As we know that the muscles play an important role in stability and support of a prosthesis,hence we should be well learned about their peripheries and actions.

2. PRESENTED BY :
NABID ANJUM
MDS 1ST YEAR
DEPARTMENT OF PROSTHODONTICS

3.  Myology – study of
muscles.
 Muscle is a soft tissue
made up of a large
number of fibres
bound together by
connective tissue into
bundles,or fascicles.
 These bundles are
surrounded by
connective tissue
sheaths and
grouped together
into still larger
bundles.
 The whole muscle is
enveloped by a
connective tissue
sheath,the
epimysium.
 Muscles can be
voluntary(skeletal)
or involuntary
(smooth or cardiac)

4. INTRODUCTION:
 Musculature is involved directly in several important phases of
complete dentures.
 They exert a direct influence upon the peripheral
extensions,shape and thickness of denture bases,position of
teeth both horizontally and vertically and facial appearances.
 In addition they are active during mastication,speech and
deglutition.
 The muscles that are intimately involved with
prosthodontics are skeletal muscles.

5.  In the majority of skeletal muscles ,the origins and insertions are
in bone.
 However,many skeletal muscles involved in complete denture
construction have a bony origin but insert into an aponeurosis,a
raphe,or another muscle.
 Following group of muscles are studied in relation to complete
dentures:
 Muscles of mastication and its accessory
muscles.
 Muscles of facial expression.
 Muscles of soft palate.
 Muscles of tongue.

6.  MUSCLES OF MASTICATION

7.  Process of grinding and chewing food into
smaller pieces in the oral cavity ,turning it
into a food bolus
MASSETER
TEMPORALIS
MEDIAL PTERYGOID
LATERAL PTERYGOID
They enable the lower jaw to
make closing,opening,
protrusive,retrusive movements
along with side to side
movements.
INNERVATED BY :
MANDIBULAR
BRANCH OF
TRIGEMINAL
NERVE
DEVELOPMENT:
1ST BRANCHIAL
ARCH

8.  QUADRILATERAL
 3 layers-Superficial,Middle and
Deep.
• Superficial layer- Largest.
Origin- anterior 2/3rd of lower border of
zygomatic arch.
Insertion- lower part of lateral surface of ramus.
• Middle layer
Origin- anterior 2/3rd of deep surface and posterior
1/3rd of lower border of zygomatic arch.
Insertion- middle part of ramus.
• Deep layer
Origin-deep surface of zygomatic arch
Insertion- upper part of ramus and coronoid process
MASSETER:

9. ACTION- Elevates the mandible to close the mouth
INNERVATION-Masseteric nerve, branch of anterior
division of mandibular nerve.

10. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS:
ON DENTURE BORDER:
In this area ,the buccal flange
must converge medially to avoid
displacment due to contraction of
masseter muscle,because the
muscle fibres in that area are
vertical and oblique.
An active masseter muscle will create concavity in the outline of
distobuccal border.
A less active masseter may result in convex border.

11. MASSETERIC NOTCH:
 Instruct the patient to open mouth wide and then
close against the resting force of your finger.
 Instructing the patient to close against
the finger on tray handle causes masseter
muscle to contract and push against the
medially situated buccinator muscle.

12. PALPATION:
• The patient is asked to clench their teeth and using both hands,the
practioner palpates the masseter muscles on both sides
extraorally,making sure that the patient continues to clench during
the procedure.
• Palpating the origin of the masseter bilaterally along the zygomatic
arch and continue to palpate down the body of mandible where the
masseter is attached.

13. FAN SHAPED
• ORIGIN- temporal fossa and temporal fascia
• INSERTION- coronoid process and anterior border of
ramus.
• INNERVATION- Deep temporal branch, branch of
anterior division of mandibular nerve
TEMPORALIS:

14. ACTION- Elevates the mandible
Helps in protruding
Helps in side to side grinding movements.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS:

15. PALPATION:
• Pateint is asked to clench the teeth.
• The anterior region above the zygomatic arch and anterior to
TMJ.
• The middle region above TMJ and superior to zygomatic arch.
• The posterior region above and behind the ear.

