An overview of Research Design: Definition, Classification of Research Design, Experimental Research Design, Non Experimental Research Design, Qualitative Research Design, Quantitative Research Design..

1. RESEARCH DESIGN
Nuzhath Alam
Associate Professor
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2. Introduction:
▪ Research approach and research design are two
terms that are frequently used interchangeably.
▪ A research design is the frame work or guide used
for the planning, implementation, and analysis of a
study.
▪ It is a systematic plan of what is to be done, how it
will be done, how the data will be analyzed.
▪ Research design basically provides an outline of how
the research will be carried out and methods that
will be used.
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3. Definition:
➢ A research design is a broad plan that states objectives
of research project and provides the guidelines what is
to be done to realise those objectives.
➢ It is a plan structured and strategy of investigation of
answering the research question
➢ It is a over all plan or blue print, the researcher select
to carry out their study.
➢ It is a master plan for executing a research project.
Purpose:
◦ To provide answer to the research question
◦ To control the variants
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4.  Time
◦ Frequency (How often, when observation done)
 Setting
◦ Natural or laboratory setting
 Subject
◦ Individual who take part in study or who will be
observed
 Variables
◦ Focus on study
 Investigator Role
◦ In some condition unobstructive, or allocate
participant to different condition.
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5. CLASSIFICATION
OF
RESEARCH DESIGN
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6. Quantitative
Research Design
Experimental Non-Experimental
1.True Experimental 1. Descriptive
2. Quasi Experimental 2. Developmental
3. Pre-Experimental 3. Surveys
4. Cause-comparative
5. Predictive
6. Relationship
Qualitative
Research Design
1. Historical
2. Phenomenological
3. Ethnographic
4. Case Study
5. Grounded Theory
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7. QUANTITAIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN
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8. It is a formal, objective, systematic process in
which numerical data are used to obtain
information.
Uses:
➢ To describe variables
➢ To examine relationship among variables
➢ To determine cause and effect interaction
between variables
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9. ▪ Experimental is most scientifically
sophisticated research method.
▪ Experimental research design are concerned
with examination of the effect of independent
variable on the dependent variable where the
independent variable is manipulated through
treatment or interventions and the effect of
those interventions is observed on the
dependent variable.
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10. Randomization
Control Manipulation
Type I Type II Type III
True Experimental
❖ Pre Test Post Test
Control Group
❖ Post Test only
Group
❖ Solomon 4 Group
Quasi Experimental
❖ Non Equivalent
Control Group
❖ Time Series
❖ Multiple Time
Series
Pre-Experimental
❖ One Shot Case
Study
❖ One Group Pre-
Test Post-Test
❖ Static Group
Comparison
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11. characteristic’s
Of
Research design
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12.  Participant being assigned to either receive
experimental group or not receive control
group.
 Methods:
◦ Lottery method/Slip of paper
◦ Flip a coin/Tossing a coin
◦ Random table
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13.  Manipulation is the process of maneuvering the
intervention (Teaching programme, Pamphlet,
PTP & Brochures) so that is effect on the
dependent variable can be observed/measure.
 It refers to conscious control of the independent
variable by the researcher through treatment or
intervention to observe its effect on the
dependent variable
 Independent Variable – Medication
 Dependent Variable - Pain Level
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14.  Control refers to the use of control group and
controlling the effects of extraneous variables on
the dependent variable in which the researcher is
interested.
 It refers to a group of subjects whose
performance is used to evaluate the performance
of experimental group.
 The subject in the control and experimental
groups are similar in number & characteristics
but the subjects in the control group do not
receive experimental treatment or any
intervention.
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15. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
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16.  In these experiment the researcher conducts
experimental group and control group.
Individuals in the experimental group receive
the experimental treatment where as those in
the control group do not.
R Exp
R
Pre-test Post-test
Pre-test Post-test
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17.  In these experiment the researcher assign
participants and conduct experimental group
and control group. Researcher conduct only
post test study where experimental group
receive intervention and control group not.
R Exp
R
Post-test
Post-test
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18. ➢ It is a standard pretest post test two group
design and two group post test design. The
various combination and untested groups
with treatment and control group.
R Exp
R
R Exp
R
Pre-test Post-test
Pre-test Post-test
Post-test
Post-test
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19. QUASI EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
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20.  In these experiment the researcher
conducts experimental group and control
group. Researcher conduct two groups with
out randomiation.
R Exp
R
Pre-test Post-test
Pre-test Post-test
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21.  Researcher in which measurement of the same
variables are taken at different points of time
R ExpPre-test
1
Pre-test
2
Pre-test
3
Post-test
3
Post-test
2
Post-test
1
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22.  A series of quasi experimental design where as a
series of periodic measurement is taken from
units (Experimental and control).
R Exp
R
Pre-test
1
Pre-test
2
Pre-test
3
Post-test
3
Post-test
2
Post-test
1
Pre-test
1
Pre-test
2
Pre-test
3
Post-test
2
Post-test
3
Post-test
1
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23. PRE-EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
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24.  This design, fail to include a control and
randomization. A single group is often studied
but no comparison.
