Plumbing training

Plumbing System
Water Supply and drainage Systems
– Plumbing System, Water Supply, Drainage: Standards,
Codes, Calculation.
Prepared By: Monzer Salahdine

Introduction
Plumbing System:
A. Water Supply System(cold, hot & gray water).
B. Drainage(soil, waste, vent & storm drain).
C. Medical Gas System.
D. LPG system.

Codes & Standards
Codes, Standards & Authorities:
 IPC (International Plumbing Code).
 UPC (Uniform Plumbing Code).
 ASPE (American Society Of Plumbing Engineers).
 NPC (National Plumbing Code).
 IBC (International Building Code).
 HTM 02-01(Health Technical Memorandum –
Medical Gas pipeline Systems – UK).
 NHS (National Health Service – UK).
 NFPA99 (Health Care Facilities Code).
 SBC (Saudi building code - 501_Mechanical).
 NWC ( National Water Company – Saudi Arabia).
 DEWA, ADWEA (Dubai & Abu Dhabi Electricity & water Authorities).

Water Sources
Main Water Sources:
 Rain ( Evaporation & condensation).
 Surface Source (Lakes, Rivers..).
 Ground Source (Springs, Well, Infiltration
Wells).

A- Water Supply System
Water Supply System:
 Cold Water.
 Hot Water, hot water Return, Tempered Water.
 Gray Water.
 Irrigation Water.
 Treated Water(Softener , RODI Machines).

Water Distribution:
A. External water Distribution ( infra –
structure) from storage Reservoirs, dams,
wells, treatment water from rivers & sea.
B. Internal water distribution inside the
buildings, villas…

Pumps
Pumps can be classified further
As ( Centrifugal, Axial, Self Priming)
 end suction pumps
 in-line pumps
 double suction pumps
 vertical multistage pumps
 horizontal multistage pumps
 submersible pumps
 self-priming pumps
 axial-flow pumps AFP.
 regenerative pumps
 Booster Pumps.
 Lifting Pumps.
 Transfer Pumps.
 Circulation Pumps.

Pipes
 UPVC Pipes – cold water
( Sch 40 , Sch 80, Class E, Class 5).
 CPVC Pipes – hot water
 HDPE Pipes – cold water.
 PPR Pipes – cold & hot water.
(PN10, PN16).
 Copper Pipes – cold & hot water
( type K, L & M).
 PEX Pipes – cold & hot water.
(Size 16 & 22 mm, PN16).
 Stainless steel & GI pipes – Cold &
hot water.

Pipes
 UPVC Pipes – cold water
 CPVC Pipes – hot water
 HDPE Pipes – cold water.
 PPR Pipes – cold & hot water.
(PN10, PN16, PN25, PN40).
 Copper Pipes – cold & hot water
( type K, L & M).
 PEX Pipes – cold & hot water.
(Size 16 & 22 mm, PN16 & PN25).
 Stainless steel & GI pipes – Cold &
hot water.

Water Supply Pipes – Application & Jointing:
Materials Application Jointing Remarks
UPVC Pipe – CLASS 5 Cold Water Lines Solvent Cement
CPVC Pipe – CLASS 5 Cold & Hot Water Lines Solvent Cement
HDPE Pipe Cold Water – Irrigation &
VRD Pipes
Welded
PPR Pipe – PN16-25 -40 Cold & Hot Water Lines Welded
Copper Pipe – Type L, K
& M.
Cold & Hot Water Lines Brazing
PEX Pipe – PN16 - 25 Cold & Hot Water Line Up to
22 mm
Push-fit ring seal and
compression fittings
Stainless Steel Pipe
SCH 40-80
Cold & Hot Water Lines Treading and Welding
- MIG
GI Pipe – SCH 40 -80 Cold & Hot Water Lines Treading and Welding
- MIG

Valves & Accessories:
 Gate Valve.
 Ball Valve.
 Angle Valve.
 Butterfly Valve.
 Globe Valve.
 DRV( Double Regulating Valve).