16.  Quadrilateral
Small superficial and large deep head
ORIGIN:
• Superficial head-maxillary tuberosity.
• Deep head-medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate.
INSERTION-Medial surface of angle and ramus of
mandible, as high as the mandibular foramen.
.
MEDIAL PTERYGOID:

17. ACTION- Elevates the mandible
Helps protruding the mandible.
Right medial pterygoid and left lateral pterygoid helps
turn chin to the left side.
INNERVATION- Nerve to medial pterygoid ,branch of main trunk
of mandibular nerve

18. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS:
 Most commonly involved muscle in
MYOFACIAL PAIN DYSFUNCTION
SYNDROME.
 Trismus following inferior alveolar
nerve block is mainly due to
involvement of medial pterygoid
muscle.

19. PALPATION:
• Functional manipulation is done when the muscles becomes fatigued
and symptomatic.
• The muscle contracts as the teeth are coming in contact.

20.  Short and conical
Has upper and lower head
• Upper head:
Origin - infratemporal fossa and crest of greater wing of
sphenoid
Insertion-pterygoid fovea on the anterior surface of neck of
mandible
• Lower head:
Origin-lateral surface of lateral
pterygoid plate
Insertion- articular disc in TMJ
LATERAL PTERYGOID:

21. ACTION- Depresses the mandible to open the mouth
Helps protrude the mandible (along with medialpterygoid)
Left lateral pterygoid and right medial pterygoid turn the
chin to the left side.
It is the only muscle that helps in abduction of the jaw.
INNERVATION-branch from anterior division of mandibular nerve

22. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS:
Most commonly involved muscle is
MYOFACIAL PAIN DYSFUNCTION
SYNDROME
 UNILATERAL FAILURE OF LP :
deviation of mandible towards the
affected side on opening.
 BILATERAL FAILURE OF LP: Limited
opening,loss of protrusion.

23. PALPATION
SUPERIOR HEAD : equal pressure on lateral
poles of condyle as patient opens and
closes his mouth.
INFERIOR HEAD: placing the forefinger
,over the buccal area of the maxillary third
molar region and slide in medial direction
behind the maxillary tuberosity.

24. ACCESSORY MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
• DIGASTRIC
• MYLOHYOID
• GENIOHYOID
• INFRAHYOID

25. DIGASTRIC
ORIGIN INSERTION
ANTERIOR BELLY DIGASTRIC
FOSSA
TENDON
ATTACHED
TO THE BODY
POSTERIOR
BELLY
MASTOID
NOTCH
GRETER
CORNUA OF
HYOID BONE
ACTION
• Depresses mandible while
opening mouth
• Elevates hyoid bone while
swallowing

26. MYLOHYOID
ORIGIN INSERTION
MYLOHYOID LINE OF
MANDIBLE
POSTERIOR FIBRES TO THE
HYOID BONE.
MIDDLE & ANTERIOR FIBRES
DECUSSATE TO FORM
FIBROUS BANDS
ACTION
• Depresses mandible
while opening mouth
• Elevates hyoid bone
and floor of mouth
during deglutition

27. GENIOHYOID
ORIGIN INSERTION
Inferior genial tubercle
of mandible
Anterior surface of
hyoid bone
ACTION
• Elevates hyoid bone.
• Depresses mandible
while opening
mouth.

28. INFRAHYOID
STERNOHYOID
Depresses hyoid
bone
STERNOTHYROID
Depresses larynx
THYROHYOID
Depresses hyoid
bone
Elevates larynx
OMOHYOID
Depresses hyoid
bone and larynx

29.  MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
 The muscles in this region convey the
emotional state of an individual by controlling
expressions of the face.
 These muscles move the skin , create lines and
folds and cause movement of facial features.
 Also called mimetic muscles.

