approaches:
1) Treat each Covered Part as Short Underpasses and apply CIE Category
2) Take the whole TUNNEL as 145m CIE Tunnel regardless of gap
A 13.881 m
X 23.629 m
B 75.375 m
Y 18.262 m
C 13.882 m

V. DISTINCTION BETWEEN SHORT & LONG TUNNELS
CIE 88:2004 Fig 4.1
Approach 1
A 13.881 m NIGHT LED only
X 23.629 m NIGHT LED only
B 75.375 m
50% Lth DAY
Also NIGHT LED
Y 18.262 m NIGHT LED only
C 13.882 m NIGHT LED Only
Approach 2
A 13.881 m
Whole Tunnel
Length treated as
CIE Tunnel Curve
for DAYTIME &
NIGHTIME
X 23.629 m
B 75.375 m
Y 18.262 m
C 13.882 m
ON BOTH CASES,
WE NEED TO KNOW THE
THRESHOLD ZONE LUMINANCE, Lth

VI. STOPPING DISTANCE
Maintenance Factor 0.85 (LED)
Traffic Flow Heavy
Traffic Speed 80 km/h
Where:
SD = stopping distance, m
u = speed of road, kph
t0 = response time, here 1 second
g = gravity as 9.806 m/s²
f = coefficient of friction
s = slope

VI. STOPPING DISTANCE
(80 km/hr)²
SD = 80 km/hr x 1 sec +
(2 x 9.806 m/s²) (0.325±0)
SD = 0.99699 km
SD = 100 m
f

VII. PARTS OF A TUNNEL
Typical Parts of a Longitudinal Single Direction Tunnel

VII. PARTS OF A TUNNEL
Zone Description Length Lave Level
Access Zone, L20 Part of open road in front of
portal
Equal to SD Daytime Brightest
Threshold Zone, Lth Begins at portal until end of SD
length
Equal to SD First 50%SD is 100% Lth
Last 50%SD decays down
to 40% Lth
Transition Zone, Ltr In-between Threshold Zone and
Interior Zone
Follows the CIE Curve
depending on Design
Speed
Decays down from 40%Lth
to Lin level
Interior Zone, Lin Stretches from Threshold Zone
to Exit Zone
Final Stretch before it
reaches Exit Zone
For Long Tunnel with
Heavy Traffic, between 6
to 10 cd/sqm
Exit Zone, Lex Last Part of Tunnel approaching
outside brightness
Minimum of 20m before
end Portal
5 x Lin level
Parting Zone Part of Open Road after exiting At least 2 x SD Daytime Brightest

VIII. CALCULATION OF LTH using the L20 Method
LTH = k · L20
Where:
L20 – Access Zone Luminance, cd/sqm γ - % of sky in the 20° field
Lc - luminance of the sky, cd/sqm ρ - % of road reflectance
Lr - luminance of the road, cd/sqm ε - % of surroundings
Le - luminance of the surroundings K - ratio of Lth & L20 per speed
Note: If no L values of the surroundings are available, the data for Lc, Lr and Le
(expressed in Kcd/m²) are given in Table 6.2.3.
L20 = γ · Lc + ρ · Lr + ε · Le

Since East to West direction, therefore:
Lc = 12 Kcd/sqm
Lr = 4 Kcd/sqm
Le = 2 Kcd/sqm, no buildings, snow, meadows
L20 = γ · Lc + ρ · Lr + ε · Le

For a Stopping Distance of 100m,
γ = 14% or 0.14
While
ρ = 0.50, percentage of road
ε = 0.20, percentage of wall
L20 = γ · Lc + ρ · Lr + ε · Le

L20 = (0.14 x 12) + (0.50 x 4) + (0.20 x 2) Kcd/sqm
L20 = 1.68 + 2.0 + 0.40 Kcd/sqm
L20 = 4.08 Kcd/sqm
LTH = 0.06 x 4.08
LTH = 0.2448 Kcd/m²
LTH = 244.8 cd/m²
Lets just say
LTH = 245 cd/m²
L20 = γ · Lc + ρ · Lr + ε · Le
LTH = k · L20

