This document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. It explains that direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken, while indirect speech reports the meaning of what was said without quotation marks. The document then provides detailed rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech based on tense, pronouns, question forms, exclamations, and more. Examples are given to illustrate each rule and type of sentence structure. Exercises are included at the end to practice converting direct speech into indirect speech.

1. By Nitesh Raj Murarikar

2. SPEECH
 The words spoken by a person are
reported into two ways.They are:
1. Direct Speech 2. Indirect Speech

3. Direct Speech
* In Direct Speech, we can express the
words exactly spoken by a person.
* It is enclosed in”Inverted commas”
Direct Speech has two parts.
1.Reporting Speech
(which is in not quotations)
2.Reported Speech
(which is in quotations)
Ex: She said, “I bought a pen yesterday”.
He said, “I am a very lucky boy”.

4. Indirect Speech
 In Indirect speech we can express in our
own words in the substance of speaker’s
words.
 Inverted commas are removed in the
Indirect Speech.
Ex: i) He said that he was very lucky
ii) She said that she had bought a pen
the previous day.

5. Rules for changing from
D.S to I.D.S
 Rule 1:- If the reporting verb is in
present tense [say, says, tell, tells, ask,
asks etc,.]
 The tense of reported verb doesn’t
change.
Ex:-
D.S:- He says, “I am a clever boy”
I.D.S:- He says that he is a clever boy.

6. Rules for changing from
D.S to I.D.S
 Rule.2:- If the reporting verb is in
future tense [will say/shall say, can
say etc] the tense of reported verb
doesn’t change.
Ex:-
D.S:- He will say, “I am a brave boy”.
I.D.S:- He will say that he is a brave
boy.

7. Rules for changing from
D.S to I.D.S
 Rule.3:- If the reporting verb is in past tense
[said, asked, told, ordered] the tense of
reported verb will also change.
 Sub-rule:
i) If the reported verb is in present tense, It can
be changed into past tense.
ii) If the reported verb is in past tense, It can
be changed into past perfect tense.
iii) If the reported speech expresses a
universal truth, the tense remains unchanged.
Ex:- D.S:- He said, “I am very hungry”.
I.D.S:- He said that he was very hungry.

8. Assertive sentence
i) “That” conjunction is used in I.D.S
ii) “Say” remains “say”
iii) “Says” remains “say”
iv) “Said” remains “said”
v) “Say to” changes into “tell”
vi) “Says to” changes into “tells”
vii) “Said to” changes into “told”

9. Assertive Sentence
 Direct Speech
i) He said, “I shall go to Madras”.
ii) She said to me, “I am writing a poem”.
iii) He says to me, “My son is lazy”.
 Indirect Speech
i) He said that he would go to Madras.
ii) She told me that she was writing a
poem.
iii) He tells me that his son is lazy.

10. Imperative Sentence
 The reporting verbs used in imperative
sentences are ‘advise, ask, order,
request, command, urge, beg. The
imperative mood is changed into the
infinitive.
 i) The reporting “said to” is changed into
“told” and sometimes it is changed into
requested or ordered or suggested or
advised etc.,
 Ii) “To” is used in Indirect speech.

11. Imperative Sentence
 Direct Speech:
i) They said to us, “Grow more trees”.
ii) He said to the boy, “Go out”.
 Indirect Speech:
i) They urged us to grow more more
trees.
ii) He ordered the boy to go out.

12. Exclamatory Sentence
 The reporting verbs used in exclamatory
sentences are ‘exclaim, wonder, remark, wish’.
 The conjunction ‘that’ is used.
 The exclamations are changed into
statesments in the Indirect Speech.
i) The reporting verb “said” or “said to” is
changed into “exclaimed” (or) “wondered”
etc.,
ii) “that” is used in I.D.S
iii) An exclamation is changed into an assertion.

13. Exclamatory sentence
 Direct Speech
Ex: i) He said, “How beautiful the garden
is !”
ii) He said, “Alas! My wife is dead!”
 Indirect Speech
Ex: i) He exclaimed that the garden was
very beautiful.
ii) He exclaimed sorrowfully that his
wife was dead.

14. More than one sentence
 If there are different sentences in the
reported speech each sentence should
have the appropriate reporting verb and
added to another with a conjunction.
Ex: Direct Speech:
She said to him, “I know your sister. When
will she go to England?”
Indirect Speech:
She told him that she knew his sister and
enquired when she would go to England.

15. Pronouns
 Pronouns of the first person are
changed according to the subject of the
reporting verb.
Ex:- Direct Speech:
i) I said, “I have solved the problem”
ii) He said, “I have solved the problem”
Indirect Speech:
i) I said that I had solved the problem.
ii) He said that I had solved the problem.

16. Interrogative Sentences
i) If an interrogative sentence begins with
question words [who, what, when, where,
how, which, whom, whose, why etc.,] the
same question word will be used in I.D.S.
ii) If it starts with helping verb [do, does, did
etc.,]. If (or) whether will be used in I.D.S.
iii) The reporting verb said to is changed into
“asked” or “enquired” etc.,
iv) A full stop is used in the I.D.S.
* The reporting verbs used in questions are
‘ask, enquire, wonder, want to know’.

17. Interrogative Sentence
Direct Speech:
i) He said to me, “Who are you”?
ii) She said to him, “Where are you
going”?
 Indirect Speech:
i) He asked me who I was
ii) She asked him where he was going

18. Exercise
 Rewrite the following sentences in Indirect
Speech.
1) I said: “My home work is over”.
2) The committee stated: “33% of the
cnadidates have passed the exam”.
3) He said: “Praveen is going to learn
programming”.
4) His sister said: “I have never seen a tiger”.
5) My teacher said: “The earth revolves
round the sun”.