30. • Frontalis
• Procerus
• Corrugator supercilli
• Depressor supercilli
• Orbicularis oculi
• Nasalis
• Orbicularis oris
• Zygomaticus major
• Zygomaticus minor
• Levator anguli oris
The facial muscles include :
• Depressor anguli
oris
• Levator labii
superioris
• Depressor labii
inferioris
• Risorius
• Buccinator
• Mentalis
• Platysma

32. • Forms the occipito-frontalis muscle along
with the occipitalis muscle
ORIGIN- Galea aponeurotica
INSERTION-into the orbicularis oculi muscle and skin of forehead
INNERVATION- facial nerve
BLOOD SUPPLY-supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries
ACTION-lift the eyebrows(surprise)
Also acts when a view is too distant or dim
FRONTALIS

33.  Only muscle capable in closing eyes
3 parts- orbital ,palpebral ,lacrimal
Orbital part-around the orbital margin
Origin - medial part of medial palpebral ligament
Insertion -forms concentric rings and blends with frontalis
Action – closes eyes tightly
Palpebral part-in eyelids
Origin-lateral part of medial palpebral ligament
Insertion-lateral palpebral raphae
Action-closes eyes gently- sleep or blinking
ORBICULARIS OCULI

34. Lacrimal part-lateral and deep to lacrimal sac
Origin- lacrimal fascia and lacrimal bone
Insertion- upper and lower eyelids
Action – dilates the lacrimal sac
Antagonist muscle- levator palpebrae superioris
INNERVATION- temporal and zygomatic branch of facial nerve
BLOOD SUPPLY-opthalmic, angular and zygomatico-orbital
arteries

35. • Originate from maxilla and mandible in midline
forms an ellipse around the mouth
• 2parts-extrinsic and intrinsic
Intrinsic part-
Origin- The superior incisivus and inferior incisivus
Insertion- Angle of the mouth
Extrinsic part-
Origin-Formed by converging muscles (buccinator and
elevator and depressors of lips)
Insertion – Lips and angle of the mouth
ORBICULARIS ORIS

36. ACTION- Kissing muscle
Closes and puckers lips
Purses the mouth
INNERVATION- Buccal branch of facial nerve
BLOOD SUPPLY- Superior and inferior labial artery

37. PROSTHODONTIC CONSIDERATIONS:
 Because of horizontal
direction of fibres of
orbicularis oris,it has
indirect effect on
impression and denture
base.
 Main muscle of lip.
 Its tone depends on
the support it gets
from buccal flange
and position of the
teeth.
 Frenum contains fibres
of orbicularis oris and
mentalis muscle,hence
the denture should be
carefully fitted around it
to maintain a seal
without causing
soreness.

38. FROWNING MUSCLE
Small pyramidal shaped muscle
Located in the medial end of the eyebrows
ORIGIN-medial end of supercilliary arch
INSERTION-skin of medial half of eyebrow
ACTION -draws eyebrows medially downwards,producing
vertical wrinkles
INNERVATION-temporal branch of facial nerve
BLOOD SUPPLY- opthalmic artery
CORRUGATOR SUPERCILLI

39. ORIGIN- from nasal bone and upper part of nasal
cartilage
INSERTION- skin between eyebrows
ACTION - Helps in frowning, bring the fibres along the
medial angle of eyebrows.
Contributes to expression of anger.
INNERVATION-Temporal, lower zygomatic and buccal
branch of facial nerve
BLOOD SUPPLY- Facial artery
PROCERUS

40. ORIGIN- Anterior part of zygomatic bone
INSERTION- Skin at the corner of the mouth(modiolus)
ACTION- draws angle of mouth upward and laterally.
Responsible for smiling.
INNERVATION-Buccal and zygomatic branch of facial
nerve.
BLOOD SUPPLY –Facial artery
ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR

