5. RECOMMENDATION
MEANING
A demand by the Lawgiver for the commission of an act without making
it binding and without assigning any blame for its omission
BINDING NATURE
The non binding nature of the demand can be inferred from the syntax
or related evidence like the absence of blame and penalty for non-
performance :
Example:
1. The related evidence [click]
2. The absence of blame and penalty for omission [click]
6. RECOMMENDATION-EXAMPLES
DEMAND FOR COMMISSION
ُّم ٍل َج
َ
أ ى
َ
لِإ ٍنْي َدِب مُنتَاي َد
َ
ت ا
َ
ذِإ
ْ
واُن َآم َين ِذ
َّ
ال اَهُّي
َ
ياأُوُوُت
ْ
ات
َ
ا ف ىً َمَس
“O you who believe! When you contract a debt for a fixed period, write it down”
[al-Baqarah: 282]
The demand for recording of the debt is a recommendation and is non-binding because of
an associated evidence that indicates this
RELATED EVIDENCE
ُ
ت
ْ
اؤ ي ِذ
َّ
ال ِد
َ
ؤُي
ْ
ل
َ
ا
ً
ضاْعَب م
ُ
كُضْعَب َنِم
َ
أ ْنِإ
َ
اََََّّ َاّل َِِّتَي
ْ
لََ َُُت
َ
َا َم
َ
أ َنِِمُُ
“Then if one of you entrust the other, let the one who is entrusted discharge his
trust (faithfully), and let him be afraid of Allah, his Lord” [al-Baqarah: 283]
This indicates to the creditor that he may trust the debtor without writing down the debt.
7. RECOMMENDATION-EXAMPLES
ABSENCE OF BLAME FOR OMISSION
فليتزوج الباءة منكم استطاع من ،الشباب معشر يا
Oh Youths, if you got the ability to marry someone, do marry
In this hadith there is no evidence that marriage is wajib, but
evidence found from the above hadith that marriage is sunnat
8. TYPESOFSUNNAH
SUNNAH
MU’AKKADAH
SUNNAH GHAYR
MU’AKKADAH
SUNNAH ZAWAID
Recommended act that
was persistently
performed by the
Prophet
The acts of the Prophet
pertaining to ordinary
daily tasks as a human
being
His dress, food, drinkFour raka’ah before ‘Asr
and ‘Isha
Two rak’ah before and
after Zuhr
Recommended act that
WAS NOT performed
persistently by the
Prophet
9. SUNNAHMU’AKKADAH
A recommended act that
was persistently performed
by the Prophet and he did
not give it up except on
some occasions
Sunnah Muakkadah can be
complementing the wajib such
as azan and the congregational
prayer. Giving up such acts is
liable to some blame, loosing
‘adalah (moral probity)
although this does not reach
the level of penalty Sunnah Mu’akkadah
which does not
complement the wajib
such as two rak’ah
before and after Zuhr,
does not make a person
looses his ‘adalah
SUNNAH
MU’AKKA
DAH
1
2
3
10. SUNNAHGHAYRMU’AKKADAH/NAWAFIL
It is an act that was not
performed persistently
by the Prophet, that is he
performed it several
times and did not do so
at other times
Example: Four raka’ah
before ‘Asr and ‘Isha’ and
giving sadaqah to the
poor
The rule for this type
of act is that the
performer will be
rewarded and there is
no blame for non
performance
SUNNAH
GHAYR
MU’AKKA
DAH
1
2
3
11. SUNNAHZAWAID
This term is used by
some jurists for the acts
of the Prophet pertaining
to ordinary daily tasks as
a human being
Example: his dress, food,
drink and his dealings
with his family members
Such act if adopted seeking to
follow the Prophet’s example
out of love for him is to be
rewarded. The person who
does not adopt them is not
blameworthy in any way
SUNNAH
ZAWAID
1
2
3
13. PROHIBITION
MEANING
A demand by the Lawgiver for the omission of an act expressed in
certain and binding terms where for doing so there is grave penalty,
while omitting it entails a reward
DENIAL
The imputation of kufr is applicable for its denial
HANAFITES
Against the Jumhur, the Hanafite hold that if the evidence is denifite
(qat’i) than, it is regarded as haram, but if the the evidence is probable
(zanni), than the hukm is makruh karahat al-tahrim or makruh tahrimi
15. PROHIBITION-EXAMPLES
THE WORD OF PROHIBITION
1.
ْت َمِر ُحُم
ُ
كْي
َ
لَع
ُ
ةَتْي
َ ْ
اْلُم َّد
ْ
الََْح
َ
لََُمِيرِز
ْ
ن ِخ
ْ
ال
“Forbidden to you (for food) are: the dead animals, blood, the flesh of pig”
[al-Maidah: 3]
2.
