Students efforts

1. Perception
Presented to:
Mrs. Neetu
Presented By:
Jashandeep
Sandeep
Sukhpreet

2. What Is Perception, and Why Is It
Important?
•People’s behavior is
based on their
perception of what
reality is, not on
reality itself.
•The world as it is
perceived is the
world that is
behaviorally
important.

3. Process of Perception
1. Perceptual Inputs:- (no. of stimuli in environment in the
form of objects ,information, events, Peoples etc.) for
example noise of air cooler that gain are intention , lights
etc.
2. Perceptual Mechanism(output):- when a person receive
the information then he tries to identify with the process
of selection ,Organizing and Interpretation.
(A) Perceptual Selectivity:- It means the tendency to
select the certain objects from the environment for attention.
I. Internal factor
II. External factor

4. External Attention Factor
1. Size (Big and small)

5. 2. Intensity (loud sound, strong smell)
3. Repetition (News, advertisement)
4. Status (different reaction acc. To status or
authority)
5. Movement ( still image and motion )
6. Novelty and familiarity
7. Nature ( just constant image and video)
8. Contrast (related with uniqueness something
which is different like color of building)

6.  Needs and desire (food for hungry)
 Beliefs
Internal Attention Factor

7. Learning
M-A-C-D-O-W-E-L-L
M-A-C-D-O-N-A-L-D
M-A-C-B-E-T-H
M-A-C-H-I-N-E-R-Y

8.  Personality
THIS BIKE IS NOT SUITABLE FOR THIS PERONALITY

9.  Motivation
WHEN A PERSON KEPT HUNGRY FOR SOME TIME WHEN
REPORTED MORE FOOD ITEMS IN SUCH A PERCEPTION.

10. (B) Perceptual Organization
Person’s perceptual process organizes the
information he receives to form a meaningful
whole.

11. Types of perceptual organizations
• Figure and Ground: in this perceived objects are separated from their general
background by the perceiver.
• Perceptual grouping: An individual tends to group several stimuli together into a
recognizable pattern on the basis of
(a)Closure ( ex. Uncompleted figure)
(b)Continuity
(c)Proximity
(d)Similarity.
• Perceptual Constancy: Perception elements like size, shape color, brightness and
location of an object remains constant and does not change from one individual to
another.
• Perceptual Context: It provides meaning and value to objects, events, situations
and other people in the environment.
• Perceptual Defense: A person may establish defense against some stimuli because
it may be clashing with their personal values or may be threatening in nature.

12. (C) Perceptual Interpretation
Perceptual interpretation is an integral part of the perception
process. Without interpretation, selection, and organization of
information do not make any sense.
(D) Checking
Checking is used to check weather the interpretation are right or
wrong.
(E) Reacting
This is a last stage of perception is the reaction. The action is
depends on weather the perceptions favorable or unfavorable. It
may be negative or positive.

13. Common Biases and Errors
• Overconfidence Bias
• Anchoring Bias
• Confirmation Bias
• Availability Bias
• Representative Bias
• Escalation of Commitment Error
• Randomness Error
• Hindsight Bias

14. Barriers to perceptual accuracy
I. Selective perception
II. Attribution
III. Stereotyping
IV. Halo effect
V. Projection
VI. Perceptual set
VII.Implicit personality theory
VIII.Expectancy

15. Perception in organization
I. Stress
II. Employment interview
III. Performance expectation
IV. Performance evaluation
V. Employee efforts
VI. Employee loyalty