Valves & Accessories:
 Check Valve & Strainers.
 Double check backflow preventer.
 PRV ( Pressure Regulating Valve).
 Flow Meter.
 Water Hummer arrestor.
 Mixing Valve

Sanitary Fixtures &
Equipment:
 WC ( Water Closet).
 Bidet.
 Urinal.
 Hand Spray.
 Wash basin.
 Bathtub.
 Jacuzzi Bathtub.
 Shower.
 Sink.
 Janitor Sink.
 Dish washer.
 Wash machine.
 Kitchen equipment, Fridge –
Freezer – Ice Maker.
 Steam Machine, Swimming Pool.

Sanitary Fixtures &
Equipment:

Water Tanks:
 GRP tank (Glass fiber reinforced plastics).
 PE tank( Polyethylene).
 Concrete Tank.
 Black Steel Tank.
 Stainless Steel Tank.

Elevated Water Tanks:
 Concrete water tank, elevated to create pressure
for distribution without using booster pumps.

Elevated Water Tanks:

Schematic:

Calculation - Introduction
 Steps of calculation as below:
1. Water supply fixture unit (WSFU).
2. Water flow – water demand.
3. Pipes Size.
4. Pressure calculation - Pressure Demand, pressure drop.
5. Water consumption.
6. Water tank capacity.
7. Transfer pump.
 Taking in consideration the below:
1. Pressure demand in outlet: 1.4 bars to 1.8 bars ( Some special showers head required 2.4 bars!).
2. Velocity of water inside pipes: 5 ft/sec to 8 ft/sec ( risers up to 2.5 m/s).

Sanitary Fixture
Quantities and
WSFU
Water Flow
Water Demand
Pipes Sizing
Pressure Drop
Pressure Demand
Pumps Selection

 Water Supply Fixtures Unit( WSFU): Designate the Relative WEIGHT of different
fixture units.
The Water Supply Fixture Units - WFSU - are used to determine the water demand in water supply
systems. One WFSU for a single unit corresponds to one GPM.
1 WSFU = 1 GPM
This conversion can only be used for one or a few fixtures. When the total amount for many fixtures
are added up, the number must be compensated due to the intermittent use of the fixtures. This is
normal taken care of in the tables available for sizing supply pipe lines.
NOTE:
In case there is flush valve: separate line must be considered and table of demand have a deferent values.
 Refer to International Plumbing Code(IPC) APPENDEX E ( Sizing Of Water Piping
System):

Calculation – WSFU:

Calculation – WATER DEMAND:

Calculation – WATER DEMAND – intermediate value:
Calculation – WATER DEMAND – intermediate value:
F( c ) = [[F( b ) – F( a )] * (c-a)] / ( b – a) + F ( a ).
Example – WATER DEMAND – intermediate value:
SWFU = 4281
Water Demand = [[593 -525] * (4281 -4000)] / ( 5000 -4000) + 525 = 544 GPM

Calculation – Minimum sizes of fixture
Water supply pipes:

Calculation – WATER DEMAND – table - Example:
FIXTURES (POTABLE)
FIXTURES NO WSFU TOTAL
EWC-1 0 2.5 0
EWC-2 22 5 110
EWC-3 0 2.5 0
WC-1 0 2.5 0
WC-2 4 5 20
WC-3 2 2.5 5
SHO-1 0 2 0
SHO-2 7 2 14
LAV-1 8 1 8
LAV-2 26 1 26
WM 3 4 12
PS 20 1 20
AF 2 3 6
SF 8 2 16
KS-1 1 1.5 1.5
KS-2 6 1.5 9
JS-1 0 1.5 0
JS-2 2 3 6
DWF 8 1 8
HB 2 1 2
T O T A L 263.5
FLOOR/BLDG F I X T U R E S
POTABLE
EWC-1 EWC-2 EWC-3 WC-1 WC-2 WC-3 SHO-1 SHO-2 LAV-1 LAV-2 WM/DW PS AF SF KS-1 KS-2 JS-1 JS-2 DWF HB FD SUB-TOTAL
GROUND 0 12 0 0 1 0 0 5 5 10 1 5 0 8 0 3 0 0 8 0 6 64
FIRST 0 4 0 0 3 2 0 0 2 8 0 9 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 8 38
ROOF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
SECOND 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 2 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 3 16
THIRD 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 16
FOURTH 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T O T A L 0 22 0 0 4 2 0 7 8 26 3 20 2 8 1 6 0 2 8 2 20 141