ْت َمِر ُحْم
ُ
كْي
َ
لَعْم
ُ
ك
ُ
اتَه َّم
ُ
أْم
ُ
ك
ُ
اتَنََََّْم
ُ
ك
ُ
اتَو
َ
خ
َ
أََ
“Forbidden unto you are your mothers, and your daughters, and your sisters”
[al-Nisa’:23]
3. اََِّالر َمَّر َحََ َعْيَو
ْ
ال ُاّل َّل َح
َ
أََ
“And Allah has allowed trading and forbidden usury.”
[al-Baqarah: 275]
16. PROHIBITION-EXAMPLES
THE NEGATION OF PERMISSIBILITY
1.
َ
لََُّل ِحَيَّنُه
َ
لن
َ
أَن ِْمُت
ْ
كَيا َمَِ
َ
ل
َ
خُاّليِفَّنِهِام َحَْ
َ
أنِإَّن
ُ
تَّنِم
ْ
ؤُيِاّلِبِمْوَي
ْ
الََِر ِاآلخ
“and it is not lawful for them that they should conceal what Allah has
created in their wombs, if they believe in Allah and the last day”
[al-Baqarah: 228]
2. اَياَهُّي
َ
أَين ِذ
َّ
ال
ْ
واُن َآم
َ
لُّل ِحَيْم
ُ
ك
َ
لن
َ
أ
ْ
وا
ُ
ثِر
َ
تِالنا َمَس
ً
هاْر
َ
ت
َ
لَََّن ُوه
ُ
لُضْع
َ
ت
“O you who believe! It is forbidden for you to inherit women against their will.
Nor should ye treat them with harshness”
[al-Nisa’: 19]
3. َُفمَس من بطيوةإلممَسلم ىامر مال يحلل
“It is unlawful to possess the property of a Muslim without his express consent”
[Reported by al-Dar Qutni]
17. PROHIBITION-EXAMPLES
THE DEMAND FOR OMISSION OR AVOIDANCE
1.
َ
لََ
ْ
واََُّر ْق
َ
تى
َ
نِالزََُُِّإَان
َ
ك
ً
ة
َ
ش ِاح
َ
اا َسَََس
ً
ياِِب
“And come not near unto adultery. Surely it is an abomination and an
evil way” [al-Isra’ : 32]
2.
َ
لََ
ْ
وا
ُ
لُت ْق
َ
تَس ْفَّالني ِت
َّ
الَمَّر َحُاّل
َّ
لِإِِ َالحِب
“And do not kill any one whom Allah has forbidden, except for a just cause”
[al-Isra’:33]
3. ْنِم ٌس ْجَِ ُم
َ
لْز
َ
األََ ُابََص
َ
األََ ُر ِمَسْي
َ ْ
اْلََ ُر ِْم
َ
خ
ْ
الا َِمََِّإُوُوِنَت ْاج
َ
ا ِان
َ
طْي
َّالش ِل َِمَع
“O you who believe! Intoxicants, gambling, are an abomination of Shaitan's handiwork.
So avoid (strictly all) that (abomination)” [al-Maidah: 90]
18. PROHIBITION-EXAMPLES
REGULATION OF PUNISHMENT
1. ن َمََْلُت ْقَي
ً
ناِم
ْ
ؤ ُم
ً
داِِمَعَت ُّمُ ُ
آؤَز َج
َ
اَجُمَّنَه
ً
داِال
َ
خاَيهِا
“And whoever kills a believer intentionally, his recompense is Hell to abide therein”
[al-Nisa’: 93]
2.
َّنِإَين ِذ
َّ
ال
َنو
ُ
ل
ُ
ك
ْ
أَيَالَو ْم
َ
أى َامَتَي
ْ
ال
ً
ِما
ْ
ل
ُ
ظا َِمََِّإ
ُ
ل
ُ
ك
ْ
أَي
َنويِفْمِهِون
ُ
طُب
ً
اَا
َ
َ
َنْو
َ
لْصَي َسََ
ً
اريِع َس
“Those who swallow the property of the orphans unjustly, surely they only
swallow fire into their bellies and they shall enter burning fire”
[al-Nisa’:10]
3. َمَس
َ
ت ا َِمِب اَز َج ا َِمُهَي ِدْي
َ
أ
ْ
واُع
َ
ط
ْ
اق
َ
ا
ُ
ة
َ
قَِا َّالمَسََ
ُقَِا َّالمَسََِك َح ٌززِزَع ُاّلََ ِاّل َنِم
ً
ال
َ
ك
َ
َاَوٌيم
“And (as for) the man who steals and the woman who steals, cut off their hands as a
punishment for what they have earned, an exemplary punishment from Allah; and Allah
is Mighty, Wise. ” [al-Maidah: 38]
19. TYPESOFHARAM
HARAM LI
GHAYRIHI
HARAM
LIZATIHI
امرالح
THE PROHIBITED
Prohibited for itself such as unlawful
sexual intercourse, theft and selling of
pork.
