SQL201W Accelerated Introduction to SQL Using MySQL. Covers create, alter,drop, select, insert,update and delete. Includes joins, calculations and grouping.
1. Orange Coast Database Associates Course (800)355-9855 or http://www.d2associates.com
SQL201W Accelerated Introduction
to SQL Using MySQL
Orange Coast
Database Associates
Specializing in Microsoft Office,
Access, SQL, and related technologies
Classes custom designed for Working Professionals
http://www.d2associates.com
San Juan Capistrano, CA
(800)355-9855
Accelerated Computer Training for Working Professionals Bookstore Case
2. Welcome to SQL201W –
Accelerated Introduction to
SQL Using MySQL
An accelerated introduction to SQL for non-
programmers
P.O. Box 6142
Laguna Niguel, CA 92607
949-489-1472
http://www.d2associates.com
Bookstore SQL201W 1
Accelerated Introduction to
SQL
• Introduction (s)
• Facilities
• Course Packet (contents may vary)
– Student questionnaire
– Collaterals (Maps, Catalogs, Etc.)
– PowerPoint handouts for all sessions
– Evaluation form
– Training certificate
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1
3. SQL Curriculum
SQL201W SQL202 SQL212
MySQL Transact-SQL Oracle
SQL200* * = included in
above courses
SQL200S*
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Accelerated Introduction to SQL
• Assumes no prior knowledge of SQL
• Quick pace for experienced computer users
• End-user, not programmer, oriented
• Focus is on SQL, not Management Studio
• SQL200s is first two modules of SQL200,
otherwise identical.
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2
4. Accelerated Introduction to
SQL
SQL Covered (Day 1: All Day):
• Select
– Basic
– Filters
– Special Operators
– Multi-table retrieval
• Joins
• Subqueries
• Unions
– Calculations and
Aggregates
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Accelerated Introduction to
SQL
SQL Covered (Day 2: AM Only):
• Data Updates
– Insert
– Update
– Delete
• Data structures
– Create
– Drop
– Alter
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3
5. Accelerated Introduction to
SQL
Course Format:
• 3 Sessions
• Lecture
• Demo
• Student “hands-on”
• Many exercises are cumulative –
later examples build on queries
created earlier
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Accelerated Introduction to
SQL
Course Schedule (“1/2” day sessions):
• Session 1 – Basic SQL
• Session 2 – Multi-table
Retrieval
• Session 3 – Modifying Data
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4
6. SQL201W
SQL Programming
Based on SQL Clearly Explained by Jan Harrington
Module 1 – Relational Database Background,
Basic Single Table Retrieval Operations
Bookstore SQL201W Module 1 1
Note on SQL200 Slides
• These slides were originally designed to support the
single SQL200 course which was used for any of
MS Access, MySQL, Oracle and SQL Server.
• As such you may see here slides developed in any
one of the above products.
• We are in the process of migrating the various
vendor slides out into their own slide sets. The
SQL200 slides will cover MySQL and SQL Server
which are virtually identical for purposes of this
course.
Bookstore SQL201W Module 1 2
1
7. Warning!
• Below are some table name changes to be
aware of in doing queries. We have created
synonyms so either name should work.
New Name Old Name
Orders Order_filled
Order_Lines Orderlines
Bookstore SQL201W Module 1 3
SQL200 Contact Information
P.O. Box 6142
Laguna Niguel, CA 92607
949-489-1472
http://www.d2associates.com
slides.1@dhdursoassociates.com
Copyright 2001-2011. All rights reserved.
