Basic steps towards identification of filamentous fungi by cultural and morphological characteristics.

1. Identification of Fungi
By
Senthil Prabhu S.
Assistant Professor (SG)
Department of Microbiology
Dr. N.G.P. Arts and Science College
(Autonomous)
Coimbatore-48.

2. Fungi are kingdom of eukaryotic organisms.

3. Mycology : the study of fungi.
Fungi are not capable of producing their own food, so
they get their nourishment from other sources.
(Heterotrophs).
Reproduction by Sexual and Asexual manner.
Fungi have great economic and ecological
importance.
Food, Producing Enzymes, Organic acids and
antibiotics etc.
Nutrient recycle/ decomposer.

4. The organisms in kingdom fungi include
mushrooms, yeasts, molds, rusts, smuts, puffballs,
truffles, and morels.
More than 200,000 species of fungi have been
identified by Mycologists. It is estimated that more
than 1.5 million species currently exist on Earth.
They live everywhere air, water, soil, and on or in
plants and animals. Some fungi are microscopic
and other extend for more than a thousand
acres.

5. Yeast

6. Rust
Smuts

7. Puff Balls
Morels

8. Truffles
Costliest
3,000 euro
$26,000
Rs. One lakh – 2
Lakhs

9. Mushrooms
Edible:
Agaricus bisporus
Calocybe indica
(Milky Mushroom)
Poisonous :
Amanita sp.,

10. Shelf Fungi
or
Wood Rot Fungi
Eg. Pleurotus sp.,

11. Lichens
Algae + Fungi
Cyanobacteria + Ascomycota

12. Mycorrhizae

13. Molds
Filamentous fungi

15. Zygomycetes:
Sexual spore are known as Zygospore
Zygospore is formed by fusion of two similar cell.
Asexual reproduction occurs by sporangiospore
Hypahe are generally aseptated.
Examples: Rhizopus, Mucor, Basidiobolus,
Conidiobolus

17. Ascomycetes:
Sexual spores are called ascospore. Sexual spore
produced within a sac like structure called ascus.
Ascomycetes are also known as sac mycetes.
Asexual reproduction occurs by single celled or multi
celled conidia.
Hyphae are generally septated.
Examples: Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium

19. Basidiomycetes:
Sexual spore are produced externally on a basidium.
Sexual spore are known as basidiospore
Asexual reproduction occurs by budding,
fragmentation or conidia formation
They are commonly called as mushroom group
Hyphae are generally septated
Examples: Amanita, Agaricus, Pleuorotus.

21. Deuteromycetes:
No sexual stage is present
Deuteromycetes are also known as fungi imperfecti.
Asexual reproduction occurs by means of conidia.
Most of the human and animal pathogens are
present in this class.
Examples: Candida, Cryptococcus, Trichophyton,
Histoplasma, Fusarium

22. Fusarium

23. Identification of fungi by
Cultural Characteristics

26. Identification of fungal culture by
Colony Morphology
1. Texture
2.Growth Measurements
3.Center and Margin of culture
4.Sulcation
5.Exudates
6.Reverse of colony
7.Any soluble pigments

27. 1. Texture & Color
Velvety Colony Cottony Colony

28. Powdery Colony Hairy Colony

29. Granular Colony

30. 2. Colony Measurements
Average Mean of three colonies
Centimeter (cm) or Millimeter (mm)
Eg. : 3 + 2.8 + 3.1 = 8.9 /3 = 2. 96

31. 3. Center and Margin of culture
Center color
Margin color

32. ?
?

33. 4.Sulcation
Parallel grooves on colony

35. 5. Exudates on colony

36. 6. Reverse of colony
Pigments color, sulcation

37. 7. Soluble Pigments production
Soluble
pigment
(Red)

38. Color of colonies
Initial color of colony
Color after Maturation
Black, Green, Buff, Gray, Brown, Yellow, Pink, Red,
Orange, Purple etc.
Using Color identification Chart for Get exact color of
the colonies.