41. ZYGOMATICUS MINOR
ORIGIN- Malar bone
INSERTION- Upper lip medial to corner of mouth
ACTION- Draws the lip upward, backward and outward
(sad facial expressions)
INNERVATION- Buccal branch of facial nerve
BLOOD SUPPLY- Facial artery

42. LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS
 Quadratus labii superioris.
ORIGIN- Medial half of infraorbital margin of maxilla.
INSERTION-Skin of lateral half of upper lip.
ACTION-Elevates the upper lip retracts or evert the
lower lip(pouting or sadness).
INNERVATION- Zygomatic branch of facial nerve.
BLOOD SUPPLY- Facial artery.

43.  Also called caninus.
ORIGIN- Canine fossa immediately below infraorbital foramen
INSERTION- Skin at the corner of the mouth forming modiolus.
ACTION- Elevates corners of mouth during expressions such as smile
INNERVATION-Buccal branch
of facial nerve
BLOOD SUPPLY- Facial artery
LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS
 It attaches beneath
the frenum and
affects the position
of frenum.

44.  Associated with frowning.
ORIGIN- oblique line of mandible in relation to
canine and premolars
INSERTION- skin at the corner of the mouth,
blending with orbicularis oris muscle
ACTION- draws corner of the mouth down and
laterally
INNERVATION- mandibular branch of facial nerve
BLOOD SUPPLY- facial artery
DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS

45.  Quadratus labii inferioris
ORIGIN-Oblique line of mandible
INSERTION-Skin of lower lip
ACTION- Depresses the lower lip draws the lip downward
and laterally
INNERVATION- Mandibular branch of facial nerve
BLOOD SUPPLY- Facial artery
DEPRESSOR LABII INFERIORIS

46. BUCCINATOR
Primary muscle of cheek
3 fibres-upper ,middle and lower
Upper fibres
Origin- maxilla , opposite to molar teeth
Insertion- upper lip
Middle fibres
Origin-Pterygomandibular raphae.
Insertion-Decussate before passing onto the lips.
Lower fibres
Origin-mandible opposite to molar teeth
Insertion-lower lip
Lower fibres.
Origin-mandible opposite to molar teeth
Insertion-lower lip

47. • Pterygomandibular raphae separate buccinator and
superior constrictor muscle
• ACTION-Whistling action
Aids in mastication
Aids in neonates to suckle
• INNERVATION-Buccal branch of facial nerve
• BLOOD SUPPLY-Buccal artery

48. PROSTHODONTIC CONSIDERATIONS :
 The buccinator muscle provides support and mobility for
the soft tissues of the cheek.
 A major function of this muscle is to keep the cheeks
taunt.If this were not so,when the jaws close,the cheeks
would collapse and be caught between the teeth.
 Another very important function is its participation in
deglutition.
 It is important to know that the
proper external or polished surface
is obtained by functional influence
of buccinator to provide stability
to the denture bases.
The polished surface
occupies a position
of equilibrium
among these group
of muscles and is
referred as
NEUTRAL ZONE.

49.  Overlaps sternocleidomastoid.
ORIGIN- Upper part of pectoral and
deltoid fascia
INSERTION-
Anterior fibres-Base of mandible
Poterior fibres-Skin of lower face and lip
ACTION-Depresses mandible
Pulls the angle of the mouth downwards
Draws the skin of neck superiorly during clenching
INNERVATON- Cervical branch
BLOOD SUPPLY- Suprascapular and Submental arteries
PLATYSMA

50.  Chiasma of facial muscles.
 Location- lateral and slightly superior to angle of
mouth (10-12mm lateral to the angle of the mouth)
 Comprises of-
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
Levator anguli oris
Depressor anguli oris
Zygomaticus major
Levator labii superioris
Risorius
Platysma
MODIOLUS

51. PROSTHODONTIC CONSIDERATIONS:
 Activity of modiolus muscle is a guide for
occlusal plane determination.
 Muscles radiate from the modiolus like an
array of fans.
 The modiolus is lateral to lower premolars
so it will displace a lower denture if those
teeth are set too far buccally.
 With teeth loss, the modiolus
displaced and give appearance of
sunken cheeks.