Bookstore SQL201W Module 1 4
2
8. SQL200 Resources
• Bookstore database scripts found on
box.net at
http://tinyurl.com/SQLScripts
• Slides can be viewed on SlideShare…
http://www.slideshare.net/OCDatabases
• Follow up questions?
sql.support@dhdursoassociates.com
Bookstore SQL201W Module 1 5
SQL Programming
• Course focus is SQL language
• Widely used for:
– Database administration
– Enterprise application development
– Data driven web sites
• A foundation skill for eBusiness and
almost all major business applications that
use relational databases
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9. SQL Programming
• A basic knowledge of query systems,
perhaps via MS Access, or some
programming knowledge, is desirable
• We will use GUI tools or SQL Plus almost
exclusively
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Relational Database Evolution
• Based on Codd’s paper
• Early commercial efforts focused on Unix
• First mainframe implementation by IBM -
precursor to today’s DB2
• First PC implementation in early 80’s by
Oracle
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11. Constraints
• Database • Other Business Rule
– Domain – Triggers
– Uniqueness – Stored Procedures
– Relationship
Cardinality
• 1 to 1
• 1 to N
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Relational Database with constraints
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12. Database Management Systems
Positioning Chart
Cost VLDB
Enterprise
Workgroup
Single user
Spreadsheet
# Users
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System Architecture
File Server
Architecture
Access
MDB
Access
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13. System Architecture
Client/Server
Architecture
MySQL
SQL DB
Visual Access
Basic App
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System Architecture
Web
Architecture
Web MySQL
Server DB
SQL
Browser
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14. Approaching SQL
• Relatively simple
• Two main environments
– Interactive (This course)
– Embedded
• Static (Compiled)
• Dynamic
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SQL Standardization
ANSI standardization
– First standard in 1986
– SQL 89
– SQL 92
– SQL 99
• Various vendor extensions
– Microsoft/Sybase: T-SQL
– Oracle: PL/SQL
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15. SQL Conformance
• Entry
• Intermediate
• Advanced
• Most are at least entry level
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SQL Statements
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Data Control Language (DCL)
• Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Note: SQL 99 changes these to seven types
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16. SQL DDL
• Data definition language (DDL)
– Create, alter, drop, etc.
– Frequently implemented via various CASE
tools: Visio, Embarcadero, ERWin, etc.
– But very useful for database administration
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SQL DCL
• Data Control Language (DDL)
– Grant
– Revoke
– Deny
– Constraints
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18. Bookstore Sample Database
• Before we continue (note: instructor may have
already done this)…
• Load the sample database if you haven’t already
– Start the MySQL Control center
– Load and run the MySQL
“builddb_bookstore_mysql.sql” script
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Text Conventions
• In Access character strings are normally
surrounded by double quotes
– “Jones”
• In an enterprise database such as Oracle or
MySQL enclose text strings in single
quotes
– ‘Jones’
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19. Date Conventions
• In an enterprise database such as Oracle or
SQL Sever, enclose dates in single quotes
– ‘2004-12-23’ MySQL
– ’12-23-2004’ SQL Server
– ’23-DEC-04’ Oracle
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Listing the Tables
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20. Describing a Table
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Select statement clauses
SELECT…
INTO…
FROM…
WHERE…
GROUP BY…
HAVING…
ORDER BY…
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21. SELECT
Basic Syntax (Projection):
Select <column-list> or <*>
From <table-list>
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SELECT
Basic Example (Projection):
select
customer_last_name,
customer_street
from customers
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22. MySQL Select Query
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SELECT with Where Clause
Example (Restriction plus Projection):
Select <column-list> or *
From <table-list>
Where <selection-criteria>;
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23. Comparison Operators
• < less than
• > greater than
• <= less than or equal to
• >= greater than or equal to
• = equal to
• <> or != two forms for not equal
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SELECT with Where
Basic Example (Restriction plus
Projection):
select customer_last_name,
customer_street
from customers
where customer_last_name =
‘Jones’
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24. Select with Where
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On Your Own
• Find books written by Mark Twain
• Show title, publisher, year
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25. Complex Predicates
Follow normal boolean logic
Select customer_last_name,
customer_street
From customers
Where (customer_last_name =
‘Jones’ or customer_last_name =
‘Smith’)and customer_state=‘NY’
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Select with Complex Where
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26. Complex Where Result
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Special Operators
• Can be used in where clause
• LIKE
• IN
• BETWEEN
• IS NULL
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27. Like (“Wild Card Matches”)
• ANSI wildcards
• Where
customer_last_name
like ‘Jo%’
like ‘Jo_’
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IN
Select *
From customers
Where customer_last_name in
(‘Rizzo’, ‘Jones’, ‘Garcia’);
The list in parentheses can be replaced by a
subquery. We will study this later.
