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GM Crop Biosafety Issues
- 1. BIOSAFETY ISSUES RELATED TO GM CROPS Presented by Monika Hajong Ph.D Scholar CPGS, CAU, UMIAM.
- 2. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) GMOs are organisms (microbe, plant or animal) produced by gene transfer techniques. This technology is called ‘gene technology’, or ‘rDNA technology’ or ‘genetic engineering’ and the resulting organism is ‘genetically modified’, ‘genetically engineered’ or ‘transgenic’. Major producers of transgenic crops - USA, Argentina, Brazil, India, Canada, China, Paraguay, South Africa. Bt cotton is grown in six states, i.e., Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
- 3. Brief History of GM Crops Years Pioneer workers Discovery 1972 Paul Berg First rDNA molecule (DNA from a monkey virus with that of the lambda virus) 1973 Herbert Boyer & Stanley Cohen First genetically modified organism (GMO) 1973 Rudolf Jaenisch Transgenic mouse by introducing foreign DNA into its embryo (world’s first transgenic animal) 1978 Genentech Announced the production of genetically engineered human insulin. 1983 Michael W. Bevan, Richard B. Flavell & Mary-Dell Chilton. First GE plant (Tobacco-Agrobacterium transformed with an antibiotic resistance gene - tissue culture techniques) 1987 Insect-resistant (tobacco) plants by incorporating genes that produced insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis 1992 China was the first country to commercialize transgenic plants, introducing a virus-resistant tobacco. 2000 Ingo Potrykus Vitamin A-enriched golden rice - first plant developed with increased nutrient value
- 4. Years Discovery 1990 Virus resistant papaya developed in response to a Papaya ringspot virus (PRV) 1994 Calgene approved for commercial release of Flavr Savr tomato (first GM food) 1994 E. U. approved tobacco engineered resistant to herbicide bromoxynil, (first GE crop commercialized in Europe) 1995 Insect resistant Potato approved for release in USA 1996 Approval granted to commercially grow 8 transgenic crops and one flower crop (carnation) in 6 countries plus the EU. 2002 Commercial cultivation of Bt cotton (Cry1Ac) - first transgenic crop in the country was approved by GOI (MECH-12, MECH-162 & MECH-184)-MAHYCO). 2005 Golden Rice 2 India - area under GM crops were 11.0 million hectares (Cotton) in 2013
- 5. BIOTECH CONSORTIUM INDIA LIMITED, NEW DELHI: Transgenic crops approved for commercial use Crop Uses Countries Argentine canola Herbicide tolerance & improved protection against weeds Canada, Us, Japan, Australia Carnation Increased shelf life by delayed ripening, modified flower colour & herbicide tolerance Australia, European Union Chicory Herbicide tolerance, improved protection against weeds & higher yields EU Cotton Improved insect protection, herbicide tolerance & improved protection against weeds Japan, Australia, US, China, Mexico, South Africa, Argentina, India, Indonesia. Flax Herbicide tolerance, antibiotic resistance & improved weed protection Canada, US Green pepper Virus resistance China Maize Herbicide tolerance, improved weed protection, resistance against insects & restored fertility of seeds. Canada, Japan, US, Argentina, EU, South Africa, Philippines Melon Delayed ripening Polish Canola Herbicide tolerance & improved weed control Canada Potato Improved protection from insect &leaf roll virus US, Canada Rice Herbicide resistance US Soybean Improved weed control & herbicide tolerance, increased cooking quality US, Argentina, Japan, Canada, Uruguay, Mexico, Brazil and South Africa Squash Resistance against watermelon mosaic virus & zucchini yellow mosaic virus US Sugar beet Herbicide tolerance US, Canada Sunflower Herbicide tolerance Canada Tobacco Herbicide tolerance US Tomato Improved shelf life, taste, colour & texture, improved insect resistance, virus resistance US, Mexico, Japan, China Source: http://www.agbios.com/
- 6. Bt cotton hybrids approved for commercial cultivation in India Zone Company Hybrid North Mahyco, Mumbai Rasi seeds, Attur, Tamil Nadu Ankur seeds, Nagpur Naziveedu seeds, Hyderabad J.K. Agri seeds, Hyderabad Nath seeds, Aurangabad MRC-6304, MRC-6026, MRC-6029 RCH-134, RCH-317, RCH-308, RCH-314 Ankur-2534 NCS-913, NCS-138 JKCH-1947 NCEH-6R North and Central Mahyco, Mumbai Ankur seeds, Nagpur MRC-6301 Ankur-661 Central Rasi seeds, Attur, Tamil Nadu Ankur seeds, Nagpur Mahyco, Mumbai, Ajeet seeds, Aurangabad Krishidhan seeds, Jalna RCH-144, RCH-138, RCH-118 Ankur-09 MRC-7301, BGII and MRC-7326BGII ACH-11-2BGII KDCHH-441 BGII Central and South Mahyco, Mumbai, Rasi seeds, Attur, Tamil Nadu Naziveedu seeds, Hyderabad MECH-12, MECH-162, MECH-184 RCH-2 NCS-145 Bunny, NCH-207 Mallika South Mahyco, Mumbai, Rasi seeds, Attur, Tamil Nadu Ganga Kaveri, Hyderabad Emergent seeds Ltd., Hyderabad Naziveedu seeds, Hyderabad Nath seeds, Aurangabad J.K. Agri sedds, Hyderabad Ajeet seeds, Aurangabad Prabhat Seeds Ltd., Hyderabad MRC-6322, MRC-6918, MRC-7351 BGII, MRC-720BGII, MRC- 7347BGII RCH-20, RCH-368, RCH-111 BGI, RCH-371BGI, RCH-708 BG1 G-209, GK-207 Brahma Bt, NCS-913 NCEH-3R JK-Durga, JKCH-99 ACH-33-1Bt PCH-2270 KDCHH-9632, VICH5 Source: DBT, Govt. of India
- 7. Transgenic crops developed in public sector in regulatory field trials Crop Organization Trait Brinjal IARI, New Delhi Insect Resistance Castor Directorate of Oilseeds Research (DOR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad Insect Resistance Sorghum National Research Centre for Sorghum (NRCS),Hyderbad Insect Resistance Groundnut ICRISAT, Hyderabad Fungal disease resistance Potato Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Shimla Leaf blight disease resistance Rice IARI, New Delhi Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Mahyco, Mumbai Fungal diseases resistance and drought tolerance Tomato IARI, New Delhi Virus disease resistance
- 9. Source: International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (http://www.isaaa.org)
- 10. Why Bio-safety Concerns ? Due to Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the development of GMOs there have been conflicting reports on the benefits of GMOs, risks, apprehensions, environmental concerns and social concerns for the release of GMOs. Transgenic crop contains a gene or genes of a different species artificially inserted in its genome, which may come from an unrelated plant or from a completed different species.
