This document provides information about nuclear reactors through a presentation with 32 slides. It begins with introducing the basic structure and layout of a nuclear power plant. It then discusses the benefits of nuclear power and how a plant works by using uranium fuel to produce heat through nuclear fission. The presentation explains where the energy comes from during fission and includes diagrams of key reactor components like the core, moderator, and shielding. It also classifies different types of reactors and describes several basic reactor systems in more detail like pressurized water reactors and boiling water reactors.
8. How a Nuclear Power Plant
Works: Fuel
Uranium-238 atoms are split apart in a process called
nuclear fission.
As more and more atoms split inside the reactor, a large
amount of heat is produced.
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11. Where Does the Energy Come From?:
When an 235U atom fissions:-
235U + 1 neutron 2 neutrons + 92Kr + 142Ba + ENERGY
The mass seems to be the same on both sides of the
reaction:
235 + 1 = 2 + 92 + 142 = 236
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12. IT SEEMS THAT NO MASS IS CONVERTED INTO
ENERGY. HOWEVER, THIS IS NOT ENTIRELY
CORRECT. THE MASS OF AN ATOM IS MORE THAN
THE SUM OF THE INDIVIDUAL MASSES OF ITS
PROTONS AND NEUTRONS, WHICH IS WHAT THOSE
NUMBERS REPRESENT. EXTRA MASS IS A RESULT OF
THE BINDING ENERGY THAT HOLDS THE PROTONS
AND NEUTRONS OF THE NUCLEUS TOGETHER. THUS,
WHEN THE URANIUM ATOM IS SPLIT, SOME OF THE
ENERGY THAT HELD IT TOGETHER IS RELEASED AS
RADIATION IN THE FORM OF HEAT. BECAUSE
ENERGY AND MASS ARE ONE AND THE SAME, THE
ENERGY RELEASED IS ALSO MASS RELEASED.
THEREFORE, THE TOTAL MASS DOES DECREASE A
TINY BIT DURING THE REACTION.
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13. MAIN PART OF NUCLEAR REACTOR AND
REACTOR CONTROL
CORE
FULE RODS
Control Rods
MODERATOR
Coolant OUT
Coolant IN
STEAM
TO
STEAM
TURBINE
RADIATION SHIELDREFLECTOR
HEAT
EXCHANGER OR
STEAM
GENERATOR
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14. Containment Vessel
1.5-inch thick steel
Shield Building Wall
3-foot thick reinforced concrete
Dry Well Wall
5-foot thick reinforced concrete
Bio Shield
4-foot thick leaded concrete with
1.5-inch thick steel lining inside and
out
Reactor Vessel
4- to 8-inches thick steel
Reactor Fuel
Weir Wall
1.5-foot thick concrete
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15. Multiple Layers to Safety
45 inch steel-reinforced concrete
1/4 inch steel liner
36 inch concrete shielding
8 inch steel reactor vessel
nuclear fuel assemblies
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16. MAIN COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
FUEL
MODERATOR
REFLECTOR
COOLANT
CONTROL RODS
SHIELDING28 June 2014 16
17. FUEL:-
THE FUEL WHICH USUALLY USED IS
NATURAL U-235. IT IS USED IN THE
FORM OF RODS AND MODERATOR
SURROUNDS IT.
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18. MODERATOR:-
THE FUNCTION OF MODERATOR IS TO
REDUCE THE ENERGY OF NEUTRON
EVOLVED DURING FISSION INORDER TO
MAINTAIN THE CHAIN REACTION.IT
ALSO REDUCES THE QUANTITY OF FUEL
REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN THE CHAIN
REACTION.
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19. REFLECTOR:-
DURING THE CHAIN REACTION SOME
NEUTORN WHICH ESCAPE FROM THE
SURFACE OF THE CORE WITHOUT
TAKING PART IN THE FISSION ARE
REFLECTED BACK INTO THE CORE TO
TAKE PART IN THE FISSION REACTION.
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20. COOLANT:-
THE PURPOSE OF THE COOLANT IS TO
TRANSFER THE GENERATED HEAT TO
GENERATE THE STEAM. THE COOLENT IS
CIRCULATED IN THE REACTOR AND
KEEPS AND KEEPS THE TEMPRATURE OF
THE TEMPRATURE BELOW THE SAFE
LEVEL BY CONTINEOUS REMOVAL OF
ENERGY FROM THE CORE.
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21. CONTROL RODS:-
THE CONTROLS RODS HELPS TO VARY
THE OUTPUT ACCORDING TO THE LOAD
AND SHUT DOWN THE REACTOR UNDER
EMERGENCY CONDITIONS. BY
ABSORBING MORE NUMBER OF
NEUTRONS THAN EMITTED AND THE
FISSION REACTION DIES OUT.
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22. SHIELDING:-
THE REACTOR IS THE SOURES OF
INTENSE RDIO-ACTIVITY AND THESE
RADIATION ARE VERY HARMFUL TO THE
HUMAN LIFE. TO PREVENT THAT A THICK
CONCRETE LINING OUTSIDE AND THIN
STEEL LINING IS PROVIDED TO AVOID
THE ESCAPE OF RADIATIONS TO THE
ATMOSPHERE.
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23. CLASSIFICATION OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
On The Basis Of Neutron Energy
IN THERMAL REACTOR / neutron energy ( 0.03 ev)
IN FAST REACTOR / neutron energy (1000 ev)
IN INTERMEDIATE REACTOR / ( in b/w )
On The Basis Of Fuel
One of the material can be use
U-233 , U-235 , PU-239
On The Basis Of Type Of Coolant Used
GAS (CO2, H2)
LIGHT WATER
HEAVY WATER
LIQUID METALHYDRO CARBON
HYDROCARBON
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24. On The Basis Of Moderator Used
Light Water
Heavy water
Graphite
Organics
On The Basis of Type of Fuel Enrichment
Natural Fuel
Enriched Fuel
On The Basis of Geometry of Fuel Moderator
Arrangement
Homogeneous( fuel is homogeneously dispersed in the
moderator)
Heterogeneous( fuel in the form of rod or plates in the
matrices of moderator)
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25. On The Basis Of Their Applications, Function
And Construction
Research teaching and material testing reactor
Plutonium production reactor which produce fissile
material from fertile material or produce isotopes
Power reactors
Stationary power plant
Center station power reactor
Package reactor for easy mobility, specially for
defense purpose
Mobile reactor , Naval reactor , merchant ship
reactor
Space reactor which are used in space craft
Food irradiation reactor
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26. BASIC REACTOR SYSTEM
Pressurized water reactor
Boiling water reactor
Sodium graphite reactor
Fast breeder reactor
Homogeneous reactor
Organic cooled and moderator reactor
Gas cooled reactor
High temperature gas cooled reactor
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