52. MENTALIS
Pouting muscle
Paired central muscle of the lower lip
ORIGIN-Incisive fossa of mandible
INSERTION-Skin of the chin
ACTION- raises central portion of lips
In conjunction with orbicularis oris, it allows the lips
to pout.
Mentalis contraction causes wrinkles in the chin ; eg-
doubt
INNERVATION-Mandibular branch of
facial nerve

53.  The mentalis muscle
attachment to the
alveolar ridge can
dictate the level of
extension of the
labial flange of the
mandibular denture
below the crest of the
ridge.
PROSTHODONTIC CONSIDERATIONS:
 The contraction of
this muscle is capable
of dislodging a
mandibular
denture,particularly
when the ridge in the
anterior region is the
same height as the
formix of the
vestibule.

54. RISORIUS
ORIGIN- fascia of parotid gland
INSERTION-Skin at the corner of the mouth ;modiolus
ACTION-Retracts angle of mouth to produce a smirk
INNERVATION- Buccal branch
BLOOD SUPPLY- Facial artery

55. FACIAL NERVE
 Motor nerve supply
 Emerges from the parotid gland and gives 5 branches-
1.Temporal-frontalis,auricularis,orbicularis oculi
2.Zygomatic-orbicularis oculi
3.Buccal- cheek and upper lip
4.Marginal mandibular – lower lip
5.Cervical -platysma

56.  Damage to the facial nerve results in paralysis of the
muscles of facial expression on one side of the face
 Infranuclear lesions- Bell’s palsy
Whole of the face on the same side -gets paralysed
 Supranuclear lesions-Lower part of the opposite side of
the face is affected
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

58.  MUSCLES OF SOFT PALATE
• The soft palate(velum) is a mobile muscular flap.
• It hangs down from the posterior border of the hard
palate into the pharyngeal cavity like a curtain .
• It separates the nasopharynx from oropharynx.
• The oral surface of soft palate is thicker and lined by
non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

60. The soft palate consists of five pairs of muscles,i.e:
EXTRINSIC MUSCLES:
• Tensor palati( tensor veli palatini)
• Levator palati (levator veli palatini)
• Palatoglossus
• Palatopharyngeus
INTRINSIC MUSCLE:
• Musculus uvulae
INNERVATION:
MOTOR SUPPLY- All muscles of soft palate except tensor
Veli palatini are supplied by cranial root of accessory
nerve,whereas tensor veli palatini is supplied by nerve to
medial pterygoid,a branch of mandibular nerve.
SENSORY SUPPLY- Lesser palatine nerves and glossophary
ngeal nerve.

62. PALATINE APONEUROSIS
 It is a sheet of fibrous tissue that
provides stability and flexibility to
the soft palate and serves as an
anchoring point for a number of
its muscles.
 Along its attachment to the hard palate,the palatine
aponeurosis continues with the periosteum and
submucosal connective tissue on the oral and nasal
surfaces on the hard palate.

63. TENSOR VELI PALATINI( tensor palati)
 Thin,triangular muscle.
ORIGIN:
Lateral side of auditory tube.
Part of the base of skull.
INSERTION:
It descends,converges to form a delicate tendon,which winds
round the pterygoid hamulus,passes through buccinator and
flattens to form palatine aponeurosis.
 ACTIONS:
Tightens the soft palate.
Opens the suditory tube.

64. LEVATOR VELI PALATINI
 Cylindrical muscle.
ORIGIN:
Inferior aspect of auditory tube.
Inferior surface of petrous
temporal bone.
INSERTION:
Into the upper surface of palatine aponeurosis.
ACTIONS:
Elevates soft palate and closes pharyngeal isthmus.
Opens auditory tube.

