2 Basic Principal Of Utp Installation

Basic Principal of
UTP INSTALLATION

1

Rough-in Items

• Installation Specification/Scope of Work
• Plans/Drawings
• Schedule/Bill of Materials
• Installation Tools
• Rough-in Materials

3

Installation Specification
• Standards and Specifications
• Raceway capacity, placement and mounting
• Horizontal routing and placement
• Backbone routing and placement
• Cross-connects and terminations
• Cable Management
• Labeling
• Testing
• Documentation
4

Floorplan Drawing

5

Outlet Elevation Drawing

6

Telecommunications Closet Elevation
Drawing

7

Rack Elevation Drawing

8

Bill of Materials

Mfg. # Description Qty U/M Cost X-Cost

768597-2 4pr CAT 5, plenum 2600 L/ft $0.39 $1014.00

24 port, CAT 5
567409-1 2 EA $250.00 $500.00
Patch Panel

110, CAT 5 48
675675-9 EA $5.00 $240.00
Universal Jack
237898-1 Zipcord M/M Fiber 2000 L/ft $0.90 $1800.00

450989-1 SC Connector 60 EA $7.50 $450.00

9

Wall Mount Outlet Box

10

Surface Mount Outlet Box

11

Raised/Access Floor Mount Box

12

Consolidation Point

13

Multi-User Outlet

14

Rack Spacing & Clearances

32”/
80cm

Rear Rear
6”/
15cm
Front Front

32”/
36”/
80cm
1m

Live Equipment

15

Rack Units (U’s)

2U

1U
1.75”
(4.5cm)

3U

16

Over Hanging Cable Tray (Enclosed) #01

22

Over Hanging Cable Tray (Enclosed) #02

Cable Entry
(From Outside)

23

RISER - Vertical Cable Entry (Floor View)

25

RISER - Vertical Cable Entry (Ceiling View)

26

Telecommunication Closet Cable Entry

27

Ceiling Grid #01

72

Cable Entry in User Room

Cable Penetration Hole
(View from Inside)

73

Cable Entry in User Room

Cable Penetration Hole
(View from Inside)

74

Perimeter Pathway

Separator

75

Perimeter Pathway

76

Perimeter Pathway

Electrical Outlet Data Outlet Opening

77

Perimeter Pathway

Separation for Electrical and Data Cables

78

Underfloor Conduits

Cable Entry

80

Underfloor Conduits

Cable Outlet

81

Ceiling Grid #02

88

Twisted Pair
Cabling System

109

Twisted Pair Parameters

• Cable Category and Performance
• Cabling Distance
• Connector Performance
• System Performance
• Performance Testing

110

Twisted Pair Category and Transmission
Performance
Media Tested (up to) Typical
Type Bandwidth Utilization
100Ω CAT 3 16 MHz Voice
2-pair
100Ω CAT 5 100 MHz
services
2/4-pair
100Ω CAT 5e 100 MHz
services
2/4-pair
100Ω CAT 6 250 MHz
services
100Ω CAT 7 600 MHz 2/4-pair services,
shielded
150Ω Shielded 300 MHz 2-pair services,
shielded

111

Transmission Parameters
• DC Resistance & DC Resistance Unbalance
• Capacitance & Capacitance Unbalance
• Attenuation
• Characteristic Impedance
• Structural Return Loss
• NEXT/FEXT/ELFEXT loss
− Pair to Pair
− Power Sum (CAT 5e & CAT 6)
• Propagation Delay
• Delay Skew (CAT 5e & CAT 6)

112

Horizontal Cabling Distance

6m 90 m 3m

113

Backbone Cabling Distance

HC/FD 800m MC/CD EP
90m
300m

500m Voice
HC/FD IC/BD
Data

Cross-connect jumpers/patch cables = 20m

Telecommunications equipment cables = 30m

114

Connecting Hardware

Attenuation
Return Loss
DC Resistance
NEXT/ FEXT/ELFEXT
Pair-Pair & Power Sum
Propagation Delay & Delay Skew
LCL
115

Cabling Practices Affecting Performance
• Connector Termination Practices
− Use proper category of cable and matching components
− Category 5 = < 13mm (0.5”) amount of untwist
− Strip only enough cable jacket as necessary
• Patch Cable and Connector Consistency
− Use of pre-terminated patch cables
• Cable Management Practices
− Eliminate cable stress caused by tension & cinching
− Keep cable bend radii no less than 4 times the cable
diameter
− No more than 30 m or (2) 90º bends in a single conduit pull