Calculation – WATER DEMAND – table - Example:
POTABLE BIB TAB W.C HAND SP BIDET laundry WB SINK BT SH STEAM M FU/ FLOOR
BAS 3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
BAS 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
BAS1 3 8 8 0 0 10 6 0 0 0 78.5
G.F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F.F 0 22 22 0 22 22 22 0 22 0 297
2nd 1 10 10 3 3 10 3 3 4 0 101.5
3rd 1 10 10 3 3 10 3 3 4 0 101.5
4th typ 1 13 13 4 4 13 4 4 5 0 132
31 floor 0 4 4 0 2 4 2 0 2 0 40
mech floor 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
roof floor 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
ATP 2A 0 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 30.5
APT 3A 0 4 4 1 1 4 1 1 2 0 39
APT 2B 0 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 30.5
APT 2C 0 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 30.5
POOL SERVICE 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 18
HEALTH CLUB 0 4 4 0 0 4 0 0 2 1 45
T / FIXTURE 58 409 409 114 138 411 144 114 169 2 4281.5
UFU/ FIXTURE 1.5 3 1.5 2 2 2 3 2 2 15
TFU / FIXTURE 87 1227 613.5 228 276 822 432 228 338 30

Calculation – Friction Loss, Pressure Drop, Pressure Demand, Static Head:
 Pressure Demand: Pressure Required in the
sanitary fixture- outlet(between 1.4 bars to 1.85 bars).
 Pressure Drop: the difference in pressure between
Two points in the system, caused by resistance in flow,
Pressure loss across valves, fittings , special sanitary
outlets( temperature control shower, flush meter tank
Water closet- 8 psi).
 Static Head: the pressure from static head is the
force exerted in all directions onto its container from
the weight of the water above. Knowing the required
static head is useful when selecting pumps to lift water
to specific heights..

Pressure Demand per fixture unit:

Calculation – Pressure Drop – valves & Fittings:

Calculation – Pressure Drop – Valves & Fittings:

Calculation – Pressure Drop - Pipes – total equivalent length:

Calculation – Pressure Drop - Pipes – total equivalent length:
 HAZEN – WILLIAMS Chart- following their equation:
 Different charts available –
depend on roughness of pipes
(copper – smooth)
(PVC – Fairy smooth)
(Steel - rough and fairy rough)
 Velocity between 5 to 8 ft/sec.