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28. Select Like
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SQL Where Clause with IN
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29. IS NULL
SQL uses three valued logic. Must use IS NULL
to test for unknowns. A null is NOT the same as
blank or empty.
Select *
From customers
Where customer_street IS
NULL;
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IS NULL Results
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30. On Your Own
• Find all customers with an address not equal to
4592 Maple Lane
• Was Peter Johnson selected?
• Why or why not?
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BETWEEN
List all orders placed in 1999.
select *
from orders
where order_date BETWEEN ‘1-
Jan-99’ and ’31-Dec-99’;
Note: date formats vary from product to product.
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31. Where with Between
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Removing Duplicates
List once each city in which there are
customers
Select DISTINCT
customer_city
From customers;
Removes duplicate rows from result set
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32. Removing Duplicates
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Sorting – ORDER BY
Basic syntax:
Select <column list> or *
From <table list>
Where <selection criteria>
Order by <column list> [DESC]
DESC will sort in descending order
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33. Sorting – ORDER BY
List all records sorted by state, city
select *
from customers
order by customer_state,
customer_city
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Sorting Results with Order By
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34. SQL Exercises
• List all books whose publisher name begins
with “H” or “T”; sort by title [hint: use LIKE]
• List all customers whose last name ends with
“S”; sort by state, city, last name
• Find the order numbers of orders with order
dates in 1999; sort by order #. [Hint: use
BETWEEN]
• Find the order numbers and order dates of all
orders with a “2” in character position 2 of the
credit card #; sort by order date descending
Bookstore SQL201W Module 1 [end module] 57
Notes
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36. SQL201W
SQL Programming
Based on SQL Clearly Explained by Jan Harrington
Workshop 2 – Joins, Calculations and Grouping
Bookstore SQL201W Module 2 1
Note on SQL200 Slides
• These slides were originally designed to support the
single SQL200 course which was used for any of MS
Access, MySQL, Oracle and SQL Server.
• As such you may see here slides developed in any one of
the above products.
• We are in the process of migrating the various vendor
slides out into their own slide sets. The SQL200 slides
will cover MySQL and SQL Server which are virtually
identical for purposes of this course.
Bookstore SQL201W Module 2 2
1
37. Warning!
• Below are some table name changes to be
aware of in doing queries. We have created
synonyms so either name should work.
New Name Old Name
Orders Order_filled
Order_Lines Orderlines
Bookstore SQL201W Module 2 3
SQL200 Contact Information
P.O. Box 6142
Laguna Niguel, CA 92607
949-489-1472
http://www.d2associates.com
slides.1@dhdursoassociates.com
Copyright 2001-20011 All rights reserved.
Bookstore SQL201W Module 2 4
2
38. SQL200 Resources
• Bookstore database scripts found on
box.net at
http://tinyurl.com/SQLScripts
• Slides can be viewed on SlideShare…
http://www.slideshare.net/OCDatabases
• Follow up questions?
sql.support@dhdursoassociates.com
Bookstore SQL201W Module 2 5
SQL201W
SQL Programming
Part 1 – Joins
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3
39. Relational Database with constraints (from text)
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More conventions
• Alias names can be surrounded with “ “ as
in “order details”. Better practice is to use
an underscore as in order_details.
• MS Access uses [ ] instead. Some of the
PowerPoint slides may have this
convention. It works equally as well in
SQL Server but not MySQL.
