World health organization - Nikhil - HRM, Welingkar
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World health organization - Nikhil - HRM, Welingkar
- 2. Introduction • Specialized, non political health agency of United nations • Concerned with international public health • Headquarters at Geneva, Switzerland • Established on 7th April, 1948 • Head of WHO - Margaret Chan, Director General • 7th April - World Health day • 2014/2015 proposed budget of the WHO is about US$4 billion • 61 countries on 22 July 1946 signed constitute of WHO
- 3. History When diplomats met to form the United Nations in 1945, one of the things they discussed was setting up a global health organization. • First International Sanitary Conference (1851) • Pan American Sanitary Bureau (1902) • The health organization of the league of nations (1923) • UNRA (1943) • International health conference (1946) Turkish doctor inoculates child against TB, 1970s
- 8. WHO Role 1) Providing Leadership and engage in joint action 2) Shaping research agenda 3) Setting norms and Standards, promoting, monitoring and implementation 4) Ethical and evidence based policy 5) Providing technical support, catalyzing change 6) Building sustainable institutional capacity 7) Monitoring health and assessing health trends
- 9. WHO People and Offices More than 7000 people from more than 150 countries work for the Organization in 150 WHO offices. In addition to medical doctors, public health specialists, scientists and epidemiologists, WHO staff include people trained to manage administrative, financial, and information systems, as well as experts in the fields of health statistics, economics and emergency relief.
- 10. WHO at glance
- 11. Role of WHO in HR
- 12. Human Resources development planning: • Is time-consuming, not a "one-shot deal" • Mandate for multi-sectoral involvement from high-level • Participation of high-level decision-makers • Training in human resources development planning • Review of human resources development, documents the number, type, job profile etc. • Should result in a prioritized list of concrete activities • A proposed timeline and a budget which can be used in drafting funding proposals • Should provide an institutionalized mechanism and clear opportunities for ongoing inter-sectoral participation.
- 13. HUMAN RESOURCES
- 14. General Policies and Guidelines • Access to Employee Personnel Files • Alertline • Disabilities Resources and Services• Environmental, Health and Safety• Extreme Weather Conditions
- 16. General Guidelines • Attendance • Hours of Work • Alcoholic Beverages , Tobacco and Smoking Policy • Personal Hygiene • Workers’ Compensation
- 17. WHO Means
- 18. THANK YOU Nikhil K. Wayngankar Roll No: 101 Date: 5th March 2017
Editor's Notes
- The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO is a member of the United Nations Development Group. Its predecessor, the Health Organization, was an agency of the League of Nations. The constitution of the World Health Organization had been signed by 61 countries on 22 July 1946, with the first meeting of the World Health Assembly finishing on 24 July 1948. It incorporated the Office international d'hygiène publique and the League of Nations Health Organization. Since its creation, it has played a leading role in the eradication of smallpox. Its current priorities include communicable diseases, in particular HIV/AIDS, Ebola, malaria and tuberculosis; the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases; sexual and reproductive health, development, and aging; nutrition, food security and healthy eating; occupational health; substance abuse; and driving the development of reporting, publications, and networking. The WHO is responsible for the World Health Report, a leading international publication on health, the worldwide World Health Survey, and World Health Day (7 April of every year). The head of WHO is Margaret Chan. The 2014/2015 proposed budget of the WHO is about US$4 billion.[1] About US$930 million are to be provided by member states with a further US$3 billion to be from voluntary contributions.[1]
