The talent pool is growing… And its distribution across countries is changing A significant proportion of student have a higher level of education than their parents Where do individuals from low educational backgrounds succeed?

1. Education
at a Glance
2012
Key findings
EDU FORUM
14 September 2012
Etienne Albiser et Corinne Heckmann

2. Unabated
educational expansion

3. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
%
Korea
Japan
Canada
Ireland
Chart A1.1
Norway
New Zealand
United Kingdom
Australia
Luxembourg
Israel
Belgium
France
United States
Sweden
Netherlands
Switzerland
25-34 year-olds
Finland
Spain
Chile
Estonia
OECD average
education
Denmark
Poland
Iceland
55-64 year-olds
Slovenia
Greece
Germany
Hungary
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
The talent pool is growing…
Mexico
Austria
Education at a Glance
Italy
Turkey
Percentage of the 25-34 year-old and 55-64 year-old population that has attained tertiary-type A
Brazil
2012

4. And its distribution across countries is
changing
Proportion of populations with tertiary education and potential growth (2010)
30
Lower attainment; High attainment;
Difference between the 25-34 and 25-64 year-old
catching up increasing advantage
KOR
25
populations with tertiary education
Increasing advantage
20
15
POL BEL
FRA LUX
JPN
CHL IRL
10 PRT NOR
ESP NLD
SVN
SVK SWE UKM
ITA HUN OECD AUS CAN
5 GRC NZL
CZE DNK
TUR CHE
MEX ISL
EST RUS
AUT
0 BRA FIN USA
DEU
ISR
Lower attainment; High attainment;
-5 getting further Higher attainment decreasing
0 behind 10 20 30 40 advantage
50 60
Proportion of the 25-64 year-old population with tertiary education
Chart A1.3
Education at a Glance 2012

5. A significant proportion of student have a higher level
of education than their parents
Percentage of 25-34 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than their parents’ (upward
mobility), lower (downward mobility) or the same (status quo), by parents' educational level (low, medium, high)
Downward mobility Upward mobility
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
United…
OECD…
Czech…
Slovak…
Turkey
Greece
Italy
Luxembourg
Hungary
Denmark
Germany
Poland
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Ireland
Portugal
Canada
Finland
Norway
United States
Australia
Iceland
Slovenia
France
Austria
New Zealand
Sweden
Belgium
Switzerland
Status quo: same level of education than their parents
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Chart High Medium Low
A6.5
Education at a Glance 2012

6. Where do individuals from low educational
backgrounds succeed?
Educational achievement among 25-34 year-old non-students with parents who have low educational
attainment (2009)
45%
Australia
40%
average
OECD
35%
Iceland
Ireland
Spain Sweden
Netherlands Canada 30%
Denmark Finland
United Kingdom 25%
France
New Zealand Belgium OECD average
Luxembourg 20%
Portugal OECD average
Norway
Slovenia 15%
United States Switzerland
Greece Poland
Turkey
Austria Hungary 10%
Italy Germany
Czech Republic
5%
0%
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Proportion of non-students from low educational backgrounds who have not attained an upper secondary education (%)
Chart A6.4
Education at a Glance 2012

7. Tertiary student become more mobile
Number of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, by region of destination (2000 to
2010)
Number of foreign students
4 500 000
4 000 000
3 500 000
Worldwide
3 000 000
In OECD
2 500 000
2 000 000 In EU countries
1 500 000 In G20 countries
1 000 000 In North America
500 000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Chart C4.1
Education at a Glance 2012

8. … and impact on international education
market shares of countries
Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destination
Market share (%)
25
“Other G20 and non-OECD countries” refers to the portion
of total foreign students studying in other G20 and non-
20 OECD countries and is obtained after subtracting
China, South Africa and the Russian Federation from the
15 total in non-OECD destinations, as estimated from
UNESCO data.
2010
10
2000
5
0
Netherlands
New Zealand
Italy
South Africa
Germany
Japan
Spain
United States
Austria
Australia
Canada
Other G20 and non-OECD
China
France
Korea
Sweden
Other OECD
Russian Federation
Belgium
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Chart C4.3
Education at a Glance 2012