Pressure calculation - Example.
TECHNICAL CALCULATION SHEET
Project: EXAMPLE Dwg. #:
SUBJECT PLUMBING (Booster PUMPS) Page-1 Rev.: 0
Title: Hydraulic Calculations Date: 23 Nov 2015
Item
Section
Particular Equivalent Length Of Pipe, Fittings & Valves Head Loss (Mtr)
(See Note Below)Pipe Flow
Velocity
(M/s)
Pipe and Fittings = (A)
Total
Valves = (B)
Total
Remarks
Type
ND
(mm)
ID
(mm)
M³/hr
L/s
Item
Pipe
90°El
45°El
Thru
T
Br.T
Red.
Other
s
Gate
Glob
e
B/fly
Ball
Chk.
(A)+
(B)
Other
s
Total
Process Pump - Supply Water From Irrigation Tank TO Process Buildings In STP
1.1 A-B
UPVC
40 41.7 5.0 1.39 1.1
Qty. 1.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
3.38 3.38
Each
(mtr)
76.0
0.8
2
0.5 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.2
Total -
mtr.
76.0 3.3 1.0 0.8 0.8 85.4 0.3 0.2 0.5
1.2 B-C
UPVC
32 36 4.0 1.11 1.1
Qty. 1.0 2 1.0 1.0 1.0
0.82 0.82
Each
(mtr)
10.0 1.1 1.6 2.4 2.4
Total -
mtr.
10.0 2.1 1.6 2.4 2.4 15
1.3
Static Head Required Pumps
to Highest point
UPVC
Qty.
10 10
Each
(mtr)
Total -
mtr.
1.4
Residual Pressure( Pressure
Demand on Outlet).
UPVC
Qty.
14 14
Each
(mtr)
Total -
mtr.
1.5 Allow 10% Safety Factor
UPVC
10
0
105.
3
6.73 1.87 0.2
Qty. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
3.66 3.66
Each
(mtr)
30.0 2.1 3.4 3.4
Total -
mtr.
30.0 2.1 3.4 3.4 38.9
Balanced Pressure Required ( M ) 41.26
Required Pressure ( Bar ) 4.126 Bar
* Note: Head loss calculation on pipes and fittings are based
on HAZEN – WILLIAMS equation as follows:
H = head loss in
pipe, M L = equivalent length, M
H = 1108.23 x (Q^1.852 / C^1.852 x Di^4.8655)
x 10^6 x L
C = Pipe constant, 120 for steel,
150 for PVC
Q = Flow in pipe, M³/hr
Di = Inside diameter of pipe
mm

Water Consumption per person per day :
The table below gives a guide to average water use based on the number of occupants:
Note:
Usually we consider 250 liters / day / person for the private villa.

Water Tank Capacity – Water Consumption per person per day:
The table below gives a guide to average water use based on the number of occupants
accumulative:

Water Tank Capacity – Water Consumption per person per day:
NWC – National Water Company.

Water Consumption per person per year per country :
The table below gives a guide to average water in world per person per year:

Transfer Pumps – Lifting water from U/G water tank to roof water tank:

Water Tank Capacity - Storage:
Water tank capacity related to water
consumption / person:
Example 1:
Flat consist of 6 peoples.
6 peoples x 135 liter / day = 810 liters / day
Storage of tank considered for 3 days:
3 days x 810 liters = 2430 liters storage
Tank size can be : 2 m x 1.5 m x 1 m.
Example 2:
Private villa of 8 peoples.
8 peoples x 250 liter / day = 2000 liters / day
Storage of tank considered for 3 days:
3 days x 2000 liters = 6000 liters storage
Under ground water tank: 2 m x 1.5 x 1m ( 3000 Liters)
Roof water tank : 2 m x 1.5 x 1m ( 3000 Liters)
where transfer pumps lift the water from under ground water tank to roof water tank

Different examples of water tank:

Different examples of water tank - Tower:

Transfer Pumps – Lifting water from U/G water tank to roof water tank:
Transfer pumps must lift the water from below to roof tank in 1 -2 hours timing;
Q = V/T.
Q: flow, m3/h.
V: Volume, m3.
T: TIME , Hour or Second.
Example 1:
Tank can be : 2 m x 1.5 m x 1 m ( 3000 Liters).
Flow of transfer pump: Q = V/T = 3 / 1 = 3 m3/h.
Where pressure related to static head and pressure
drop ( pressure demand on tank 2 m).