116

Field Testing Parameters
• Wire Map • ACR
• Length • PSACR
− Propagation • FEXT
Delay
• ELFEXT
− Delay Skew
• PSELFEXT
• Attenuation
• Return Loss
• NEXT
• PSNEXT

117

Wire Map

Correct Pairs Reversed Pair Crossed Pairs Split Pairs
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

118

Length

• Maximum Link Length
− 90 meters
− plus a maximum of 2 meters of test equipment
patch cords at each end
• Maximum Channel Length
− 100 meters
− including equipment cords and patch cords

119

Nominal Velocity of Propagation (NVP)

The speed at which a signal travels in a cable,
expressed as a percentage of the speed of light in
vacuum.

speed at which pulse travels in cable
NVP = X 100%
speed of light in vacuum
Speed of light in vacuum is 300,000 km/s or 0.3 m/nsec

120

Length Calculation

RT_Prop_delay (nsec) x NVP x Speed_of_Light
Length =
2
Example:
measurement of Prop_delay: 435 nsec

NVP (%) Length (ft)
68.5 293.3
69 295.4
69.5 297.6
70 299.7
121

Propagation Delay and Delay Skew
Pair 1

Pair 2
NIC HUB
Pair 3

Pair 4

Propagation Delay Delay Skew
Frequency Link Channel Link Channel
1 MHz 541 ns 580 ns 45 ns 50 ns
2 MHz 531 ns 569 ns 45 ns 50 ns
10 MHz 518 ns 555 ns 45 ns 50 ns
100 MHz 510 ns 548 ns 45 ns 50 ns
200 MHz 509 ns 547 ns 45 ns 50 ns
122

Traveling signals is like electrons
following a somewhat rocky path
Propagation delay
Electrons travel at approx.
constant speed
(≈ 20 cm or 8” per ns, (max 555 ns
later ..)
1 ns = 0.000 000 0001 s
NVP * speed of light)

123

Specifications
Effects of Delay Skew
T1 T2 Fastest

Pair 1

Pair 2

Pair 3

Pair 4

NIC HUB
Slowest
• Skew is the difference in propagation delay between the fastest and
slowest pairs in a cable.
• Proposed requirement: <45 ns @ 100 MHz (Channel)

124

But every cable has at least 4
electronic highways
Delay Skew
The length of every electronic
road in a cable is slightly
different because of twist rates (max 50 ns
differences ..)

125

Attenuation
dB loss
Transmitted
Signal

NIC HUB

Attenuated
Signal

Calculated Link Attenuation is the sum of the attenuation of:

• cable segment
• all connecting hardware
• 10 m of patch cable for channel
• 4 m of patch cable for link
126

There are potholes in the road….
Attenuation
is represented by the
electrons that get stuck
Fewer
electrons
show up!

heat! heat!
127

Link Attenuation
Link Attenuation

Cat 5 Class D Class D Cat 5E Cat 6 Class E
TSB 67 ISO/IEC ISO/IEC TIA/EIA TIA/EIA ISO/IEC
Specification Oct-95 11801: JTC1 4195-A Draft 3 JTC1
1995(E) SC25 WG3 25-Aug-98 18-Aug-98 SC25 WG3
PDAM 3 (Tokyo 92A)
Freq. (MHz)
1.00 2.1 2.5 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.9
4.00 4.0 4.8 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.5
8.00 5.7 -- 5.7 5.5 --
10.00 6.3 7.5 6.1 6.3 6.2 5.6
16.00 8.2 9.4 7.8 8.2 7.8 7.1
20.00 9.2 10.5 8.7 9.2 8.8 7.9
25.00 10.3 -- 10.3 9.9 --
31.25 11.5 13.1 11 11.5 11.1 10
62.50 16.7 18.4 16 16.7 16 14.4
100.00 21.6 23.2 20.6 21.6 20.7 18.5
125.00 -- -- -- -- 20.9
155.52 -- -- -- -- 23.6
175.00 -- -- -- -- 25.2
200.00 -- -- -- 30.4 27.1
250.00 -- -- -- -- 30.7
128

Channel Attenuation
Channel Attenuation

PDAM 3 (Tokyo 92A)
Freq. (MHz)
1.00 2.5 -- 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.2
4.00 4.5 -- 4.5 4.5 4 4.2
8.00 6.3 -- -- 6.3 5.7 --
10.00 7 -- 7 7 6.3 6.5
16.00 9.2 -- 9.2 9.2 8 8.3
20.00 10.3 -- 10.3 10.3 9 9.3
25.00 11.4 -- -- 11.4 10.1 --
31.25 12.8 -- 12.8 12.8 11.4 11.7
62.50 18.5 -- 18.5 18.5 16.5 16.9
100.00 24 -- 24 24 21.2 21.7
125.00 -- -- -- -- -- 24.5
155.52 -- -- -- -- -- 27.6
175.00 -- -- -- -- -- 29.5
200.00 -- -- -- -- 32.2 31.7
129

On top of that: the road is not level
and electrons fly off!