9. 0
100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
%
France
Netherlands
Spain
Chart C2.1
Mexico
Belgium
Denmark
Japan
Norway
United Kingdom
Italy
Luxembourg
Iceland
Germany
New Zealand
Sweden
Hungary
Estonia
Austria
2010
Slovenia
Israel
Portugal
2005
Czech Republic
OECD average
Korea
Chile
Argentina
Russian Federation
Slovak Republic
United States
Ireland
Poland
Finland
Brazil
Greece
Australia
Education at a Glance
Canada
Enrolment rates in early childhood and primary education among 4-year-olds (2005 and 2010)
Switzerland
Indonesia
Turkey
2012
Education begins well before the age of 5

10. The labour-market
continues to signal strong demand for
tertiary graduates...
- There is a positive relationship between education and employment:
Individuals without an upper secondary qualification saw a marked drop
in the employment rate
- The earnings advantage of tertiary graduates is high and has grown
further over recent years.

11. 0
100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
%
Norway
Iceland
Switzerland
Sweden
Netherlands
Chart A7.1
Slovenia
Germany
Denmark
Austria
Brazil
Portugal
United Kingdom
Luxembourg
Poland
Finland
Australia
Belgium
Tertiary education
New Zealand
France
Below upper secondary
Czech Republic
OECD average
Israel
Slovak Republic
Canada
of education
Ireland
Mexico
United States
Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary
Estonia
Greece
Spain
Japan
Chile
Percentage of 25-64 year-olds in employment, by level of education (2010)
Hungary
Education at a Glance
Italy
Korea
Turkey
Employment prospects increase with the level
2012

12. Tertiary education brings substantial earning
premiums
Relative earnings from employment by level of educational attainment for 25-to-64 year-olds in 2010
(upper secondary education = 100)
Below upper secondary education
Index
Tertiary education
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
Germany
Turkey
Slovak Republic
Canada
Italy
Finland
Estonia
Hungary
Netherlands
Austria
Japan
Israel
Brazil
Spain
Australia
Norway
Ireland
Portugal
Belgium
Greece
Slovenia
United Kingdom
France
New Zealand
Poland
Switzerland
Korea
Sweden
United States
Luxembourg
Czech Republic
Denmark
OECD average
Chart A8.1
Education at a Glance 2012

13. More than half of the GDP growth in OECD countries
is related to
income growth among tertiary-educated individuals
GDP growth and labour income growth by educational categories (2000-10)
GDP Growth ISCED 5B/5A/6 ISCED 3/4 ISCED 0/1/2
5%
4%
3%
2%
1%
0%
-1%
Germany
Israel
Hungary
Austria
Canada
Finland
Norway
Ireland
Korea
New Zealand
Sweden
United Kingdom
France
Switzerland
United States
Czech Republic
Denmark
Country average
Chart A10.1
Education at a Glance 2012

14. The crisis hit
the least educated hardest
- Lack of relevant skills/experience brings higher unemployment risk for
recent entrants to the labour force

15. Unemployment rates increased the most
for the least qualified
Change between 2008 and 2010 in unemployment rates for 25-64 year-olds, by level of education
(2008, 2009, 2010)
Over 35% each year for the Slovak Republic
2009 2008 2010
Below upper secondary education (%)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
OE…
ITA
BRA
FRA
USA
EST
SVK
TUR
ISR
NLD
ESP
IRL
POR
FIN
SVN
DEU
SWE
JPN
POL
UKM
ISL
CHL
NZL
CHE
MEX
GRC
KOR
NOR
HUN
BEL
CZE
DNK
LUX
CAN
AUT
AUS
Tertiary education (%)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
FRA
BRA
USA
ITA
MEX
EST
POR
POL
OECD
ISR
ISL
CZE
SWE
CHE
ESP
GRC
DEU
LUX
KOR
NOR
FIN
IRL
BEL
JPN
NLD
SVK
TUR
SVN
UKM
NZL
HUN
CHL
DNK
CAN
AUT
AUS
Chart A7.2
Education at a Glance 2012