- Establishment - During the 1945 United Nations Conference on International Organization, Dr. Szeming Sze, a delegate from China, conferred with Norwegian and Brazilian delegates on creating an international health organization under the auspices of the new United Nations. After failing to get a resolution passed on the subject, Alger Hiss, the Secretary General of the conference, recommended using a declaration to establish such an organization. Dr. Sze and other delegates lobbied and a declaration passed calling for an international conference on health.[2] The use of the word "world", rather than "international", emphasized the truly global nature of what the organization was seeking to achieve.[3] The constitution of the World Health Organization was signed by all 51 countries of the United Nations, and by 10 other countries, on 22 July 1946.[4] It thus became the first specialised agency of the United Nations to which every member subscribed.[5] Its constitution formally came into force on the first World Health Day on 7 April 1948, when it was ratified by the 26th member state.[4] The first meeting of the World Health Assembly finished on 24 July 1948, having secured a budget of US$5 million (then GB£1,250,000) for the 1949 year. Andrija Stampar was the Assembly's first president, and G. Brock Chisholm was appointed Director-General of WHO, having served as Executive Secretary during the planning stages.[3] Its first priorities were to control the spread of malaria, tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections, and to improve maternal and child health, nutrition and environmental hygiene. Its first legislative act was concerning the compilation of accurate statistics on the spread and morbidity of disease.[3] The logo of the World Health Organization features the Rod of Asclepius as a symbol for healing.[6] Operational history[edit] IT established an epidemiological information service via telex in 1947, and by 1950 a mass tuberculosis inoculation drive (using the BCG vaccine) was under way. In 1955, the malaria eradication programme was launched, although it was later altered in objective. 1965 saw the first report on diabetes mellitus and the creation of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. WHO moved into its headquarters building in 1966. The Expanded Programme on Immunization was started in 1974, as was the control programme into onchocerciasis – an important partnership between the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and World Bank. In the following year, the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases was also launched. In 1976, the World Health Assembly voted to enact a resolution on Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, with a focus on community-driven care. The first list of essential medicines was drawn up in 1977, and a year later the ambitious goal of "health for all" was declared. In 1986, WHO started its global programme on the growing problem of HIV/AIDS, followed two years later by additional attention on preventing discrimination against sufferers and UNAIDS was formed in 1996. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative was established in 1988.[7] In 1958, Viktor Zhdanov, Deputy Minister of Health for the USSR, called on the World Health Assembly to undertake a global initiative to eradicate smallpox, resulting in Resolution WHA11.54.[8] At this point, 2 million people were dying from smallpox every year. In 1967, the World Health Organization intensified the global smallpox eradication by contributing $2.4 million annually to the effort and adopted a new disease surveillance method.[9][10] The initial problem the WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases. WHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment activities.[11] The WHO also helped contain the last European outbreak in Yugoslavia in 1972.[12] After over two decades of fighting smallpox, the WHO declared in 1979 that the disease had been eradicated – the first disease in history to be eliminated by human effort.[13] In 1998, WHO's Director General highlighted gains in child survival, reduced infant mortality, increased life expectancy and reduced rates of "scourges" such as smallpox and polio on the fiftieth anniversary of WHO's founding. He, did, however, accept that more had to be done to assist maternal health and that progress in this area had been slow.[14]Cholera and malaria have remained problems since WHO's founding, although in decline for a large part of that period.[15] In the twenty-first century, the Stop TB Partnership was created in 2000, along with the UN's formulation of the Millennium Development Goals. The Measles initiative was formed in 2001, and credited with reducing global deaths from the disease by 68% by 2007. In 2002, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was drawn up to improve the resources available.[7] In 2006, the organization endorsed the world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit for Zimbabwe, which formed the basis for a global prevention, treatment and support plan to fight the AIDS pandemic.