- 11. A. Bio-safety of human and animal health 1. Safety of source organism and genes a. safety of inserted DNA (danger from eating of foreign DNA in GM foods) c. safety of antibiotic resistance marker [selectable markers – neomycin phosphotransferase (npt II) and Hygromycin (hpt). - reduce the effectiveness of antibiotic to fight disease when these antibiotics are taken with the meal 2. Safety issue of newly developed product a. potential for toxicity and allergenicity c. changes in nutritional level Major Concerns Of GM food & GM crops -
- 12. Toxic and allergenic effects of some compounds. Compounds Role in plant defense Toxic effects Allergenicity Lectins Fungus and insect resistance Weight loss and hyper growth of small intestine in rats Allergenic Proteinase inhibitors Insect resistance Pancreas enlargement, hyperplasia and adenoma Allergenic Thionins Antifungal Toxic on intravenous injection, nontoxic orally - Phytoalexins Fungus and insect resistance Toxicity problem - Virus coat protein Virus resistance Toxicity not reported - Cry protein (Starlink corn), 2002 Insect resistance - Allergenic
- 13. B. Labeling of GM and non GM Food With concerns among the public, keeping GM and non GM products separately with appropriate labeling, also through colour codes for illiterate people.
- 14. C. Ecological concerns 1. Creation of weediness: Gene flow due to cross pollination for the traits involving resistance can result in development of tolerant/resistant weeds that are difficult to eradicate. 2. Effect on Biodiversity: GM crops could lead to erosion of biodiversity and 'pollute' gene pools of endangered plant species. Genetic erosion has occurred as the farmers have replaced the use of traditional varieties with monocultures.
- 15. D. Environmental Concerns Effect of transgenic plants on population dynamics of target and non target pests Secondary pest problems Insect sensitivity Evolution of new insect biotypes Environmental influence on gene expression Development of resistance in insect population Development of resistance to herbicide
- 16. Gene Escape into the Environment Accidental cross breeding between GMO plants and traditional varieties through pollen transfer can contaminate the traditional local varieties with GMO genes resulting in the loss of traditional varieties of the farmers. Transgenic herbicide-tolerant rapeseed (Brassica napus) in the UK, showed that the gene flow rates through cross pollination ranged between 0.0156% and 0.0038% at 200 m and 400 m, respectively.
- 17. E. Public Attitude Consumer response depends on perceptions about risks and benefits of genetically modified foods. In order to maximize the trust, it is essential that relevant and reliable information about the genetically modified food is communicated to the consumers and stake holders. The media, individuals, scientists and administrators, politicians and NGO have the responsibility to educate the people about the benefits of GM foods.
- 18. F. Socio economic and ethical consideration Potential benefits to the consumers and farmers Due to increasing seed market, the developing countries may get dependent on few suppliers. GURT: Genetic Use Restriction Technologies. India has totally banned the use of GURT in plant variety for registration under PPV & FRA, 2001.
- 19. Regulatory Mechanism: Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) are two apex regulatory bodies. Rules have been notified by MoEF in 1989 under Environmental Protection Act, 1986 (EPA). Guidelines for safety have been issued by the DBT in 1990 covering research in biotechnology, field trials and commercial applications.
- 20. Presently, there are six competent authorities for implementation of regulations and guidelines in the country: i. Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RDAC) ii. Review Committee of Genetic Manipulation (RCGM) iii. Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC), (apex bodies) iv. Institutional Biosafety Committees (IBSC) attached to every organization engaged in rDNA research v. State Biosafety Coordination Committees (SBCC) and vi. District Level Committees (DLC)
- 21. Bio-safety and Cartagena Protocol: The Cartagena Protocol on Bio-safety is the first international regulatory framework for bio-safety, negotiated under the aegis of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The Protocol was adopted on 29th January 2000 and entered into force from September 11, 2003.
- 22. What happens when GM foods are traded internationally? Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex) - FAO/WHO intergovernmental body responsible for developing the standards, codes of practice, guidelines and recommendations that constitute the Codex Alimentarius, meaning the international food code. Codex developed principles for the human health risk analysis of GM foods in 2003.
- 23. Conclusions GMOs are emerging as very important tools to solve several current problems; however bio-safety is an equally important concern. Bio-safety is important not only from the safe product development point of view but also for safe utilization of the technology. No technology is 100% risk free.