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4
40. Joins
• Inner
• Outer
– Left
– Right
– Full
• Cross
• Self
• Theta
• We will cover the most important; others as time
and interest permit
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5
41. Inner Join
• Pairs each row from first table with
corresponding row from second table over
the “join column”
• The result set only contains rows where
there is a match over the join column in
both tables
• Equi-join is the common inner join
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Inner Join
Older Syntax:
Select <column-list>
From <tablelist>
Where <predicate>
Still very commonly used
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42. Inner Join
Example using older syntax:
SELECT customer_first_name,
customer_street, order_numb,
order_date
from customers, orders
Where customers.customer_numb =
orders.customer_numb
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Inner Join with Result
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43. Inner Join (New Syntax)
Basic SQL 92 Syntax:
Select <column-list>
From <table1>
Inner join <table2>
On <join condition>
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Inner Join
Basic Example:
SELECT customer_first_name,
customer_street, order_numb,
order_date
from customers
inner join orders
on customers.customer_numb =
orders.customer_numb
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44. Inner Join with Result
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Inner Join over Multiple columns
• Note that that the join condition can apply
to multiple columns if desired
• Used with composite keys
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45. Inner Join Result in MS Access
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Inner Join
• In the last example…
– What was the cardinality of the relationship
between customers and orders?
– Which table was the parent?
– What was it’s primary key?
– In which table did we employ a foreign key
and what was it?
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46. Cross Join
• What happens when you omit a join
expression?
• Get the cartesian product of the tables – all
possible combinations of the two tables
• For large tables this will run a long time!
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Cross Join Result Set
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47. Additional SQL92 Syntax
• Table1 natural join table3 – automatically
uses columns with same name
• Table 1 natural join table2 using(<column-
list>
• Not yet widely available in commercial
implementations
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Joining More than Two Tables
• Can join several tables in one select
• Try to limit to three or four
• Join order can be important for
performance (although optimizers will
usually handle this for you)
• Use parentheses to force order of
evaluation (also vendor extensions, often
called “hints”)
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48. Joining More than Two Tables
• Add orderlines detail to previous queries
SELECT customer_first_name, customer_street,
orders.order_numb, orders.order_date,
orderlines.isbn, orderlines.quantity
FROM customers
INNER JOIN orders ON
customers.customer_numb=orders.customer_numb
INNER JOIN orderlines
on orders.order_numb = orderlines.order_numb
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Multi-table Join with Results
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49. On Your Own
• Add the book title to the previous query
results
• Hint: add another join to books table
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Correlation Names (Table Aliases)
• Can abbreviate references to tables
• For example:
Select e.name, j.payrange
From employees as e
Inner join job_information as j
On e.jobcode = j.jobcode;
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50. Self Joins
• Implements a recursive relationship
• Important in various applications
– Parts lists/assemblies
– HR
– Etc.
– Table joined to itself using correlation names
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Self Joins
SELECT e.*, m.name
FROM employees AS e, employees
AS m
WHERE e.managerid =
m.employeeid;
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51. Bookstore SQL201W Module 2 31
Outer Joins
• Left – selects all rows from the left or first table,
even if no match exists in the other table
– Widely used in commercial practice
– Especially useful for reporting
– Can be slower and interfere with optimizer
• Right – same idea but all rows from right table
• Full – all rows form both tables
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52. Left Outer Join
Basic SQL 92 Syntax:
Select <column-list>
From <table1>
Left join <table2>
On <join condition>
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Left-Join
Basic Example:
SELECT customer_first_name,
customer_street, order_numb,
order_date
from customers as c
left join orders as o
on c.customer_numb =
o.customer_numb
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53. Left Join with Results
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On Your Own
• List all books and corresponding quantities
sold
• Show isbn, title, quantity
• How many books were there?
• Now do the same but include books with
no sales
• Now how many?