16. 15-19 year-olds not in education
(employed, unemployed or not in the labour force)
Distribution of 15-19 year-olds by education and work status (2010, 2008)
% 15-19 year-olds not in education
60
50
40 2010
30
2008
20
10
0
OE…
ITA
BRA
FRA
USA
EST
ISR
NLD
SWE
ESP
DEU
FIN
IRL
MEX
TUR
UKM
SVN
SVK
KOR
GRC
PRT
BEL
CHE
ISL
NOR
NZL
POL
HUN
CZE
LUX
DNK
CAN
AUT
AUS
% 15-19 year-olds not in education, by work status
100
Inactive
80
Unemployed
60
Employed
40 Employed
(2008)
20
0
T C5.2a
Education at a Glance 2012

17. RESOURCE CHALLENGES
- To achieve higher levels of educational attainment, countries
have made a significant effort to increase investment in
education

18. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Iceland
Korea
% of GDP
Denmark
% of GDP
New Zealand
Chart B2.1
United States
Israel
Argentina
Chile
Sweden
Belgium
Finland
Ireland
France
Estonia
Mexico
2009
OECD average
Netherlands
Norway
Canada
United Kingdom
2000
Australia
Slovenia
Switzerland
Portugal
Austria
Poland
1995
Spain
significantly…
Brazil
Russian Federation
Germany
Japan
Italy
Hungary
Czech Republic
Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP,(2000, 2009)
South Africa
Education at a Glance
Slovak Republic
Investment in education increased
Indonesia
India
2012

19. The share of GDP devoted to education
continues to grow between 2008 and 2009
Index of change in expenditure on educational institutions and GDP (2008, 2009)
Change in expenditure
Index of change Change in gross domestic product
(2008=100) Change in expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
Germany
Spain
Slovenia
Japan
Estonia
Italy
Israel
Netherlands
Finland
Austria
Canada
Portugal
Iceland
Norway
Ireland
Australia
New Zealand
United Kingdom
France
Belgium
Slovak Republic
Sweden
Korea
Poland
Switzerland
Chile
Mexico
United States
Denmark
Russian Federation
Czech Republic
OECD average
Chart B2 Box 1
Education at a Glance 2012

20. Tertiary education
Education at a Glance 2012

21. At tertiary level, expenditure did not keep up
with expanding enrolments in some countries
Index of change in student numbers and expenditure between 2000 and 2009
(2000=100, 2009 constant prices)
Change in expenditure
Index of change Change in the number of students (in full-time equivalents)
(2000 = 100) Change in expenditure per student
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
United States
Italy
Hungary
Korea
Portugal
Poland
Germany
Iceland
United Kingdom
France
Ireland
Belgium
Estonia
Switzerland
Austria
Japan
Sweden
Israel
Finland
Netherlands
Brazil
Denmark
Spain
Norway
Slovak Republic
Mexico
Czech Republic
OECD average
Chart B1.6
Education at a Glance 2012

22. Average annual tuition fees
Tuition fees charged by public institutions of university-level education for full-time national students
(academic year 2008-09)
Tertiary-type A public institutions
USD United States (70%, 29 910)
00 United States (74%, 29 201)
6000
Korea (71%, 10 499)
5000
United Kingdom1 (63%, 16 338)
Japan (51%, 17 511),
Australia (96%, 17 460),
4000
Canada (m, 25 341) This chart does not
Education at a Glance 2012
take into account
New Zealand (80%, 11 185) grants, subsidies or
3000 loans that partially or
fully offset the students’
tuition fees
2000
Netherlands (65%, 17 854)
Portugal (89%, 10 481), Italy (49%, 9 562),
1000 Spain (52%, 14 191),
Austria (63%, 14 258), Switzerland (44%, 23 111)
Belgium (Fr. and Fl.) (m, m)
500
France (m, 15 494)
Chart 0 Czech Republic (60%, 8 615), Denmark (65%, 18 556), Finland (68%, 16 569), Ireland
B5.2 (56%, 16 420), Iceland (93%, 9 939), Mexico (33%, 8 020), Norway (76%, 19 269), Sweden
(76%, 21 144)
1. Public institutions do not exist at this level of education and most students are enrolled in government-dependent private institutions. Education at a Glance 2012

