3. What is Greek Philosophy?
• Etymological Approach
Greek word
"philosophy" (philosophia).
The term "philosophy" is a
compound word,
composed of two parts:
philos (love) and sophia
(wisdom), so that literally it
means love of wisdom. To
be a philosopher is to love
wisdom.
5. What is philosophy of man?
is the study of man, an attempt to
investigate man as person and as
existent being in the world; man’s
ultimate nature.
6. Socrates
(469-399 B.C.)
• For him, he sought to discover
the truth and the good life.
He stresses the value of the
soul, in the sense of the
thinking and willing subject,
and he saw clearly the
importance of knowledge, of
true wisdom, if the soul is to
be properly tended.
7. Knowledge leads the way to
ethical action. To him, knowledge
and virtue are one, in the sense
that the wise man, he who knows
what is right, will also do what is
right.
8. Plato
(427-347)
Describes the soul as
having three parts, which
he calls reasons, spirit,
and appetite.---kinds of
activity going in a person
concept of soul
Reason, for there is an
awareness of a goal or a
value.
Spirit, which is the drive
toward action responds
to the direction of reason.
Appetite, the desire for the
things of the body.
9. • The soul is most like
the divine and
immortal and
intellectual and
indissoluble and
unchanging, and the
body, on the contrary,
most like the human
and mortal and
multiform and
unintellectual and
dissoluble and ever-
changing.
R
S
A
10. • Man’s highest exercise is the
cultivation of the mind and control
of the body; this is the object of the
wise man, the philosopher.
11. • Self-realization is the highest
good attainable by man.
• The highest, richest, and
supernatural form of self-
realization stems from the full
cultivation of man’s highest
nature, namely, rational.
Aristotle
12. He argues, that man does good and
becomes happy in life by fulfilling his
human nature through the exercise of
his rational faculty in accordance
with virtue.
Reason is his highest nature which, by
moral determination, he ought to
become through the exercise of virtue.
14. • Epictetus (c. 50-130) Stoicism
The most influential of all the Stoic
philosophers was born in Heiropolis
(Asia Minor) about the middle of the
1st cent. A.D.
Epictetus Stoic view of man-Man can
be enslaved on the outside,
―externally‖ (have one’s body in
chains) and be free ―internally‖ (be at
peace with oneself in aloofness from
all pleasure and pain.
15. Epictetus, Dualism of mind – The inner
realm is a realm of freedom. The
realm is a realm of determinism
(things outside of our mind, including
our own bodies, are determined by
factors beyond control). We have
control over our thoughts and our
will, but we do not have control over
external fortune.
16. Plotinus (205-270 A.D.)
He was one of the leading neo-platonic
philosophers of the Roman Empire.
He was born in Egypt and studied
philosophy at Alexandria (Egypt).
He believed in the source of all
creation called by Him, the One.
Union with the One was the essential
goal of all persons, a unification that
was attainable through meditation
and contemplation (the attainment of
spiritual union).
18. • St. Augustine (c. 354-430)
He was probably the greatest of all the
Christian philosophers and
theologians. After being educated
both in Carthage and Rome he took a
position in Milan as a professor of
rhetoric. There he came under the
influence of St. Ambrose, bishop of
Milan, who succeeded in leading him
into the Christian fold.
19.
20. Augustine’s Doctrine on Original Sin
Original sin is a situation wherein the
entire human race finds itself (massa
damnata), but from which only some
individuals are rescued by an utterly
gratuitous act of God’s mercy. God
desires the salvation of all in Christ;
only those who are justified by faith
and baptism are actually saved.
This doctrine is against Pelagianism,
that infants could not be guilty.
21. • St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
He was born in Italy of a noble family.
He studied at the famous Abbey of
Monte Cassino then at the University
of Naples. In 1243 he joined the
Dominican Order, much to the
displeasure of his parents.
He wrote the famous books called The
Summa Contra Gentiles and
Summa Theologica.
22. He believed in the following: Every
agent acts for an end. Every agent
acts for a good. All things are directed
to one end, which is God. Man’s
happiness does not consist in wealth,
worldly power, and goods of the body.
Instead, man’s ultimate happiness is
God.
23.
24. For St. Thomas, “essence”-ultimately
is a ―manner (way) of existence.‖
Essence is relatively to existence.
Existence ―esse‖ is the ultimate
actuality and is also the nature
―essence‖ of God. In him alone,
essence and existence are identical.
26. • Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Descartes was born on March 31, 1596 in
France. He was known as a ―jack of all
trades‖ contributing to the areas of
anatomy, cognitive science, optics,
mathematics and philosophy. He is
considered to be the father of modern
rationalism.
27.
28. Cogito ergo sum ―I think, therefore, I am.
The ―I‖ in this claim is not a physical person,
but an immaterial mind. Through reasoning
there is a claim that cannot be doubted.
He sees God as the link between the rational
world of the mind and the mechanical world
of the intellect. The existence of god is
possible by the presence in our minds of
the idea of an all-perfect being.
29. Joseph Butler (1692-1752)
Joseph Butler was an Anglican clergyman.
In his own analysis of human nature, on
which he based his moral theory, that,
accordingly, highest in authority is
conscience. As he put it: ―Had it strength,
as it has right; had it powers; as he has
manifest authority, (conscience) would
absolutely govern the world.‖
31. In 1608 he left Oxford and had the good
fortune of becoming the tutor of the Earl
of Devonshire, William Cavendish.
Born in Malmesbury, Hobbes was
educated at Magdalen Hall, University
of Oxford.
During his travels Hobbes met and discussed
the physical sciences with several leading
thinkers of the time, including Italian
astronomer Galileo and French philosophers
René Descartes and Pierre Gassendi.
32. Social Contract and the Sovereign
is a democratic organization wherein
participants are considered equal,
expecting the sovereign, who enjoyed
a privileged status, unbound by the
social contract and entirely above the
law, free to do what he will provided he
guarantees that his subject live up to the
terms of the compact that no power
superior to his own displace his
sovereign position.
34. He was born in Amsterdam in 1632
in a family of Portuguese Jews
who had fled from persecution in
Spain.
He was trained in the study of the
Old Testament and the Talmud
and was familiar with the writings
of the Jewish philosopher
Maimonides.
35. Spinoza’s on God
Spinoza offered a strikingly unique
conception of God, in which he identified
God with the whole cosmos.
His famous formula was Deus sive Natura,
God or nature, this pantheism in which
God or nature is intimately connected with
all things, existing in all things as all things
exist in God and flow directly from God.
36. The Levels of Knowledge
At the level of imagination our ideas are
derived from sensation,
The second level of knowledge goes beyond
imagination to reason.
The third and highest level of knowledge is
intuition.
38. Locke was an English philosopher (born at
Wrington in Somerset) who studied and
taught at Oxford.
His father was a lawyer and a
parliamentarian who fought against
Charles 1.
39. In 1690, when he was 57 years old, Locke
published two books which were to make
him famous as a philosopher and as a
political theories: An Essay Concerning
Human Understanding and Two Treatise
on Civil Government.
40. He regarded the mind of a person at
birth as a tabula rasa, a blank slate
upon which experience imprinted
knowledge, and did not believe in
intuition or theories of innate
conceptions.
Locke also held that all persons are
born good, independent, and equal.
42. He was born in Geneva on June 28, 1712, and
was raised by an aunt and uncle following the
death of his mother a few days after his birth.
He was apprenticed at the age of 13 to an
engraver, but after three years he ran away
and became secretary and companion to
Madame Louise de Warens, a wealthy and
charitable woman who had a profound
influence on Rousseau’s life and writings.
43. In 1742 Rousseau went to Paris, where
he earned his living as a music teacher,
music copyist, and political secretary.
46. • Max Scheler (1874-1928), German
social and religious philosopher, whose
work reflected the influence of the
phenomenology of his countryman
Edmund Husserl.
47. • Born in Munich, Scheler taught at the
universities of Jena, Munich, and
Cologne. In The Nature of Sympathy
(1913; trans. 1970) he applied Husserl's
method of detailed phenomenological
description to the social emotions that
relate human beings to one another—
especially love and hate.
48. THE EMOTIONAL POWERS IN MAN AND VALUES
According to Scheler, if man is to achieve the total
realization of his ideal qualities and of his full
humanity, all his various emotional powers must
be cultivated and not just one or another of them
49. 1. Identification (Einsfuhlung) is the experience in
which a person identifies his own self with
nature, with another person or with a group, and
feels an emotional unity.
2. Benevolence (Menschenliebe), or a general
love of humanity, regards individuals lovable qua
―specimens‖ of the human race.
51. British philosopher, economist, and jurist, who
founded the doctrine of utilitarianism. He was
born in London on February 15, 1748. A
prodigy, he was reading serious treatises at the
age of three, playing the violin at age five, and
studying Latin and French at age six.