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54. SQL200
SQL Programming
Part 2– Subqueries, Unions (Not available in
earlier versions of MySQL)
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Subqueries
• One select statement embedded in another
• Can be nested multiple levels deep
• Can be used in select, from and where
clauses
• Two types:
– Uncorrelated – executes inner query then outer
– Correlated – executes inner query once for
each outer query row
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55. Uncorrelated Subquery
select isbn, quantity
from orderlines
where order_numb in
(select order_numb from
orders where order_date
between ‘1/1/99’ and
‘12/31/99’);
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Uncorrelated Subquery with Results
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56. Negative Subquery
• A type of subquery that matches “not
found” conditions
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Negative Subquery
select isbn, quantity
from orderlines
where order_numb not in
(select order_numb from
orders where order_date
between ‘1/1/99’ and
‘12/31/99’);
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57. Negative Subquery with Results
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Correlated Subquery with Exists
• Inner subquery executed once for each outer row
• Exists will return true or false depending on
whether the result will have any rows or not
• Can be a quick way to test for existence of
records (parent records, say) as used in
application enforcement of referential integrity
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58. Correlated subquery with Exists
SELECT isbn, quantity
FROM orderlines AS ol
WHERE exists
(select * from orders o where
ol.order_numb = o.order_numb
and o.order_date between ‘1/1/99’
and ‘12/31/99’);
This type of query covered in intermediate SQL class
Bookstore SQL201W Module 2 45
Unions
• Combines two or more tables
• Tables must be union compatible
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59. Unions
Select <column-list> from
<table1>
Union [ALL]
Select <same-columns> from
<table2>
Bookstore SQL201W Module 2 47
Unions
select *
from employees
union all
select *
from employees_copy
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60. Results of Union query
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SQL200
SQL Programming
Part 3 – Calculations, Aggregates
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61. Calculated Fields
• Can add a column calculated from others
SELECT order_numb, quantity,
cost_each,
quantity*cost_each as
extension
FROM orderlines
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Calculated Fields
• Can rename the new column, too
SELECT order_numb, quantity,
cost_each,
quantity*cost_each as
extension
FROM Orderlines
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62. Calculated field w/ Given Name
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Calculated field in the Result
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63. On Your Own
• Calculate the total sales for the books in
earlier query
• Show isbn, titles, quantity, cost_each and
extension
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String Manipulation
• Concatenation
• Trim
• Substring
• Upper, Lower
• Etc. (various vendor extensions)
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64. Concatenation
• Used for concatenated keys
• Useful to format reports
Basic syntax:
(Access) Field1 & Field2
(Oracle, std) Field1 || Field2
(Sql Server) Field1 + Field2
(MySQL) Concat(field1, field2)
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Concatenation
select
concat(customer_first_name
,’ ‘,customer_last_name)
as Name
from customers
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65. Concatenation
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Pretty up the concatenation
• Use trim
functions, add a
space
• Sort by last
name – a neat
trick for
reporting!
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66. Date Functions
• Numerous date functions
• Often vendor specific
• Often used:
– year
– month
• Ex: where year(order_date) = 1999
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Date Functions
• Remember your three table query with the
order dates?
• Restrict it to orders in December
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67. Aggregate Functions
• Count
• Sum
• Min
• Max
• Avg
• Often used in conjunction with grouping
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Aggregate Functions
Basic syntax:
Select <function>(<column>)
From <table>
Group by <column-list>
Having <predicate>
Group by all columns to left of one(s)
you want to aggregate
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68. Aggregate Functions
SELECT order_numb, Count(*) AS
[Number of Order Lines] ,
Sum(quantity) AS [Total Quantity],
Sum(quantity * cost_each) AS [Total
Amount]
FROM order_lines
GROUP BY order_numb
having count(*) > 1;
Bookstore SQL201W Module 2 65
Aggregates with Group By
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69. Having Clause
SELECT Order_lines.order_numb,
Count(*) AS ‘Number of Order Lines ‘,
Sum(Order_lines.quantity) AS
Total_Quantity,
Sum(quantity*cost_each) AS extension
FROM Order_lines
GROUP BY Order_lines.order_numb
having count(*) > 1
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Group By with Having
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70. Having vs. Where
• Having and Where clauses are similar but
not the same
• Having removes groups after they are
formed
• Where removes rows before groups are
formed
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On Your Own
• Find the aggregates without any grouping –
see what you get
• Then restrict the ISBN
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71. Summary Exercise
• List all customers and their orders
– Name nicely formatted
– With orders in the year of 1999 (do not use
between, etc.)
