The presentation includes information about bacteria Bacillus anthracis like its structure, characters, infection, life cycle, pathogenicity and diseases caused by it which is Anthrax. It includes information about types of anthrax, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

1. Bacillus Anthracis
Anthrax

2. INTRODUCTION
 Commonly known as "Bacteria of livestock''.
 The organism was first discovered by ROBERT KOCH.
 Bacillus anthracis is an agent of disease ANTHRAX.
 Occasionally infects humans.
 Known as the best weapon for bioterrorism.
 Mode of infection is through spores.
 Transmitted through inhalation, ingestion or
Contamination.

3. HISTORY
 First cases of cutaneous anthrax came from men
working with livestock was referred to as Wool
sorter's disease.
 Anthrax vaccine was approved in 1970.
 Largest outbreak of human anthrax was observed in
1978-1980.

4. STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS
 Gram positive.
 Non-motile.
 Facultative anaerobe.
 Rectangular rod shaped bacterium with square ends.
 Temperature range for optimum growth is 35-37 C

5. ENDOSPORE FORMATION
 Bacillus produces spores.
 It can remain inactive for years but can germinate after gaining entry inside host
body.
 Spores resist heat, drying, and disinfectants.
 Spores can gain entry inside body through
inhalation or wound.

7. INFECTION
 Can infect both cattle and human beings.
 Infection is caused through spores.
 Spores are transferred from animals to humans through respiration or any wound.
 One can be infected from soil and air too.
 Infection through wounds is called Cutaneous Infection.
 Infection through air is called Pulmonary infection.
 Eating raw meat can cause Gastrointestinal infection.

8. CYCLE OF ANTHRAX

9. TYPES OF ANTHRAX
CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX-
Bacteria enters through wound or other
parts of skin.
Chances are more than or equal to 95%.
Develops painless and dark lesions.
Invade nearest lymph nodes and enter
blood circulation.
Can cause septicemia.

10. TYPES OF ANTHRAX
PULMONARY ANTHRAX
Rare.
Mortality rate is 100%.
Inflammation of lymph nodes.
Infects respiratory system
including lungs.
Host becomes immunodeficient.
Mostly results into death.

11. TYPES OF ANTHRAX
GASTROINTESTINAL ANTHRAX
Caused by eating raw meat.
Spores are ingested.
Infects the mouth and intestinal
tract.
Oral and abdominal lesions are
observed.

12. PATHOGENICITY
MEDIATORS OF PATHOGENESIS
EXOTOXINS
1. Edema factor: produce
cAMP which results in
degradation.
2. Lethal toxin: responsible
for tissue necrosis.
3. Protective
antigen: facilitate entry
of EF & LT.
BACTERIAL CAPSULE
It is made up of peptidoglycan
or glycoproteins.
• It acts as a protective layer.
• Helps to prevent
immunological functions.
• This is a slimy layer which
prevents phagocytosis.

13. PATHOGENICITY
 There are always two strategies in pathogenesis:-
1. To go against host immune system which is done here with the help of
BACTERIAL CAPSULE.
2. To destroy the cell which in this case is done by EXOTOXINS.
CAPSULE

14. SYMPTOMS
CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX
Skin infection, itchy sores, swelling, scabs.
PULMONARY ANTHRAX
Fever, headache, cough, shortness of breath and
chest pain.
GASTROINTESTINAL ANTHRAX
Abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, fever, mouth
sores, nausea and vomiting.

15. DIAGNOSIS
 GRAM STAINING- useful for cutaneous anthrax
 BLOOD SAMPLES- for checking the presence.
 SKIN LESIONS AND PUS - for cutaneous anthrax.
 RESPIRATORY SECRETIONS- for pulmonary anthrax.
 X RAY -pulmonary anthrax
 CT SCAN - inhalation infection.
 PCR – for detection of anthrax exotoxins.
 STOOL- intestinal anthrax.
CULTURED ON NUTRIENT/BLOOD AGAR at 37 degrees.

16. TREATMENT
CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX
Simple antibiotics can do the job. Doxycycline ,
erythromycin , ciprofloxacin are used.
PULMONARY ANTHRAX
Multidrug therapy is effective. Ciprofloxacin,
rifampin, vancomycin combination is used.
GASTROINTESTINAL ANTHRAX
Almost same antibiotics are used.

17. PREVENTION
Vaccination.
Early detection.
Air filters.
Keeping pets clean.
Pre antibiotic treatment.
Decontamination of exposed area.

18. THANK YOU