Crosstalk!!

A level problem in the electronic road will cause some electrons to
fall on an adjacent road
130

NEXT
Transmitted
Signal

tx rx
NIC HUB
rx tx

Coupled
Noise

• Testing of NEXT shall be performed at both ends
• All pair combinations shall be measured

131

Near End Crosstalk (NEXT)

Near End Crosstalk is by the electrons that return back
to the beginning
132

Link NEXT
Link NEXT

(Tokyo 92A)
Freq. (MHz)
1.00 60 54.0 61.2 64.2 73.5 72.7
4.00 51.8 45.0 51.8 54.8 64.1 63
8.00 47.1 -- -- 50.0 59.4 --
10.00 45.5 39.0 45.5 48.5 57.8 56.6
16.00 42.3 36.0 42.3 45.2 54.6 53.2
20.00 40.7 35.0 40.7 43.7 53.1 51.6
25.00 39.1 -- -- 42.1 51.5 --
31.25 37.6 32.0 37.6 40.6 50 48.4
62.50 32.7 27.0 32.7 35.7 45.2 43.4
100.00 29.3 24.0 29.3 32.3 41.9 39.9
125.00 -- -- -- -- -- 38.3
155.52 -- -- -- -- -- 36.7
175.00 -- -- -- -- -- 35.8
200.00 -- -- -- -- 36.9 34.8
250.00 -- -- -- -- -- 33.1
133

Channel NEXT
Channel NEXT

(Tokyo 92A)
Freq. (MHz)
1.00 60.0 -- 60.3 63.3 72.7 72.7
4.00 50.6 -- 50.6 53.6 63.1 63
8.00 45.6 -- -- 48.6 58.2 --
10.00 44.0 -- 44 47.0 56.6 56.6
16.00 40.6 -- 40.6 43.6 53.2 53.2
20.00 39.0 -- 39 42.0 51.6 51.6
25.00 37.4 -- -- 40.4 50 --
31.25 35.7 -- 35.7 38.7 48.4 48.4
62.50 30.6 -- 30.6 33.6 43.4 43.4
100.00 27.1 -- 27.1 30.1 39.9 39.9
125.00 -- -- -- -- -- 38.3
155.52 -- -- -- -- -- 36.7
175.00 -- -- -- -- -- 35.8
200.00 -- -- -- -- 34.8 34.8
250.00 -- -- -- -- -- 33.1
134

FEXT
Transmitted
Signal Attenuated
Signal
tx rx
NIC HUB
rx tx

Coupled
Noise

• Testing of FEXT shall be performed at both ends
• All pair combinations shall be measured

135

Far end crosstalk (FEXT)

Far End Crosstalk is by the electrons that continue
to the far end
136

Return Loss

-12dBm tx rx -14dBm

• Typically attenuation caused by characteristics
inherent in the cable, such as:

• impedance mismatches
• kinks in the cable
• poor construction

137

Specifications
Effects of Return Loss
Reflected Signals
Transmitted Signals Attenuated Signals

Pair 1

Pair 2

Pair 3

Pair 4

NIC Impedance mismatch HUB
or variation
• A measure of the reflected transmit energy caused by impedance mismatches in
the cabling systems
• Especially important in applications that use full duplex transmission schemes

138

There are also bumps and dips
in the road: return loss

A bump or dip
causes
some electrons
to go back

139

Link Return Loss
Link Return Loss

(Orlando 39A) (Orlando 39A)
Freq. (MHz)
1.00 -- 18.0 17.0 17.0 19.0 19.0
4.00 -- 18.0 17.0 17.0 19.0 19.0
8.00 -- 18.0 17.0 17.0 19.0 19.0
10.00 -- 15.0 17.0 17.0 19.0 19.0
16.00 -- 15.0 17.0 17.0 19.0 19.0
20.00 -- 15.0 17.0 17.0 19.0 19.0
25.00 -- 10.0 16.3 16.3 18.3 18.3
31.25 -- 10.0 15.6 15.6 17.6 17.6
62.50 -- 10.0 13.5 13.5 15.5 15.5
100.00 -- 10.0 12.1 12.1 14.1 14.1
125.00 -- -- -- -- 13.4 13.4
155.52 -- -- -- -- 12.8 12.8
175.00 -- -- -- -- 12.4 12.4
200.00 -- -- -- -- 12 12
250.00 -- -- -- -- 11.3 11.3
140