Expansion tank of booster pumps:
Taking in consideration the working
pressure, flow, max pressure,,,,,
PRESSURE TANK SIZE CALCULATION
Date: 01 Oct. 2014
Rev. No: 00
Project: SANG STP NON-PROCESS Code:
Building: 003 Lot: 410
1.0 PRESSURE TANKS: Unit Value
1.1 TREATED WATER BOOSTER PUMP:
1.1.1 Pressure calculation:
Maximum pressure of pump (flow =0) A bars 4.16
Gravity pressure from the tank B bars 0.00
Total maximum pressure C = A +B bars 4.16
Stopping pressure D = C - 0.5 (0.4 T0 0.5) bars 3.66
Starting pressure E = D - 2.0 ( 1 to 2) bars 1.66
1.1.2 Pressure tank sizing data:
Ave. flow of the pump: M³/hr 7.00
Ave. flow of the pump: L/min 116.67
Total average flow of the pump(+10%) 1 L/min 128.34
Starting (absolute) pressure of pump 2 = E + 1 bars 2.66
Stopping (absolute) pressure of pump 3 = D + 1 bars 4.66
Quantity of pump 4 ea 2.00
Authorized qty. of starts for each pump 5 ea 12.00
1.1.3 Calculation from data:
Nominal pressure in tank 6 = 2 - 0.50 bars 2.16
Total authorized starts from pump 7 = 5 * 4 ea 24.00
Available water volume in tank 8 = 1 / 7 * 16.5 Liters 88.23
Absolute pressure difference 9 = 3 - 2 bars 2.00
1.1.4 Calculation Results:
Total Vol. of Pressure tank required = 8 * 3 * 2 / 9 * 6 Liters 253.16
1.1.5 Adopted Capacity:
Pressure tank capacity adopted Liters 300
Quantity of pressure tank selected ea 1
Capacity per pressure tank adopted ea 300

Hot Water Supply System:
 Water heater.
Horizontal and vertical type 50 l up to 200 l.
AO Smith, Ariston, Saudi heater,,
 Hot storage tank.
Horizontal and vertical type 250 l up to 2500 l.
Electrical & heat exchanger supplied hot water from
Boilers, AO Smith, Cemline,
 Circulation Pumps.
To circulate hot water system in order to maintain
and serve and instant hot water in the taps.
 Mixing Valve.
Manual and digital, Leonard, Armstrong, Carotek
Note: Under this part we have the hot water, tempered
water and return line in case there is circulation pump.

Hot Water Supply System:

Hot Water flow and water demand:
Calculation of WSFU for hot water system same as cold water where after we can evaluate
the GPM and pipe sizing.
Calculation of capacity as below:
1.) DESIGN DATA:
TYPE OF OCCUPANCY = DETENTION
DEMAND FACTOR = 0.3
STORAGE FACTOR = 1.25
HEATING UP PERIOD, HR = 1
TEMPERATURE RISE,ºC (60ºC-16ºC) = 55
LOCATION = GROUND FLOOR (G56 )
2.) CALCULATIONS:-
FIXTURE SERVED NUMBER HOT WATER TOTAL HOT
DEMAND (L/h) WATER REQUIRED
LAV-1 4 7.6 30.4
LAV-2 6 15 90
SF 4 15 60
SHO 4 114 456
636.4
Hot water rating = 636.4 x 0.3 = 190.92 L/h
Storage capacity = 190.92 x 1.25 = 238.65 L

Introduction to Pumps Selection:
Definition of the following:
 Electrical power.
 Atmospheric Pressure.
 Bernoulli Equation.
 Vapor pressure.
 NPSH.
 Cavitation.
 System curve.
 Pump curve and selection.

Electrical Power Supply and equation with Head and Flow Of Pumps:

Electrical Power Supply and equation with Head and Flow Of Pumps:
When Pressure and
flow increase,
Electrical Power will
be increased.

Atmospheric Pressure:

Pressure, Velocity, Friction losses, Bernoulli equation:

Water – Liquid Vapor - :
Increase temperature or reducing pressure to below the liquid vapor pressure limit will
developed vapor instead of liquid water:

NPSHa ( available):

NPSHr ( Required):
NPSHa > NPSHr ( no cavitation).
NPSHa < = NPSHr ( cavitation Occur).

