microprocessor architecture

1. Assembly language
Programming
Nadeem Hilal
Mca Ist-sem
North campus, KU.

2. COP4020 Spring 2014 209/13/15
Overview for Todays Topics
 What is a microcomputers?
 What Computer architecture means?
 Von Neumann 3 principles for computer architecture.
 General Microprocessor architecture.
 Morrre’s Law

3.  What is a microcomputer?
 A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer
with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU).
It includes a microprocessor, memory, and input/output (I/O)
facilities.
source……
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputer
09/13/15 COP4020 Spring 2014 3

4. COP4020 Spring 2014 409/13/15
Computer Architecture
“Computer architecture is the science and art of selecting
and interconnecting hardware components to create
computers that meet functional ,performance and cost
goals.”
 A computer's architecture is its abstract model and is
the programmer's view in terms of instructions, addressing
modes and registers.
Architecture describes what the computer does ?
Continue….

5. Computer architecture is concerned with the structure and
behavior of computer system as seen by the user. It
includes information ,formats, instruction set and
techniques for addressing memory

6. Von Neumann 3 principles for
computer architecture.
 Data & instructions should be stored in single read-write memory.
 The contents of this memory should be addressable by location,
without regard to the type of data contained there.
 Execution occurs in sequential fashion (unless explicitly modified )
from one instructions to another.

7. Microprocessor
A Microprocessor is a multipurpose, Programmable
clock-driven, register based electronic device,
That read binary instruction from a storage device
called memory, accepts binary data as input and
processes data according to those instructions and
provides results as outputs.
Microprocessor is clock driven semiconductor device
which is manufactured by using LSI and VLSI
technique.
Typically it consist of
Three devices
These three devices work together
and interact with each other.
In Reprogrammable system the
microcomputer is used for
computing and data processing
Microprocesso
r
Memory
I/O

8. Microcomputer
A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with
a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). It includes a
microprocessor, memory, and input/output (I/O) facilities.
Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 80s with the advent of
increasingly powerful microprocessors.
Examples of Microcomputers are Intel 8051 controller-a single board computer,
IBM PC and Apple Macintosh computer.

9. Micro Controller
 A microcontroller is a small computer on a
single integrated circuit containing
a processor core, memory, and
programmable input/output peripherals
 Microcontrollers are used in automatically
controlled products and devices, such as
automobile engine control systems,
implantable medical devices, remote
controls, office machines, power tools, toys
and other embedded systems.
Example:
Die (integrated Circuit)

10. General Architecture of
Microcomputer System
Continue….
The major parts are CPU, Memory and I/O
There are three buses, address bus, data bus and control bus;

11. Memory
 Memory consist of RAM and ROM, the purpose of
memory is to store binary codes for the sequences of
instructions you want the computer to carry out.
 The second purpose of the memory is to store the
binary-coded data with which the computer is going to
be working.
Input / Output
• The input/output or I/O Section allows the computer to take in
data from the out side world or send data to the outside world.
• Peripherals such as keyboards, video display terminals, printers
are connected to I/O Port.

12. CPU(Central Processing Unit)
 In a microcomputer CPU is a microprocessor.
 The fetches binary coded instructions from memory,
decodes the instructions into a series of simple actions
and carries out these actions in a sequence of steps.
 The CPU also contains an address counter or instruction
pointer register, which holds the address of the next
instruction or data item to be fetched from memory.

13. Address Bus
 The address bus consists of 16, 20, 24 or 32 parallel
signal lines.
 On these lines the CPU sends out the address of the
memory location that is to be written to or read from. The
no of memory location that the CPU can address is
determined by the number of address lines.
 If the CPU has N address lines, then it can directly
address 2N memory locations i.e. CPU with 16 address
lines can address 216 or 65536 memory locations.

14. Data Bus
 The data bus consists of 8, 16 or 32 parallel signal
lines.
 The data bus lines are bi-directional.
 This means that the CPU can read data in from
memory or it can send data out to memory
Control Bus
• The control bus consists of 4 to 10 parallel signal lines.
• The CPU sends out signals on the control bus to enable the
output of addressed memory devices or port devices.
• Typical control bus signals are Memory Read, Memory Write,
I/O Read and I/O Write.

15. Components of CPU
Microprocessor is Divided into three segments-
1.ALU
2.Register Array
3.Control Unit

16. Arithmetic Logic Unit
 This is the area of Microprocessor where various
computing functions are performed on data.
 The ALU performs operations such as addition, subtraction
and logic operations such as AND, OR and exclusive OR.
Control Unit
• The Control Unit Provides the necessary timing and control
signals to all the operations in the Microcomputer.
• It controls the flow of data between the Microprocessor and
Memory and Peripherals.
• The Control unit performs 2 basic tasks
- Sequencing
- Execution

17. Register Array
 These are storage devices to store data temporarily.
 There are different types of registers depending upon
the Microprocessors.
 These registers are primarily used to store data
temporarily during the execution of a program and are
accessible to the user through the instructions.
 General purpose Registers of 8086 includes AL, AH,
BL, BH, CL, CH, DL, DH

18. Thank you