65. PALATOGLOSSUS
 ORIGIN: Oral surface of palatine aponeurosis.
 INSERTION: Descends into palatoglossal arch,to the side of the
tongue at the junction of its oral and pharyngeal parts.
 ACTIONS: Pulls up the root of the tongue.

66. PALATOPHARYNGEUS
 It consists of two fasciculi that are separated by levator veli
palatini.
 ORIGIN :
Anterior fasciculi: from posterior border of hard palate.
Posterior fasciculi : from palatine aponeurosis.
 INSERTION:
Posterior border of the lamina of the thyroid cartilage.
Wall of the pharynx .
 ACTIONS : Pulls up the wall
of pharynx and shortens it
during swallowing.

67. PASSAVANT’S RIDGE :
Fibres of palatopharyngeus Membrane of pharynx
Form a sphincter in
Superior constrictor
Constitute
Passavant’s
muscle
Contraction
of the muscle
raises a ridge
PASSAVANT’S
RIDGE
Soft palate when elevated comes in
Contact with PASSAVANT’S RIDGE
Closure of
Pharyngeal
Isthmus.

68. MUSCULUS UVULAE
 Longitudinal strip,placed on each side of median plane.
ORIGIN : Posterior nasal apine.
Palatine aponeurosis.
INSERTION: Mucous membrane of uvula.
ACTIONS: Pulls up the uvula.

69. PROSTHDONTIC CONSIDERATIONS:
CLASSIFICATION OF SOFT PALATE: BY HOUSE
• Large and normal in form.
• Shows a movable band of tissue 5mm-12mm
distal to a line drawn across the distal edges of
tuberosities.
CLASS 2
• Medium sized and normal in form.
• Shows a resilient band of 3-5mm distal to a line
drawn across the palate distal to tuberosities.
CLASS 3
CLASS 1
• Usually accompanies a small maxilla.
• The curtain of soft tissue turns abruptly 3-5mm
anterior to a line drawn across the palate distal
to tuberosities.

70. POSTERIOR PALATAL SEAL:
 The soft tissues along the junction of
the hard and soft palates on which
pressure within the physiologic limits
of the tissues can be applied by a
denture to aid in the retention of the
denture.- GPT 8
• It is the most posterior most limiting structure in
maxillary denture.
• Resist the horizontal and lateral torquing of the
maxillary denture and provide the rete tion.
• Maintains contact of the denture with soft palate
during functional movements.

71. PTERYGOMAXILLARY SEAL :
• Extends through pterygomaxillary notch continuing 3-
4mm anterolaterally approximating the mucogingival
junction.
• Occupies the entire width of hamular notch.

72. VIBRATING LINE : The imaginary line across the posterior part of the
Palate marking the division between movable and immovable tissues
Of soft palate.
ANTERIOR VIBRATING LINE:
• CUPID BOW SHAPED
APPEARANCE.
• ALWAYS ON SOFT PALATAL
TISSUES.
• TO PERFORM VALSALVA
MANEUVER
• ALSO LOCATED BY ASKING THE
PATIENT TO SAY ‘AH’ WITH
SHORT VIGOROUS BURSTS.
POSTERIOR VIBRATING LINE:
• MARKS THE DEMARCATION
BETWEEN MOVABLE &
IMMOVABLE PART OF SOFT
PALATE
• MARKS THE MOST DISTAL
EXTENSION OF DENTURE BASE.
• IMAGINARY LINE AT JUNCTION
OF TENSOR VELI PALATINI
MUSCLE AND MUSCLES OF SOFT
PALATE.