23. Primary, secondary and post-secondary
non-tertiary education
Education at a Glance 2012

24. Increase in the share of GDP devoted to education
translates into large increase in expenditure per
student between 2000 and 2009
Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education
Index of changes in student numbers and expenditure between 2000 and 2009 (2000=100, 2009 constant prices)
Index of change
Change in expenditure
(2000 = 100)
Change in the number of students (in full-time equivalents)
Change in expenditure per student
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
Italy
Austria
Estonia
Hungary
Ireland
Czech Republic
Australia
Iceland
Portugal
Germany
Belgium
Korea
Poland
United Kingdom
Spain
France
OECD average
Switzerland
Israel
Brazil
Netherlands
United States
Japan
Canada
Denmark
Finland
Norway
Sweden
Mexico
Slovak Republic
Chart B1.6
Education at a Glance 2012

25. … partly as a result of increased teachers’
salaries
Lower secondary teachers’ statutory salaries after 15 years of experience/minimum training, index of
change between 2000 and 2010 (2000 = 100, constant prices
Index of change 2000=100 2010 2005
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
Hungary
Italy
Iceland
Scotland
Australia
Ireland
Portugal
Greece
France
Estonia
Korea
Switzerland
Austria
Japan
Finland
Israel
Spain
England
Belgium (Fr.)
United States
Denmark
New Zealand
Sweden
Mexico
Belgium (Fl.)
Czech Republic
OECD average
Chart D3.3
Education at a Glance 2012

26. But other factors have an impact on
expenditure
Contribution (in USD) of various factors to this change at the lower secondary level (2000, 2010)
Contribution of teachers' salary
Contribution of instruction time
Contribution of teaching time
In equivalent USD using PPPs Contribution of estimated class size
3000 Change in salary cost between 2000 and 2010
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
Italy
Hungary
Austria
Denmark
Finland
Japan
United States
Spain
Portugal
Iceland
Australia
Ireland
France
Korea
Mexico
Czech Republic
Chart B7.5
Education at a Glance 2012

27. Age distribution of teachers may raise question of the
need to train new teachers
Age distribution in secondary education (2010)
Aged less than 30 Aged 30-39 Aged 40-49 Aged 50 or older
Indonesia
Brazil
Poland
United Kingdom
Luxembourg
Canada
Portugal
Chile
Korea
United States
Ireland
Belgium
Slovak…
France
Israel
Switzerland
Slovenia
Hungary
OECD average
Spain
Japan
New Zealand
Iceland
Sweden
Finland
Norway
Netherlands
Czech Republic
Estonia
Germany
Austria
Italy %
0 20 40 60 80 100
Chart D5.1
Education at a Glance 2012

28. Education at a Glance 2012

29. What is new in EAG 2012 ?
 Chapter A
 What is the difference between the career aspirations of boys and girls and the fields
of study they pursue as young adults? (A4)
 How well do immigrant students perform in school? (A5)
 To what extent does parents’ education influence access to tertiary education? (A6)
 How does education influence economic growth, labour costs and earning power
(A10)
 Chapter B
 Changes in the salary cost of teachers per student between 2000 and 2010 (B7)
 Chapter C
 How do early childhood education systems differ around the world? (C2)
 Chapter D
 Who are the teachers? (D5)
 Who makes key decisions in education systems? (D6)
 What are the pathways and gateways to gain access to secondary and tertiary
education? (D7)
Education at a Glance 2012

30. How to use EAG 2012 ?
 As a printed book
 Available in English, French,
 but also translated into Spanish, German, Japanese, Chinese
 As an electronic source of information
 Pdf version of the book
 Excel files for all tables and charts
 OECD.stat database with most of the raw data
 Country notes for 17 countries
 Highlights of EAG 2012
 Further dissemination
 Education in Focus Series: monthly…
www.oecd.org/edu/eag2012
Education at a Glance 2012

31. Thank you !
www.oecd.org/edu/eag2012
Education at a Glance 2012