52. He entered the University of Oxford at 12,
studied law, and was admitted to the bar;
however, he did not practice. Instead he
worked on a thorough reform of the legal
system and on a general theory of law and
morality, publishing short works on aspects of
his thought.
53. In 1789 he became well known for his
Introduction to the Principles of Morals and
Legislation.
54. Bentham’s hedonism known as utilitarianism
furnished a basis for social reform.
He held that nature has placed mankind under
the governance of two sovereign masters, pain
and pleasure
55. Any act or institution of government must justify
itself through its utility that is, its contribution to
“the greatest happiness of the greatest
number”.
Utility is Bentham’s norm of morality.
57. Born in Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland), February 22,
1788, Schopenhauer was educated at the
universities of Göttingen, Berlin, and Jena. He then
settled in Frankfurt am Main, where he led a solitary
life and became deeply involved in the study of
Buddhist and Hindu philosophies and mysticism.
He was also influenced by the ideas of the German
Dominican theologian, mystic, and eclectic
philosopher Meister Eckhart, the German
theosophist and mystic Jakob Boehme, and the
scholars of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment.
58. For Schopenhauer the tragedy of life arises from
the nature of the will, which constantly urges the
individual toward the satisfaction of successive
goals, none of which can provide permanent
satisfaction for the infinite activity of the life
force, or will.
Thus, the will inevitably leads a person to pain,
suffering, and death and into an endless cycle of
birth, death, and rebirth, and the activity of the will
can only be brought to an end through an attitude of
resignation, in which the reason governs the will to
the extent that striving ceases.
59. Arthur Schopenhauer in The World as Will and
Idea (1819) argued that existence is fundamentally
irrational and an expression of a blind,
meaningless force—the human will, which
encompasses the will to live, the will to reproduce,
and so forth.
61. Schopenhauer offered two avenues of escape
from irrational will: through the contemplation
of art, which enables one to endure the tragedy
of life, and through the renunciation of will and of
the striving for happiness.
62. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
British philosopher-economist. He had a great
impact on 19th-century British thought, not only in
philosophy and economics but also in the areas of
political science, logic, and ethics
63.
64. Mill’s moral philosophy is called utilitarianism.
Its fundamental moral philosophy is that we
should always perform those acts, which will
bring the most happiness or, failing that, the
least unhappiness to the most people.
66. Danish religious philosopher, whose
concern with individual existence, choice,
and commitment profoundly influenced
modern theology and philosophy,
especially existentialism.
67. Kierkegaard was a thinker who exerted
an influence on the existentialist mode of
thought.
Keirkegaard’s work has been
philosophically and theologically influential.
68. As he would put it: the only absolute
either/ or the choice between good and
evil. Freedom is the way to heaven.
The only valid act is one of choice.
For Kierkegaard, subjective truth is
individual truth, a call to faith.
70. Karl Heinrich Marx was born on May 5, 1818,
into a comfortably middle-class family in the
city of Trier, Germany. He was educated at
the universities of Bonn, Berlin, and Jena.
71. In 1842, shortly after contributing his first
article to the Cologne newspaper Rheinische
Zeitung, Marx became editor of the paper. His
writings in the Rheinische Zeitung criticizing
contemporary political and social conditions
embroiled him in controversy with the
authorities, and in 1843 Marx was compelled
to resign his editorial post, and soon
afterward the Rheinische Zeitung was forced
to discontinue publication.
72. Marx was greatly influenced by the works
of the great German idealist,
G. W. F. Hegel.
73. For Marx, religion is the opium of the
people. Opium in the sense that is eases
suffering; a spiritual intoxication that
prevents us from seeing the reality.
Religion intoxicates the mind of man and
prevents man from viewing life as it is.
74. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-19000),
German philosopher, poet, and classical
philologist, who was one of the most provocative
and influential thinkers of the 19th century.
75. Friederich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born in
Röcken, Prussia. His father, a Lutheran
minister, died when Nietzsche was five, and
Nietzsche was raised by his mother in a
home that included his grandmother, two
aunts, and a sister.
76. He studied classical philology at the
universities of Bonn and Leipzig and was
appointed professor of classical philology at
the University of Basel at the age of 24. Ill
health (he was plagued throughout his life
by poor eyesight and migraine headaches)
forced his retirement in 1879.
77. Ten years later he suffered a mental
breakdown from which he never
recovered. He died in Weimar in 1900.
78. As far ethics is concerned, Nietzsche
appears at first glance to be a moralist.