73.  TONGUE
“Tongue is barely three inches long but it can kill a person six feet tall”
• Tongue is a muscular organ situated in
the floor of the mouth.
• Associated with the functions of
taste,speech,mastication and deglutition.
• Oral part – lies in the mouth.
• Pharyngeal part – lies in the pharynx.
• These parts are separated by a V shaped
sulcus: Sulcus terminalis

74. DEVELOPMENT OF TONGUE
Appears at the end of 4th week.
 Connective tissue develops from
local mesenchyme.
ANTERIOR 2/3RD :
• From two lingual swellings
and one tuberculum
impar,which arise from 1st
branchial arch
• Supplied by lingual nerve
and chorda tympani
POSTERIOR 1/3rd :
• From the cranial large part
of the hypobranchial
eminence,from the third
arch.
• Supplied by
glossopharyngeal nerve.
POSTERIOR MOST:
• From the fourth arch.
• Supplied by superior laryngeal
nerve.

76. EXTERNAL FEATURES OF TONGUE:
 A ROOT : Attached to the mandible and soft palate above,and
to the hyoid bone below.
It is related to geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscle.
• A TIP OR APEX: Forms the anterior free end.
At rest lies behind the upper incisor teeth.
• A BODY : a curved upper surface or dorsum.
an inferior surface.
• The dorsum is
divided into oral
and pharyngeal
parts.
• The inferior surface
is confined to the
oral part only.

77.  FUNCTIONS OF TONGUE

78. PAPILLAE OF THE TONGUE: Gives the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue its
characteristics rough appearnce.
FILIFORM PAPILLAE:
• Smallest and most numerous.
• Located along the entire dorsum
of the tongue.
• Give rise to velvety appearance of
the tongue.
FOLIATE PAPILLAE:
• Small folds of mucosa
located just infront of
palatoglossal arch along
the lateral surface of the
tongue.
CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLAE:
• Large is size 1-2mm in diameter
and 8-12 in number .
• Arranged in form of V with apex
pointing backwards .
• Each is cylindrical projection
surrounded by circular sulcus.
FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE:
• Numerous near tip and
margins of tongue.
• Smaller than vallate
papillae.
• Visible as discret pink or
bright red pin heads.

79. WRIGHT’S CLASSIFICATION OF TONGUE POSITION:
CLASS I: The tongue lies in the floor of
the mouth with the tip forward and
slightly below the incisal edges of the
mandibular anterior teeth.
CLASS II : The tongue is flattened and
broadened but the tip is in normal
position.
CLASS III : The tongue is retracted and
depressed into the floor of the mouth
,with the tip curled upward,downward
or assimilated into the body of the
tongue.
 CLASS I position is ideal,because
in such a case the floor of the
mouth is at an adequate height
,hence the lingual flange of the
denture contacts it and
maintains the peripheral seal of
the denture.

80. ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF TONGUE : Tongue is supplied by the lingual
artery which is branch of external carotid artery.
Root of the tongue is also supplied by tonsillar artery which is a
branch of facial artery.

81.  A middle fibrous septum divides tongue into right and left
halves.
 Each halves contains Four intrinsic and Four extrinsic
muscles.
 INTRINSIC MUSCLES : SUPERIOR LONGITUDINAL
INFERIOR LONGITUDINAL
TRANVERSE
VERTICAL
 EXTRINSIC MUSCLES: STYLOGLOSSUS
HYOGLOSSUS
GENIOGLOSSUS
PALATOGLOSSUS
 MUSCLES OF TONGUE

82. INTRINSIC MUSCLES:
• Occupy upper part of the tongue.
• Attached to the submucous fibrous layer and to the median
fibrous septum.
• Alter the shape of the tongue.
 SUPERIOR LONGITUDINAL-
• Lies beneath the mucous membrane.
• Shortens the tongue ,makes its dorsum concave.
INFERIOR LONGITUDINAL-
• Lying close to the inferior surface of the
tongue.
• Between genioglossus and hyoglossus.
• Shortens the tongue,makes its
dorsum convex.