The rule of this category is that the act
or the prohibited items are not
permissible ab initio except in the case
of duress, and if the subject commits
such an act, there will be no beneficial
legal effects. Thus theft cannot be a
reason for ownership.
Prohibited for an external factor. The
act is not prohibited initially and is
legal in itself but an external factor
intervenes and leads to its prohibition
like fasting on the ‘Id day.
Examples: Meeting in seclusion
(khalwah) between male and female,
growing grapes or wheat for the
purpose of making wine and a
someone praying in a stolen sarong or
cloth.
21. DISAPPROVAL
MEANING
A demand by the Lawgiver for the omission of an act in a non-absolute
manner
LEGAL EFFECT
Its commission though blameworthy, is not sinful but its avoidance is
rewarded
AL-SHATIBI’S OPINION
Al-Shatibi, however, maintains that indulgence in disapproved act by way
of habit turns those abominable to haram. [Make a habit of indulging in
disapproved act]
22. DISAPPROVAL–CONT’D
EXPRESSION OF DISAPPROVAL
The form of expressions conveying disapproval is either clear terms of
karahiyyah
EXAMPLES
1. The hadiths prescribing that Allah has made abominable ( رررت) the
blaming each other, wastage of wealth and excess/so much of
questions, .
َي َم
َّ
ل َسََ ُِْي
َ
لَع ُ َّ
اّل ى
َّ
لَص َّي ِبَّالن ُتْعِِم َس
ً
ث
َ
ا
َ
ث ْم
ُ
ك
َ
ل َ
ِر
َ
ت َ َّ
اّل َّنِإ ُلو ُق
َ
ةَاعَضِإََ َال
َ
قََ َيلِق ا
ِال
َ
ؤ ُّالمَس
َ
ةَر
ْ
ث
َ
تََ ِال
َ ْ
اْل
[reported by al-Bukhari]
2. Practicing divorce as it is described as the most detestable type of
permissible thing.
23. TYPESOFMAKRUH-HANAFITES
MAKRUH
TANZIHI
MAKRUH
TAHRIMI
َاْلكر
THE DISAPPROVED
An act which is demanded by the
lawgiver to refrain in an absolute
manner through probable evidence
Closer to haram
Commission is sinful and deserves
punishment
Example: asking a woman’s
marriage against the betrothal of
another man
َةَرْيَرُه يِبَأ ْنَع ُ َّاّلل ىََّلص ِيِبَّنال ْنَعِهْيَلَع
ُلُجَّرال ُبُطَْخي ََل َلاَق َمَّل ََسوِةَبْطِخ ىَلَع
ِهيِخَأ
An act which is demanded by the
lawgiver to refrain in a non-
absolute manner
Example: performing ablution with
left over water of an animal or
eating any type of smelly food i.e
durian, petai, jering, genuak or etc.
Commission is not sinful
25. PERMISSIBILITY
MEANING
An option given by the Lawgiver between performing and omitting an
act without any demand or forcible prevention, also a know as halal or
ja’iz
LEGAL EFFECT
Its commission and omission temporarily on individual level is neutral
26. PERMISSIBILITY–CONT’D
EXPRESSION OF PERMISSIBILITY
The ruling of ibahah can be known through the syntax or the form of
expression used in the text of communication such as:
1. Clear wording of halal
ُاتَبِيَّالط ُمُكَل َّلِح
ُ
أ َمْوَيْال
“Made lawful to you this day are AtTayyibât [all kinds of Halal (lawful) foods”
[al-Maidah:5]
2. The negation or sin or blame
َسِالن ِةَبْطِخ ْنِم ِهِب مُتْضَّرَع َاميِف ْمُكْيَلَع َحَانُج ََلَوْمُكِسُُفَأ يِف ْمُتَننَْْأ ْوَأ اء
“And there is no sin on you if you make a hint of betrothal
or conceal it in yourself” [al-Baqarah: 235]
29. HUKMAL-TAKLIFI–THEHANAFITES
Fard, Obligatory: Obligation arises from a evidence or source that is definitive with
respect to its implication
Wajib, Obligatory: Obligation arises from a source that is probable with respect to its
implication and authenticity
Mandub, Recommended: The difference between recommendation and the two
kinds of obligations above it should be recalled is based on the binding or absolute
nature of the command
Haram, Prohibited: Obligation of omission which arises from a definitive evidence
expressed in binding terms
Makruh Karahah al-Tahrim, : Obligation of omission which arises from a probable
evidence. It is close to prohibition
Makruh Karahah al-Tanzih, Disapproval: Obligation of omission expressed in non
binding terms
Mubah: Permissible