– Show total order quantities and amounts
– Only include orders with more than three
order lines
Bookstore SQL201W Module 2 71
Exercise Result
[end module]
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36
72. SQL/200
SQL Programming
Based on SQL Clearly Explained by Jan Harrington
Workshop 3 – Modifying Data, Managing the
Database
Bookstore SQL201W Module 3 1
Note on SQL200 Slides
• These slides were originally designed to support the
single SQL200 course which was used for any of
MS Access, Oracle and SQL Server.
• As such you may see here slides developed in any
one of the above products.
• We are in the process of migrating the various
vendor slides out into their own slide sets. These
SQL200 slides will focus on Microsoft SQL Server
and MySQL which are virtually identical for
purposes of this course.
Bookstore SQL201W Module 3 2
1
73. Warning!
• Below are some table name changes to be
aware of in doing queries. We have created
synonyms so either name should work.
New Name Old Name
Orders Order_filled
Order_Lines Orderlines
Bookstore SQL201W Module 3 3
SQL200 Contact Information
P.O. Box 6142
Laguna Niguel, CA 92607
949-489-1472
http://www.d2associates.com
slides.1@dhdursoassociates.com
Copyright 2001-2011. All rights reserved.
Bookstore SQL201W Module 3 4
2
74. SQL200 Resources
• Bookstore database scripts found on
box.net at
http://tinyurl.com/SQLScripts
• Slides can be viewed on SlideShare…
http://www.slideshare.net/OCDatabases
• Follow up questions?
sql.support@dhdursoassociates.com
Bookstore SQL201W Module 3 5
SQL201W Module 3
• Part 1 – Modifying Data
• Part 2 – Managing Database Structures
• Part 3 – Creating Views and Indexes
• Part 4 -- Security
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3
75. SQL/201W
SQL Programming
Part 1 – Modifying Data
Bookstore SQL201W Module 3 7
Relational Database with constraints (from text)
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4
76. Data Modification Statements
• Insert
• Update
• Delete
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Data Modification Statements
• End-user rarely sees these
statements
• Application developer prepares
these statements “behind the
scenes” based on forms filled out
by user
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5
77. Insert
• Adds new rows to an existing table
• Two forms:
– Single Row
– Multi-Row
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Single Row Insert
Basic Syntax:
Insert [into] <table-name>
Values (<value-list>)
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6
79. Sources table after Insert
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Multi-row Insert
Basic Syntax:
Insert [into] <table-name>
Select <select-statement>
We will do this after creating a new
table later in this module
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8
80. Update
• Updates fields in an existing row
Basic Syntax:
Update <table-name>
Set <field1> = new value, <field2> = new
value,…
Where <selection-criteria>
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Update
• Increase Ingram prices by 10%
Example:
Update books
Set retail_price = retail_price
*1.10
Where source_numb = 1
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9
81. Ingram Book Prices before Update
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Ingram Book Prices after Update
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10
82. After update in MS Access
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Delete
• Deletes one or more rows
Basic Syntax:
Delete from <table-name>
Where <selection-criteria>
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11
84. Sources table after Delete
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Delete and Referential Integrity
• Can affect referential integrity when deleting a
“parent” row
• Can do following with child…
– Cascade: delete the child row
– Set null: set the child’s foreign key null
– Set default: as above but to default value
– No action: don’t allow delete of parent row
• Referential integrity can be established when
creating or modifying table structures which we
will look at later in the class
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13
85. SQL/200
SQL Programming
Part 2– Managing Database Structures
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DDL
• Create
• Alter
• Drop
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14
86. Schemas
• Logical view of a database; sort of a “sub-
database” – we will not cover these in this
module or…
– Catalogs
– Clusters
– Domains (somewhat like a user defined datatype)
• These topics are highly dependent upon the
vendor DBMS and installation practices
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Tables
• Base tables
• Temporary tables
– Local (or module scope)
– Global (session scope)
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15
87. Creating Tables
• Use create statement
• Specify:
– Columns with data types and column
constraints
– Table constraints
• Foreign key references
• Primary key designation
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Data Types
• Int – integers or whole numbers
– Ex: how_many int
• Char – fixed length fields
– Ex: state char(2)
• Varchar/Varchar2 – variable length fields
– Ex: address varchar(35)
• Money – money field; same as MS Access
currency
• Date/Datetime – date and time
• And many others – see documentation or Help
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16
88. Create Table
Basic syntax:
Create table <table-name>
<column1> <datatype> <constraints>
,.. <column1> <datatype> <constraints>
…
<table constraints>
Note: often preceded by a drop
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Temporary Tables
Basic syntax (SQL standard):
Create [global] temporary table <table-name>
<rest of statement as for normal create>
Note: SQL Server uses a different syntax. Just put
a #in front of the table name as in #mytable.