R Exp Post-test
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25.  A type of pre-experimental design where
pre-test and post-test are taken with
intervention but fails to include
randomization and control.
R ExpPre-test Post-test
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26.  In these static group comparison design there
will be two groups. Give intervention to one
group and give post test to two groups.
Exp
Post-test
Post-test
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27. non-EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
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28.  Intended to describe
 Effective when the are has been previously
studied
 Describe attitude, behaviour or other
characteristics of a group
 Does not involve manipulation of variable
(Independent Variable)
 Uses: Provide data for initial investigation of data
 Typical Analysis: Graph, Chart & Table
 Example: “How much do college students exercise”
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29. 29
DEVELOPMENTAL
2. Longitudinal
Researcher collect
data from the
same group at
different point of
time
4. Prospective
Begin with an
exploration of
assumed cause and
than forward in the
time to be presumed
effect
3. Retrospective
Begin with
phenomena of
interest in the present
and examination
relationship to
another variable in
the past
1. Cross Sectional
Data are collected
on only one
occasion with the
same subjects
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30.  Very popular method, mostly used in descriptive
studies
 It is used to learn about attitude belief opinion
behaviour etc
 Standardized data collection method
 Asking Structured Questions: Telephone, face to face & Print/on-
line surveys.
 Techniques: Questions, Interviews and Survey
 Advantages: Efficiency cost effectiveness, small sample provide
reliable result and generalization
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31.  Beyond relationship it describe cause and
effect.
 Types:
◦ 1. Ex Post Facto &
◦ 2. Correlation
 1. Ex Post Facto:
◦ In these, researcher first observes an effect and
then tries to define the cause
 Data collected after the act
 Relies on observation of relationship between naturally
occurring differences in the intervention and outcomes
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32.  2. Correlation:
 Researchers measure two variables and assess the
statistical relationship. Relationship between two
variables
 Positive Correlation: Increase in one variable associated
with increase in the other variable. Example., Age
Increases Weight Increases
 Negative Correlation: Increase in one variable associate
with decrease in other variable. Example., Train speed
increase, duration decrease
 Zero Correlation: No meaningful relationship Example.,
Amount of tea drink and level of intelligence
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33.  It allows us to calculate the value one variable
(Criterion variable) related in another variable
(Predictive variable)
 It allow us to make estimate
 Typical Analysis: Regression
 Example:
◦ Criterion Variable : Intermediate
◦ Predictive Variable : College
◦ “Which Intermediate applicants should be admitted
to college”
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34.  Investigate the degree to which variation in
one variable related in another variable.
 Mainly it shows the relationship between
variables
 Typical Analysis: Correlation
 Example: Age and Weight
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35. QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN
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36.  It is a scientific method of observation to gather
non-numerical data, while focusing on meaning
making.
 This often occurs through case study, personal
experience, introspection, life story, cultural along
with observational, historical etc.
 Qualitative research design varies depending upon
the method used; participant observations, in-
depth interviews i.e., face to face or on the
telephone), and focus groups are all examples of
methodologies which may be considered during
qualitative research.
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37.  This research involving analysis of events that
occurred in the remote (or) recent past.
 It shows patterns that occurred in the past and
over time which can help us to see where came
from and what kind of solutions we have used
in the past. How we examine current events
and educational practices.
 Steps:
❖Identification of research problem
❖Systematic collection and identification of data
❖Synthesis of information
❖Interpreting and drawing conclusions
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38. ❖ Identification of a shared experience
❖ Attempt to locate essence of an experience
❖ What was experienced and how he/she experienced it
❖ Study of the lived experience of persons
❖ Attempt to locate universal nature of an experience.
 It is an inductive, descriptive research approach
developed from phenomenological philosophy, its
aim is to describe an experience as it is actually
lived by the person. They are based in a paradigm
of a personal knowledge and subjectivity, and
emphasize the importance of personal perspective
and interpretation.
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39.  It is an art and science of describing a
group/culture.
 It refer to the investigation of a culture through
an in-depth study of the members of the culture;
it involves the systematic collection, description
and analysis of data for development of theories
of cultural behaviour.
 It studies people ethnic groups and other ethnic
formations their ethno genesis, composition
resettlement, social welfare characteristics, as
well as their material and spiritual culture.
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40.  The researcher shed light on a phenomenon
by studying in depth a single case. The case
can be an individual person, an event a
group or an institution.
 It is an depth investigation of a single entity
or small number of entities, which could be
individual, family, group, institution,
community or other social unit.
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41.  It operates almost in a reverse fashion from
traditional research and at first may appear to
be in contradiction to the scientific method
STAGES:
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4. THEORY
Collection of explanations
that explain the subject of
the research
2. CONCEPTS
Collection of codes of
similar content that allows
data to be gathered
3. CATEGORIES
Broad groups of similar
concepts that are used to
generate a theory
1. CODES
Identify anchors that
allow the key points of
the data to be gathered.

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