Channel Return Loss
Channel Return Loss

(Orlando 39A) (Orlando 39A)
Freq. (MHz)
1.00 -- -- 17 17 19 19
4.00 -- -- 17 17 19 19
8.00 -- -- 17 17 19 19
10.00 -- -- 17 17 19 19
16.00 -- -- 17 17 19 19
20.00 -- -- 17 17 19 19
25.00 -- -- 16 16 18 18
31.25 -- -- 15.1 15.1 17.1 17.1
62.50 -- -- 12.1 12.1 14.1 14.1
100.00 -- -- 10 10 12 12
125.00 -- -- -- -- 11 11
155.52 -- -- -- -- 10.1 10.1
175.00 -- -- -- -- 9.6 9.6
200.00 -- -- -- -- 9 9
250.00 -- -- -- -- 8 8

141

Some electrons may fly into the air and
eventually land on earth!

Electromagnetic
Interference (EMI)!!

Electrons in the air may be picked up by your radio or TV antenna
and cause interference!
142

Signal-to-noise ratios (3)

• There are three quantities which affect
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR):
• Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio (ACR).
• Equal Level Far End Crosstalk
(ELFEXT).
• Return Loss.

143

Signal-to-noise ratio #1: ACR

• Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio (ACR)
• Applicable to 2-wire pair LAN
applications (10BASE-T, 100BASE-
TX).
• Each wire pair carries signal in one
direction only.

144

Characteristics
Effects of ACR

Coupled NEXT Noise
NIC
NIC HUB
Hub
Transmitter Receiver

Receiver Transmitter

Attenuated
Signal Transmitted
Signal
ACR
Attenuated Signal NEXT Noise

145

ACR = the traditional SNR
Desired signal = attenuated signal from other end.
Noise = NEXT + external noise (ignore external noise).
External
noise
Signal
Transmit Receive
Output Input
Workstation NEXT LAN
Signal equipment
Receive Transmit
Input Output

(For LAN systems with two wire pairs carrying signals
in one direction each.)
146

You need more signal (blue,pink) than
NEXT (black) electrons!
Signal
(from remote to local)

Transmit Receive
Output Input
Workstation NEXT NEXT LAN
(local) (remote) equipment
Receive Transmit
Input Output
Signal
(from local to remote)

Look here and here!

147

Signal-to-noise ratio (ELFEXT)

• Equal Level Far End Crosstalk
(ELFEXT).
• Applicable to applications where 2 or
more signals travel in the same
direction at the same time (1000BASE-
T).

148

Another S/N = ELFEXT
Noise = FEXT + external noise (ignore external noise).
External
noise
Signal
Transmit Receive
Output Input
FEXT
Workstation LAN
Signal equipment
Transmit Receive
Output
Input

(For LAN systems with two or more wire pairs carrying
signals in the same direction at the same time.)
149

You need more signal (blue,pink) than
FEXT (black) electrons!
Signal
(from local to remote)
Transmit Receive
Output Input
FEXT
Workstation LAN
FEXT equipment
Transmit
Output Receive
Input
Signal
(also from local to remote)

Look here!

150

Yet another S/N = Return Loss
Noise = reflected signal in own wire pair

“hybrid” “hybrid”
Signal

Transmit Transmit
Output Output
Workstation LAN
Return loss
(bump in equipment
Receive electronic road) Receive
Input Input

(For LAN systems with a wire pair carrying signals in both
directions at the same time.)
151

Yet another S/N = Return Loss
Noise = reflected signal from own end

“hybrid” “hybrid”

Signal Signal
Transmit Transmit
Output Output
Workstation LAN
equipment
Receive Receive
Input Return loss signal (bump in Input
electronic road)
(For LAN systems with a wire pair carrying signals in both
directions at the same time.)
152

Power Sum Performance

Pair-to-pair: Power sum:
Single disturber Multiple disturbers
Single receiver Single receiver

• Power sum performance is the sum of the pair-to-pair
performance of the component or system.
• Power sum NEXT performance should meet or exceed the
existing TIA pair-to-pair NEXT requirements.