41. Fruiting Bodies
Fruiting Body

42. Colony characteristics on various media
Malt Extract Agar (MEA)
Corn Meal Agar (CMA)
Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)
Sabouroud Dextrose Agar (SDA)
Potato Carrot Agar (PCA)
Oat Meal Agar (OMA)
Rose Bengal Agar (RBA)
Czepek Yeast Extarct

43. Identification of fungi by
Morphology

44. Microscopic Observation
Using Stereo Microscope &
Compound Light Microscope
Lacto phenol Cotton Blue Staining (LPCB)
Slide Culture Technique

45. Morphological Structure

50. Conidiophore : a specialized hyphal branch of some fungi that produces
conidia.
Phialides : a flask-shaped projection from the vesicle/conidiophore (dilated part
of the top of conidiophore) of certain fungi. Conidiogenous cells)

51. Uniserate : Phialides directly
attached with Vesicle
Biseriate : Metulae directly attached
with vesicle & Phialides
attached to Metulae
Aspergillus sp

52. Sporangiophore : a specialized hypha bearing sporangia.
Rhizopus sp
Columella is a sterile dome shaped structure found at
the tip of a sporangiophore

53. Sterigmata are the extensions of spore bearing cells. These consist of a
filament and a slender end with spores attached at the tip. (Metulae+
Phialides)
Penicillum sp
Branches : Unbranched and Branched

54. Mycelium & Hyphae

59. Mycelium
Hyphae

60. Aseptate
Septate

63. Conidia

64. Conidia Heads
Compact Column
Loose column Head

65. Radial Head Globus Head

66. Clavate Head
Differentiate Head

67. Macroconidia : Spetate /Aseptate
Color

68. Rough Conidium Smooth Conidium
Shape : Globouse Oval

69. Conidiomata are fruiting structures (Fruiting body) produced by a fungus .
Acervuli Pycnidia
Coelomyycete
Synnemata (Hyphomycetes)
Synnemata are large, fused conidiophores which form a strand resembling a
stalk of wheat, with spores lining the outside of the structure

70. Sporodochia are small, compact, slightly raised circles
Sporotrichum

71. Size of Conidia

72. Size of Hyphae

73. Two main classes of fungi
1. Hyphomycetes
2. Coelomycetes
Hyphomycetes lack closed fruit bodies ( asexual
reproductive structures produced directly on their
substrate without any kind of enclosing tissue)
Having “Naked” Conidia
Eg : Aspergillus, Peniclllium, Mucor, Rhizopus etc.

74. Coelomycetes :
conidial fungi where the Conidia form in a growing cavity in the host's
tissue. The fruiting structures are spherical with an opening at the
apex (pycnidia) or are disc-shaped (acervuli).
Eg : Colletotrichum sp, Glomerula sp

76. Teleomorph: the sexual reproductive stage
(morph), typically a fruiting body.
Mushrooms (Basidiomycetes)
Anamorph: an asexual reproductive stage
(morph) Aspergillus
Holomorph: the whole fungus, including
anamorphs and teleomorph.
Endomyces geotrichum

77. Molecular
Identification of Fungi

78. Isolation of Genomic DNA
Selection of Primers
(Small Subunit RNA 17s & 18s ,
ITS Primers : ITS1, ITS2,ITS3, ITS4,ITS5)
PCR Amplification
Gene Sequence
BLAST (NCBI) analysis
Phylogenetic Tree Construction (Software MEGA 7)
( MEGA : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis)

81. DNA barcoding
Taxonomic method that uses a short genetic marker in an
organism's DNA to identify it as belonging to a particular
species.
-ITS is short genetic marker for fungi DNA Barcoding.
-16S rRNA gene or 16S rDNA genetic marker for
Bacteria
-RbcL and MatK for Plants.
-COI gene for Animals.

82. BOOKS

83. THANK YOU
https://senthilprabhu.blogspot.com