84.  TRANSVERSE-
• Extends from median septum to the margins.
• Makes the tongue narrow and elongated.
 VERTICAL-
• Found at the borders of the anterior part of tongue.
• Makes the tongue broad and flattened.

85. EXTRINSIC MUSCLES:
 GENIOGLOSSUS- LIFE SAVING MUSCLE
Fan shaped muscle.
Forms the bulk of tongue.
• ORIGIN : Upper genial tubercle of mandible.
• INSERTION:Upper fibres –tip of the tongue
Middle fibres – dorsum
Lower fibres – the hyoid bone
• ACTIONS :
Retracts the tongue.
Depresses the tongue.
Pulls the posterior part of tongue
forwards and protude the tongue
forwards.

86.  HYOGLOSSUS-
• ORIGIN : Greater cornu ,front of lateral part of body of hyoid
bone.
• INSERTION : Side and inferior aspect of tongue.
• ACTION : Depresses the tongue.
Retracts the protruded tongue.

87.  STYLOGLOSSUS:
• ORIGIN : Tip and part of anterior surface of styloid process.
• INSERTION : Into the side of tongue.
• ACTION : Pulls tongue upwards and backwards during
swallowing.

88.  PALATOGLOSSUS-
• ORIGIN : Oral surface of palatine aponeurosis.
• INSERTION : Side of tongue(junction of oral and
pharyngeal parts )
• ACTION : Pulls up the root of tongue, approximates
palatoglossal arches, closes oropharyngeal isthmus.

89. NERVE SUPPLY OF TONGUE:

90. EFFECT OF TONGUE IN COMPLETE DENTURE
 Role of tongue in impression making in alveolingual sulcus:
ANTERIOR PART:
• Mainly influenced by Genioglossus muscle,lingual
frenum and to a lesser extent by sublingual gland.
• The lingual border of the impression in this region
should extend down to make contact with the floor
of the mouth,when the tip of the tongue touches
the upper lip.
MIDDLE PART:
• When the middle of the lingual flange is made to slope towards
the tongue,it can extend below the level of mylohyoid ridge.
• In this way the tongue rests on the top of the flange and aids in
stabilizing the lower denture on residual ridge.

91. POSTERIOR PART:
• Flange can turn laterally towards the ramus to fill the fossa and
complete the typical s shaped lingual flange.
 Role of tongue size:
SMALL :
Facilitate impression
making but jeopardize
the lingual seal.
LARGE:
Problem in impression making
Denture stability
Tongue biting.
 In edentulous patients,without replacement the
tongue often remains hypertropied.

92.  Role of tongue space:
• Artifical teeth must be arranged in
NEUTRAL ZONE,where, inward pressure
of cheeks and lips=outward pressure of
tongue
• If tongue is cramped by denture
lateral pressure exerted instability in denture
when tongue moves.

93. ANOMALIES OF TONGUE:
FISSURED TONGUE MACROGLOSSIA BENIGN MIGRATORY
GLOSSITIS
TONGUE TIE CLEFT TONGUE
LINGUAL VARICES
HAIRY TONGUE
LINGUAL VARICES

94. CONCLUSION
 Knowledge of anatomy,physology and functions of
the muscles is an essence to understand the complex
morphological and functional changes in the muscle
with aging or with complete and partial edentulism.
The knowledge will help us to reach optimal
prosthetic success,as muscles plays significant and
perhaps didacting role in affecting stability and
retention of prosthesis.

95. REFERENCES
1. BD Chaurasia’s HUMAN ANATOMY for Dental students;2nd edition.
2. Syllabus of complete denture: Charles M.Heartwell ;4th edition.
3. Essentials of complete Denture: Sheldon winkler ;3rd edition.
4. Anatomy of facial expression and its prosthodontic significance
Alexander L,MartoneD.D.S.;jpd vol 12,issue 6 nov-dec 1962