IX. APPROACH 1
Since LTH = 245 cd/m², therefore 50% LTH = 122.50 cd/m²
Approach 1
(north/south)
Lave>
122.5 cd/m²
DAYTIME
Lave>
4 cd/m²
NIGHTIME
Eave>10 lux,
Emin>2 lux
EMERGENCY/
MAINS FAILURE
u0>
0.40
uL
>0.60
A 13.881 m Underpass PASSED* PASSED* PASSED* PASSED* PASSED*
X 23.629 m GAP PASSED* PASSED* PASSED* PASSED* PASSED*
B 75.375 m Underpass PASSED* PASSED* PASSED* PASSED* PASSED*
Y 18.262 m GAP PASSED* PASSED* PASSED* PASSED* PASSED*
C 13.882 m Underpass PASSED* PASSED* PASSED* PASSED* PASSED*
A & X shall be treated as Access Zone
B shall be treated as Underpass/Short Tunnel (with beginning, middle & end)
Y & Z shall be treated as Parting Zone
* Results after DIALux lighting calculation.

IX. APPROACH 2
Since LTH = 245 cd/m²
ZONE Lave Target Distance from
Portal
Lth 1 245 cd/sqm 50.00 m
Lth 2a 196 cd/sqm 66.67 m
Lth 2b 147 cd/sqm 83.33 m
Lth 2c 98 cd/sqm 100.0 m
We go first to Interior Zone, where:
Using Interpolation, we can get Lint for
SD of 100m
Therefore, Lint will be:
7.6 cd/m²
GOAL: To define the curve from Threshold to Interior

IX. APPROACH 2
Since Lint will be 7.60 cd/m², we can now determine Lexit
Lexit = 5 x Lint
Lexit = 38 cd/m²,
Also Exit Zone should be 20m long
In review,
Threshold
Zone
Transition
Zone
Interior
Zone
Exit Zone
100m 20m
If Total Length is 145m, and if Threshold Zone
and Exit Zone are already 120m, the rest of
the length will be for Transition and
Interior Zone

IX. APPROACH 2
Now by using
the CIE Tunnel
Curve based on
speed, we will
find the
Luminance
decay for
Transition zone
The remaining
25m will be for
transition zone
and there will
be no Interior
Zone for this
Tunnel.

IX. APPROACH 2
As a summary, please find the CIE Tunnel Curve for Sharoura Tunnel (DAYTIME)
Zone Distance
from Portal,
m
Luminance,
cd/sqm
Threshold 1 50.00 245
Threshold 2a 66.67 196
Threshold 2b 83.33 147
Threshold 2c 100.0 98
Transition 1 112.5 73.5
Transition 2 125 49
Interior NA 7.6
Exit 145 38

EXERCISE
What will be if the Tunnel is 500m long?
Zone Distance from
Portal, m
Luminance,
cd/sqm
Threshold 1 50.00 245
Threshold 2a 66.67 196
Threshold 2b 83.33 147
Threshold 2c 100.0 98
Transition 1 122 89.8
Zone Distance from
Portal, m
Luminance,
cd/sqm
Transition 5 210 57
Transition 10 320 16
Interior 480 7.6
Exit 500 38

EXERCISE
What will be if the Tunnel is 500m long?

NIGHT TIME & EMERGENCY
NIGHT TIME TARGET
L ave > 4 cd/sqm
u0 > 0.40
uL > 0.70
TI > 10
SR < 0.50
EMERGENCY/
MAINS FAILURE
E ave 10 lux
E min 2 lux
Duration < 1.5 hours
Required Emergency Exits both
sides every 50m
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS:
Wall Illuminance, Lux
Ratio of Lux Level of Wall up to 2m high to the
Lux Level of adjacent Ground
60%

Tunnel & Underpass Lighting based on CIE 88: 2004

Tunnel & Underpass Lighting based on CIE 88: 2004

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