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1. 1
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
(I)
m
KIDNEY FUNCTION &
PYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY
Mohammed Abdel Gawad

2. OBJECTIVES
2
 Introduction
 Functions of the kidney
 Physiological anatomy of the kidney
 Nephron & its types
 Renal circulation & renal blood flow
 Nervous supply of the kidney

3. INTRODUCTION – THE KIDNEY
3
 A retroperitoneal organ
 T11-L3
 Normal size: 11-15cm
in adults.
 Right kidney usually
shorter than the left
(upper limit of variation
in length between right
& left 1.5 cm)

4. FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY
4
 1- Execratory function:
 a. metabolites
 b. drugs
 c. toxins
 2- Homeostatic function:
 a. Maintenance of water balance.
 b. Maintenance of electrolyte balance.
 c. Maintenance of acid-base balance.
 3- Endocrine (hormonal) secretory function:
 a) Renin by the juxtaglomerular cells (JG)
 b) Erythropoietin hormone by endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries of renal
cortex
 c) Prostaglandins.
 4- Endocrine (hormonal) metabolic function:
 The kidney converts vitamin D3 → active 1,25­dihydroxycholecalciferol by
alpha one hydroxylase enzyme in cells of PCT under effect of PTH.

5. PHYSIOLOGIC ANATOMY
5
OF THE KIDNEY

6. NEPHRON
(Renal malpighian corpuscle & Renal tubules)
6

7. NEPHRON
(Renal malpighian corpuscle)
7

8. NEPHRON
(Renal malpighian corpuscle)
8

9. TYPES OF NEPHRON
9

10. TYPES OF NEPHRON
10
(85-90%)
(10-15%)

11. RENAL CIRCULATION
11
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12. RENAL CIRCULATION
12

13. RENAL CIRCULATION

14. KIDNEYS BLOOD FLOW RATE
14
 - One fourth (25%) of the cardiac output
passes into the kidney/minute (1300 ml
blood/minute).
 - The high renal blood flow does not reflect a
high O2 consumption (kidneys utilize 8% of the
total O2 consumption of the body).
 - This high blood flow is related to the
homeostatic function of the kidney → allows a
high rate of glomerular filtration

15. NERVE SUPPLY
15
 The renal blood vessels are supplied by
splanchnic nerves, vasoconstrictors → renal
blood is reduced in stress condition due to
sympathetic stimulation → blood is shifted
to vital organs
 The kidney also receives input from the
parasympathetic nervous system, by way of
the renal branches of Vagus nerve (Cranial
nerve X), the function of this is yet unclear.
 Sensory input from the kidney travels to the
T10-11 levels of the spinal cord and is
sensed in the corresponding dermatome.
Thus, pain in the flank region may be
referred from corresponding kidney

16. 16
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17. 17
Gawad