variable on research language teaching. I just retype it

1. variable
13 NOVEMBER 2017

2. variable
Something that may vary or differ. For example: a person’s
proficiency in Spanish as a foreign language may differ over
time as the person learns more and more Spanish. So, what
we can observe or quantify of the human characteristics or
abilities involved.

3. construct
Actual characteristic or ability that is represents in human
being. Here, we use score as example as representation or
reflection of the ability.

4. Types of variable
THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF VARIABLE

5. 1. dependent variable, is observed to determine what effects, if any, the other types of variables
may have on it. It is the central variable. The key to figuring out which is the dependent variable
is to ask which variable is being measured to determine the effect of other variables.
2. independent variables, are variable selected by the researcher to determine their effect on or
relationship with dependent variable. Example: one year of Spanish study.
3. moderator variables, a special type of independent variable that the investigator has chosen to
determine, how, if it all, the relationship between the independent and dependent variable, is
affected, or modified by the moderator variable.
4. control variables, those that investigator has chosen to keep constant, neutralize, or otherwise
eliminate so that they will not have an effect on the study. The simplest method is to eliminate a
given variable and thereby control for it.
5. intervening variable, they are abstract, theoretical labels applied to relationship or process
that links the independent and dependent variable.
Language learning is one possible way of starting the intervening variable.

6. Scales
There are four scales regarding to research.

7. A. nominal scale, used for naming and categorizing date in
variable. We identifying groups into which people fall and
then making categorize.
B. ordinal scale, order and rank a data. The points are
lined up and numbered.
C. interval scale, represent the ordering of things, respect
the interval.
D. ratio scale, has a zero value and points on the scale are
precise multiples of other points on the scale.

8. hypothesis

9. Hypothesis: statements about the possible outcomes.
Directional
One-tailed hypothesis
Null-hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis

10. Resource:
Understanding Research in Second Language Learning by James Dean Brown. Cambridge
Language Teaching Library on Cambridge University Press (1988).