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90. But first – the Drop Statement
• Deletes a database “object”
– Drop table <table-name>
– Drop view <view-name>
– Drop index <index-name>
– Drop domain <domain-name>
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Create Table
Example 1: Create a summary table
Create table summary(
isbn varchar(20) primary key,
How_many int check (how_many >= 0),
Constraint isbn_fk
Foreign key (isbn) references
books(isbn)
)
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19
92. Multi-row Insert
Basic Syntax:
Insert [into] <table-name>
[(<column list>)]
Select <select-statement>
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Multi-row Insert
Basic Example: (store # times each
book ordered)
Insert into summary
Select isbn, count(*)
From orderlines
Group by isbn;
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21
93. Multi-row Insert
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After multi-row insert in MS Access
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22
94. SQL/200
SQL Programming
Part 3 – Creating Views and Indexes, Modifying
Structures
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Views
• Think of a view as a named query wherein
the definition is stored in the database
• Can be read like a table
• Some are updateable
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23
96. Using Views
• Can be used like a table subject to various
limitations
– Cannot insert into grouped queries, etc.
– Etc.
• Sample syntax:
select column-list
from employee_view
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Using a View
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25
97. Indexes
• Used to speed searches, joins, etc.
• Placed on:
– primary and foreign keys
– Secondary keys
• In commercial practice often managed by
DBA’s for large databases
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Indexes
Basic syntax:
Create [unique] index <index-name>
On <table-name> (field-name> [desc])
Note: can place index on a composite key; ex: state and
city
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26
98. Indexes
Basic example:
create index state_inx
on customers(customer_state)
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Customers table with index
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27
99. Dropping an index
Basic Syntax:
– Drop index <table-name.index-name>;
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Modifying a Table Design
• Applies to tables
• Use ALTER statement
– Add columns
– Delete columns
– Rename columns
– Add column constraints
– Add table constraints
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100. Modifying a Table Design
Basic syntax:
Alter <table-name>
Add <field-name>,
Add <table-constraint>,
Modify <field-name>
Etc.
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Modify a Table Design
Example: add a phone number field
alter table publishers
add phone char(12);
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29
101. After alter publishers table
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SQL/200
SQL Programming
Part 4 – Security
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30
102. Security
• Important DBA function
– Beyond scope of this course
– Typically controlled through Enterprise
Manager or Studio GUI’s
• In commercial practice application security
frequently controlled via own login and a
“users” table or similar
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Security
• Specifics can vary by product
• Access: workgroup administrator
• SQL Server: users, roles
• Oracle: users, roles
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103. SQL Security Statements
• Grant
• Revoke
• Deny
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Grant
Syntax:
Grant <access-right> [with grant option]
On <object> to <user>
Note: by default only tables owners and admins can access
a table. Others must be granted the relevant rights.
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32
104. Access Rights
• Select
• Update
• Insert
• Delete
• References
• All privileges
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Grant
Example:
Grant update
On employees to ddurso
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33
105. Revoke
• Revokes the rights
• Syntax similar to grant
[end module]
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Notes
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34
106. Orange Coast Database Associates Course (800)355-9855 or http://www.d2associates.com
Accelerated Computer Training
Orange Coast
Database Associates
Specializing in Microsoft Office,
Access, SQL, and related technologies
Computer Training, Programming & Consulting
32422 Alipaz St., Suite A-15
San Juan Capistrano, CA
(800)355-9855 (Toll Free) | (949)489-1472 (Direct) | (949)485-6284 (Fax)
http://www.d2associates.com | sales@dhdursoassociates.com
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