He entitled a book Beyond Good and Evil
and consequently advocated ―trans-
valuation of values.‖
80. In Nietzsche’s book
Thus Spake Zarathusra (1891), he insist
that Superman as the only man who can
live in the world without the illusion of God
since there is no limit to what humankind
might set itself to attain.
81. For Nietzsche, superman is the meaning
of the earth and the meaning of man.
For ―man is something that must be
overcome‖.
In explaining this will lead us to the understanding of man, philosophy is the results of fount knowledge, What is the source of all things? Thales of miletus- opaque dictum, "all is water." His most noted students were Anaximenes of Miletus ("all is air") and Anaximander (all is apeiron).
For philosophy should arrive practical results for the better well-being and of course for the society itself, so this is how philosophy is intended, it is solely intended for the ultimate nature of man, its inherent qualities
Life of Socrates is a great example of his teachings, when he was still alive he persuaded his listeners to live a life of virtues, where the actions lives in the spirit of wisdom, Socrates stresses clearly that no actions is capable of doing not unless there is full knowledge, the knowledge gives the credible actions of the thinking subject; on the one hand, the idea of ideal life or actions manifests of evil is the results of ignorance, Wiseman is capable of doing
Chariot, n.1 a two-wheeled vehicle drawn by horses, used in ancient warfare and racing. The soul has three parts; the principle of life, in explaining this plato illustrated, a charioteer driving two horses, one horse is good for it follows the words of the chartioteer, and the other is not, the bad horse, the insolence and pride that causes trouble for it plunges and runs separately
Indissoluble-unable to destroy or lasting,
Stoic School: founded by Zeno in the year 308 B.C. in Athens. For Stoicism virtue alone is the only good and the virtuous man is the one who has attained knowledge, as Socrates had taught.
Realm-an area or domain, e.g. of thought or knowledgeDeterminism the doctrine that all events and actions are ultimately determined by causes regarded as external to the will.
Meditation-the emptying of the mind of thoughts, or the concentration of the mind on one thing, in order to aid mental or spiritual development, contemplation, or relaxation.Contemplation-think profoundly or seriously
In this period, philosophy was made the handmaid of theology.
Augustine linked original sin with concupiscene (i.e., the human person’s spontaneous desire for material or sensual satisfaction). This is an affect of original sin and is transmitted through sexual intercourse.
God’s essence might be said to be the sufficient formal cause of itself. Since this essence is identical with his being. If the existence of a thing differs from its essence, this existence must be caused by some exterior agent or by its essential principles. God needs no cause of his existence because his existence is his essence.
In this period, philosophy was made the handmaid of theology.
He speaks of conscience as a principle of reflection.
Social Contract, voluntary agreement among people defining the relationship of individuals with one another and with government and by this process forming a distinct organized society.Hobbes depends an absolute sovereignty as the only way to ensure social security and prevent life from being solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.
Talmud, body of Jewish civil and religious law, including commentaries on the Torah, or Pentateuch.
Pantheism belief that God is everything: the belief that God and the material world are one and the same thing and that God is present in everything.
But how can Spinoza claim to know the ultimate nature of reality?He distinguishes between three levels of knowledge and describes how we can move from the lowest to the highest.Spinoza claims that :”the more we understand individual things the more we understand God.By refining our knowledge of things, we can move from (1) imagination, to (2) reason, and finally to (3) intuition.Here our ideas are very concrete and specific, and the mind is passive (accepting). We know things only through the effect of senses---I know that I see a person, I claim you are a human.This is scientific knowledge. At this level a person’s mind can rise above immediate and particular things and deal with abstract ideas, as it does in mathematics and physics.When we reach this level we become conscious of God and hence, “more perfect and blessed,” for through this vision we grasp the whole system of nature and see our place in it, giving us an intellectual fascination with full order of Nature, of God. (Intuition-ability to understand something higher)
Charles I (of Austria) (1887-1922), emperor of Austria (1916-1918) and, as Charles IV, king of Hungary, born in Persenbeug, Austria. He was the last Austro-Hungarian monarch and the last of the Habsburg rulers.
Human knowledge is derived from sense experience. The mind is a white paper, void (empty-not valid) of all characters, without any ideas. Experience in the form of sensations and reflections provides raw materials which the mind then works with, analyzing and organizing them in complex ways.
The chains are not of those of a specific despotic rule but of legitimate government and his concern is to discover a justification for submitting to this sort of bondage. For Rousseau, it is the law rather than anarchy that sets people free.
In this period, philosophy was made the handmaid of theology.
1.
Hedonism, pursuitof pleasure
Will, part of mind that makes decisions: the part of the mind with which somebody consciously decides things.