- IT established an epidemiological information service via telex in 1947, and by 1950 a mass tuberculosis inoculation drive (using the BCG vaccine) was under way. In 1955, the malaria eradication programme was launched, although it was later altered in objective. 1965 saw the first report on diabetes mellitus and the creation of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. WHO moved into its headquarters building in 1966. The Expanded Programme on Immunization was started in 1974, as was the control programme into onchocerciasis – an important partnership between the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and World Bank. In the following year, the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases was also launched. In 1976, the World Health Assembly voted to enact a resolution on Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, with a focus on community-driven care. The first list of essential medicines was drawn up in 1977, and a year later the ambitious goal of "health for all" was declared. In 1986, WHO started its global programme on the growing problem of HIV/AIDS, followed two years later by additional attention on preventing discrimination against sufferers and UNAIDS was formed in 1996. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative was established in 1988.[7] In 1958, Viktor Zhdanov, Deputy Minister of Health for the USSR, called on the World Health Assembly to undertake a global initiative to eradicate smallpox, resulting in Resolution WHA11.54.[8] At this point, 2 million people were dying from smallpox every year. In 1967, the World Health Organization intensified the global smallpox eradication by contributing $2.4 million annually to the effort and adopted a new disease surveillance method.[9][10] The initial problem the WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases. WHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment activities.[11] The WHO also helped contain the last European outbreak in Yugoslavia in 1972.[12] After over two decades of fighting smallpox, the WHO declared in 1979 that the disease had been eradicated – the first disease in history to be eliminated by human effort.[13] In 1998, WHO's Director General highlighted gains in child survival, reduced infant mortality, increased life expectancy and reduced rates of "scourges" such as smallpox and polio on the fiftieth anniversary of WHO's founding. He, did, however, accept that more had to be done to assist maternal health and that progress in this area had been slow.[14]Cholera and malaria have remained problems since WHO's founding, although in decline for a large part of that period.[15] In the twenty-first century, the Stop TB Partnership was created in 2000, along with the UN's formulation of the Millennium Development Goals. The Measles initiative was formed in 2001, and credited with reducing global deaths from the disease by 68% by 2007. In 2002, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was drawn up to improve the resources available.[7] In 2006, the organization endorsed the world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit for Zimbabwe, which formed the basis for a global prevention, treatment and support plan to fight the AIDS pandemic.
- WHO currently defines its role in public health as follows:[18] providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnerships where joint action is needed; shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation and dissemination of valuable knowledge;[19] setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation; articulating ethical and evidence-based policy options; providing technical support, catalyzing change, and building sustainable institutional capacity; and monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends.
- The head of the organization is the Director-General, elected by the World Health Assembly.[73] The current Director-General is Margaret Chan, who was first appointed on 9 November 2006[83] and confirmed for a second term until the end of June 2017.[84] WHO employs 7000 people in 150 countries.[85] In support of the principle of a tobacco-free work environment the WHO does not recruit cigarette smokers.[86] The organization has previously instigated the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2003.[87] The WHO operates "Goodwill Ambassadors", members of the arts, sport or other fields of public life aimed at drawing attention to WHO's initiatives and projects. There are currently five Goodwill Ambassadors (Jet Li, Nancy Brinker, Peng Liyuan, Yohei Sasakawa and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra) and a further ambassador associated with a partnership project (Craig David).[88]
- Regional offices The regional divisions of WHO were created between 1949 and 1952, and are based on article 44 of WHO's constitution, which allowed the WHO to "establish a [single] regional organization to meet the special needs of [each defined] area". Many decisions are made at regional level, including important discussions over WHO's budget, and in deciding the members of the next assembly, which are designated by the regions.[74] Each region has a Regional Committee, which generally meets once a year, normally in the autumn. Representatives attend from each member or associative member in each region, including those states that are not fully recognised. For example, Palestine attends meetings of the Eastern Mediterranean Regional office. Each region also has a regional office.[74] Each Regional Office is headed by a Regional Director, who is elected by the Regional Committee. The Board must approve such appointments, although as of 2004, it had never overruled the preference of a regional committee. The exact role of the board in the process has been a subject of debate, but the practical effect has always been small.[74] Since 1999, Regional Directors serve for a once-renewable five-year term.[75] Each Regional Committee of the WHO consists of all the Health Department heads, in all the governments of the countries that constitute the Region. Aside from electing the Regional Director, the Regional Committee is also in charge of setting the guidelines for the implementation, within the region, of the health and other policies adopted by the World Health Assembly. The Regional Committee also serves as a progress review board for the actions of WHO within the Region. The Regional Director is effectively the head of WHO for his or her Region. The RD manages and/or supervises a staff of health and other experts at the regional offices and in specialized centers. The RD is also the direct supervising authority—concomitantly with the WHO Director-General—of all the heads of WHO country offices, known as WHO Representatives, within the Region.
