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1. General principles in
PHARMACOLOGY and
Mechanisms of Drug Action
 “The best cure for the body
 MERLYN A. is a quiet mind.”
 Napoleon I (1769-1821) Napoleon
BARACLAN, RN, RMT Bonaparte.

2. Therapeutic Methods
 Diet therapy
 Drug therapy
 Physiotherapy
 Psychologic therapy

3.  is a chemical administered
in an attempt to DRUG
PREVENT, TREAT OR
DIAGNOSE disease
 a substance or preparation
used in treating disease
 a chemical substance that
affects the processes of the
mind or body
 [Dutch: droog, meaning dry]

4. pharmacology
 Greek:
 OBJECTIVES OF LEARNING pharmakon, meaning
PHARMACOLOGY drug, & logos, science
- To realise that medicines should
be prescribed safely and  Deals with the study of
effectively drugs and their actions
- To understand the ways that drugs on living organisms
work to affect biological systems
- To appreciate that pharmacology
 Is a study of the effect of
cannot be understood
chemicals on biological
comprehensively without the
parallel understanding of related systems
biological and clinical sciences
- To provide a suitable framework to  Is the study of the
allow comparison of the relative biological effects of
benefits and risks of different drugs chemicals
- To be able to comprehend and
participate in research

5. Guiding principles when studying a
DRUG in depth
1. The generic name
2. The class to which the drug
belongs
3. Whether the drug is available
without prescription
4. The main reasons of using the
drug
5. The way the drug works
6. How the drug is given
7. Pharmacokinetics
8. Unwanted effects
9. Propensity to cause drug to
drug interactions
10. Are there non –
pharmacological treatments that
are effective alternatives?

6.  CHEMICAL Name
- MOST meaningful to the chemist DRUG NAMES
- [the chemical constitution of the
drug and the exact placing of its  TRADEMARK, BRAND
atoms or molecular groupings] NAME, OR PROPRIETARY
 GENERIC (NON – NAME
PROPRIETARY NAME)  Is followed by the symbol
COMMON NAME, PROPER NME ®.
- Is simpler than the chemical  This name is registered and
name the use is restricted to the
owner of the drug
- It may be used in any country and
by any manufacturer  Are deliberately made
easier to pronounce, spell
- The 1st letter of the generic name
and remember
must NOT be CAPITALIZED
 The 1st letter of the Trade
Name is CAPITALIZED

7. EXAMPLE
 CHEMICAL NAME  4 – thia – 1 azabicyclo
[3.2.0]heptane – 2 – carboxylic
acid, 6
[aminophenylacetyl)amino] – 3,3-
dimethyl – 7 – oxo -, [2S- [2α-5α
6β (S*)]]-
 GENERIC NAME  ampicillin
 BRAND NAME  Principen, Polycillin

8. PRESCRIBING, ADHERENCE AND
INFORMATION ABOUT MEDICINE
 DUTIES OF THE PRESCRIBER
The following are certain LEGAL
requirements that must be met when
a medicine is prescribed:
1. Name of the person whom the
drug is prescribed , the address
and the age
2. Drug name ( without
abbreviation
3. Dose
4. Route of administration
5. Frequency of administration
6. Either the quantity to be
supplied or the duration of
therapy
7. Doctor’s name, address and
signature
8. date

9. GENERIC PRESCRIBING
 ADVANTAGES  DISADVANTAGES
- It is likely to indicate the - Can potentiate problems related
NATURE of the drug to bioavailability
- Dispensing is made easy
- Cheaper

10. Common prescription abbreviations
ac – before meals q – every
ad lib – as much as desired qd – once daily
bid – twice daily qid – 4 times daily
c – with S – without
caps – capsules sig. – label
et – and stat – at once
Gtt , gtts – drop, drops tid – thrice a day
hs – at bed time
Od – right eye
Os – left eye
Ou – both eyes
pc – after meals
prn – as needed