153

What is “power sum” NEXT and
“power sum” ELFEXT?

• Both are computed values from measured pair to
pair NEXT or ELFEXT results:
− Power Sum NEXT computed from three
pair-to-pair NEXT results
− Power Sum ELFEXT is computed from
three pair-to-pair ELFEXT results
• Often required when more than 2 wire pairs
are transmitting signals in the same direction
(1 Gbps Ethernet).
154

When are “power sum” NEXT and “power
sum” ELFEXT needed?

• Often required when more than 2 wire pairs
are transmitting signals in the same direction
(1 Gbps Ethernet).
• Significant if 25-pair cables are used (split up
in six 4-pair links).
• May also be used to reflect crosstalk between
separate 4-pair cables in a cable bundle.

155

PS ELFEXT
Near End Far End
x x

x x
NIC HUB
x x

x x

PS ELFEXT = -10log(10-x1/10 + 10-x2/10 + 10-x3/10) dB

156

Link PS ELFEXT
Link Power Sum ELFEXT

(Tokyo 78A) (Tokyo 92A)
Freq. (MHz)
1.00 -- -- 57.0 57.0 62.2 61.2
4.00 -- -- 45.0 45.0 50.2 49.1
8.00 -- -- -- 38.9 44.1 --
10.00 -- -- 37.0 37.0 42.2 41.2
16.00 -- -- 32.9 32.9 38.1 37.1
20.00 -- -- 31.0 31.0 36.2 35.1
25.00 -- -- -- 29.0 34.2 --
31.25 -- -- 27.1 27.1 32.2 31.3
62.50 -- -- 21.1 21.1 26.3 25.2
100.00 -- -- 17.0 17.0 22.2 21.2
125.00 -- -- -- -- -- 19.2
155.52 -- -- -- -- -- 17.3
175.00 -- -- -- -- -- 16.3
200.00 -- -- -- -- 16.2 15.1
250.00 -- -- -- -- -- 13.2

157

Channel PS ELFEXT
Channel Power Sum ELFEXT

(Tokyo 78A) (Tokyo 92A)
Freq. (MHz)
1.00 -- -- 54.4 54.4 60.2 60.2
4.00 -- -- 42.4 42.4 48.2 48.2
8.00 -- -- -- 36.3 42.2 --
10.00 -- -- 34.4 34.4 40.2 40.2
16.00 -- -- 30.3 30.3 36.1 36.1
20.00 -- -- 28.4 28.4 34.2 34.2
25.00 -- -- -- 26.4 32.3 --
31.25 -- -- 24.5 24.5 30.3 30.3
62.50 -- -- 18.5 18.5 24.3 24.3
100.00 -- -- 14.4 14.4 20.2 20.2
125.00 -- -- -- -- -- 18.3
155.52 -- -- -- -- -- 16.4
175.00 -- -- -- -- -- 15.4
200.00 -- -- -- -- 14.2 14.2
250.00 -- -- -- -- -- 12.3
158

Data Measurement
• Test equipment manufacturer access cords and
adapters should be used in link testing
• User cords should be tested in place for channel
testing, and be used in that channel only
• Any reconfiguration of components must be re-tested
to verify conformance
• Inspect the connecting hardware for wear and tear
resulting from multiple mating cycles

159

Data Administration & Reporting
• Pass or Fail result for each parameter should be
determined by comparison with the allowable limits
• Overall Pass is determined by passing all of the individual
tests
• Overall Fail is determined by failing at least one of the
individual tests
• Whether Pass or Fail, pair, frequency and test limit at the
worst-case should be reported
• Pass condition - either the worst-case margin or worse-case
data point should be reported
• Fail condition - the worse-case margin should be reported
− Multiple Fail - the worse-case at the highest frequency point

160

Field Testing Parameters Summary

Wire Map
Length
Attenuation
NEXT
Return Loss
ELFEXT
Propagation Delay
Delay Skew
161

Troubleshooting Common Faults

Length violation
EMI sources
Bad quality cable
Conductor untwist
Shorts, Opens, Split pairs, Crossed pairs
CAT 5 Return Loss and ELFEXT Failures

162

Twisted Pair Summary
• Twisted Pair Cable Categories and Performance
• Cabling Distances
− Horizontal
− Backbone
• Connecting Hardware Specifications
• Factors Affecting Performance
• Field testing requirements of twisted pair cabling
links and channels
• Recognizing, troubleshooting and mitigating
common faults
163

2 Basic Principal Of Utp Installation

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