- Guidelines for human resources planning in environmental and occupational health Executive summary Human resources development in environmental and occupational health has been a priority of WHO for many years. Specific initiatives in human resources development have included education and training programmes for government officials on topics such as drinking water supply and sanitation technologies, hazardous waste management, environmental epidemiology and chemical safety, as well as the development of educational materials and reference texts. With the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, came a new orientation towards national planning aimed at guaranteeing the necessary capacity to identify, manage and prevent environmental problems and to promote sustainable development. In this context, WHO began to focus on more comprehensive approaches to capacitybuilding, which could include the development of institutional infrastructure, a legal framework, enforcement mechanisms and the necessary human resources. Examples of such approaches are a project to help countries incorporate initiatives on health and the environment into their development planning, the production of national profiles on the sound management of chemicals, and the promotion of national planning for human resources development in environmental and occupational health. The latter approach is the subject of this document. This document describes a methodology for planning of human resources development in environmental and occupational health which was field-tested in Cuba, Mexico and South Africa between 1994 and 1996. In addition to outlining the rationale for such planning and the recommended steps in the planning process, the country case studies are discussed in detail with a focus on the ingredients for successful implementation in future. Chapter 1 highlights the incentives for developing a national human resources development plan which includes the documentation of existing personnel and training opportunities, and creation of a mechanism for producing and maintaining the necessary skills and expertise for environmental and occupational health management. Human resources development plans also provide a framework for funding proposals to support national capacity-building. Environmental and occupational human resources development are linked since the same general knowledge and expertise are required to assess and control hazards in both environments. The training of personnel and the services they ultimately provide must be coordinated in order to ensure that problems are not simply transferred from the workplace to the general environment and vice versa. Chapter 2 defines human resources development planning as an approach to determine how best to produce, deploy and use human resources in the right numbers, with the right skills, attitudes and motivation and at the right cost to perform environmental/occupational health functions. It provides a brief introduction to different strategies for workforce planning, or for defining the number and type of personnel needed, on the basis of their functions, required knowledge and competencies, or job category. Details on how to implement each of these strategies can be found in the annotated references. Chapter 3 describes the steps in human resources planning which may in some Guidelines on human resources planning 2 countries be combined or carried out in a different order, depending on national or subnational needs and priorities. Although there is no standard formula, most approaches include: identifying partners in health, environment, labour, education and other sectors who have a stake in human resources development in environmental and occupational health; establishing a working group to guide the planning process; assessing existing human resources development resources, services and unmet needs; holding national forums or workshops on the issue; preparing a draft plan; reviewing, ratifying and implementing the plan; and ongoing monitoring and evaluation. Highlights of this chapter include guidelines on what to include in a country review and training institution survey. Chapters 4 and 5 focus on country experiences in implementing the human resources development planning process and on the lessons learned. Sample interview and survey formats developed by the project countries are included in the appendices. Problems common to all project countries included a fragmented legislative framework, inadequate training programmes (in terms of content, methodology, access, preparation of teachers, etc.) lack of intersectoral cooperation and insufficient planning. While the planning process was advanced in all countries, some of the important lessons learned are summarized below. Human resources development planning: is time-consuming, not a "one-shot deal", and, therefore, must be integrated into ongoing development planning; requires a clear mandate for multisectoral involvement from high-level government authorities; requires the participation of high-level decision-makers from all sectors involved in the planning process; requires training in human resources development planning for those leading and participating in the planning process; requires a review of human resources development which is adequately funded and documents the number, type, job profile and distribution of personnel and training institutions; should result in a prioritized list of concrete activities, a proposed timeline and a budget which can be used in drafting funding proposals; should provide an institutionalized mechanism for human resources development planning and clear opportunities for ongoing intersectoral participation. The guidelines, country experiences and references cited provide guidance to countries interested in initiating a national planning process for human resources development in environmental and occupational health. The process could be further advanced by additional training for key sectors (health, environment, labour) in planning and in the development and sharing of specific planning tools for environment and health (e.g. survey instruments, job descriptions, alternative organizational structures, competencies for key professional.