Example:

Water Vapor Pressure and max suction Head:

Cavitation Effect:

Effect Of cavitation On head pressure:

System Curve, Pump Curve, Selection:

B- Drainage System
Drainage System consist of the following:
 Soil Water
 Waste Water.
 Vent Pipe.
 Storm Water.

B- Drainage System
Drainage System:

B- Drainage System
P – Trap, WC , Wash basin:

B- Drainage System
P – Trap, bathtub , Shower, urinal:

B- Drainage System
Floor drain, shower drain, clean out, Channel drain
:

B- Drainage System
Kitchen Drain, Stainless steel, Basket:

B- Drainage System
Roof Drain, Roof Vent cover,

B- Drainage System
Discharge line cover, wall Mounted, Downspout
Nozzle:

B- Drainage System
Pumps
 Submersible pumps.
 Transfer pumps(STP).
 Centrifugal pumps.

B- Drainage System
Pumps
 Submersible pumps.

B- Drainage System
Pipes
 UPVC Pipes – drainage of soil,
waste, storm(Class 4), vent Pipes,
and pressurized line of submersible
pumps(Class 5).
 Metal steel pipes MS, discharge line
of submersible pumps ( sch40)
 Copper Pipes – drainage of soil,
waste( type DWV).
 Cast Iron Pipes( Sch40) – soil, waste
and kitchen pipes.
 PPFR - drainage of lab where
chemicals used( sch40).
 GRP Pipes – sewer forced line,
From lift station to Municipality line.
 Stainless steel Pipes – Grease pipes
and kitchen.

B- Drainage System
Drainage Pipes – Application & Jointing:
Materials Application Jointing Remarks
UPVC Pipe – CLASS 4 & 5 Soil, waste storm Drainage pipes
by Gravity, vent pipes – class 4
Force line – class 5
Push-fit ring with
rubber & Solvent
Cement
MS Pipe – Sch40 & Sch 80 Cold Water – Irrigation & VRD
Pipes
Flanges, Threaded,
Grooved
Copper Pipe – Type DWV Waste line drainage ( wash basin,
bathtub).
Brazing
Cast Iron Pipes Soil and waste pipes, Kitchen
Pipes.
Push-fit ring seal and
compression fittings
PPFR Pipes – sch 40 and
shc80
LAB drainage – ACID
application
Welded, fusion.
GRP Pipes – PN16, PN25 Drainage forced line Push-fit ring seal and
resin welding, GRP
flanges.
Stainless steel Pipes, 316L–
Sch40
Kitchen drain, grease drain. Treading and Welding -
MIG

B- Drainage System
1. Drainage fixture unit (DFU).
2. Pipes Size.
3. Pressure calculation - Pressure Demand, pressure drop.
4. Pumps.

B- Drainage System
 Drainage Fixtures Unit( WSFU): Designate the Relative WEIGHT of different fixture
units.
The Drainage Fixture Units - DSU - are used to determine the PIPES SIZE in drainage systems.
NOTE:
In case there is flush valve: separate line must be considered and table of demand have a deferent values.
 Refer to International Plumbing Code(IPC) APPENDEX E ( Sizing Of Water Piping
System)

B- Drainage System
Drainage Fixture Unit ( DFU):

B- Drainage System
Pipe Size / Slope / DFU:

B- Drainage System
Pipe Size / DFU - stacks:

B- Drainage System
Vent Pipes:

B- Drainage System
Sum pit vent pipe:

B- Drainage System
Manning Formula – velocity and flow in Drainage Pipe:

B- Drainage System
Sanitary Clearance:

B- Drainage System
Water Tank – Drain & Overflow :

B- Drainage System
Grease Interceptor:

B- Drainage System
Grease Interceptor capacity and selection:

B- Drainage System
STORM Drain:
Strom drain intensity in Riyadh( rainfall Rate) : 60 mm/ hour / 1 m2 ( 2.4 IN / hour) – Peak
Below is the cumulative rainfall per month in Riyadh.

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