This presentation was given by Thomas Bailey of the Community College Research Center, Teachers College, Columbia University at the international seminar “Equity and quality on higher education: from the right of access to the challenge of graduation” on 17-18 June 2016 in Santiago, Chile.

1. EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016
1
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER
MARCH 18, 2016
Thomas Bailey
Director, Community College Research Center
Teachers College, Columbia University
Equity and Quality on higher education: from the right of access to the challenge of
graduation
Santiago, Chile
March, 18 2016
The Community College
Role in Access and
Success for all Students

2. EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016
3
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER
• Types of programs
– Short term skill building
– “Terminal” 2 year occupational degrees
– Transfer to bachelors degrees
• Designed to promote access--successful
– Low cost
– Widely located
– Flexible schedule—accommodate employment
Community College Basics

3. EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016
4
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER
45%
55%
Almost half of all undergraduates are
enrolled at community colleges
CCRC Summary of Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 12-month unduplicated headcount: 2013-14
Undergraduates
NOT at community
colleges Undergraduates
at community
colleges

4. EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016
5
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER
More than one-third of community
college students are age 25 or above
Community Colleges Public 4-year
CCRC Summary of Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Fall Enrollment: Fall 2014
19 or
Under,
32%
20-24,
32%
25-29,
13%
30 or
Older,
24%
19 or
Under,
33%
20-24,
50%
25-29,
8%
30 or
Older,
9%

5. EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016
6
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER
37% 33%
24% 24%
18%
22%
21%
16% 15%
15%
15%
16%
13% 14%
16%
16%
18%
21% 21%
21%
9% 11%
25% 26% 30%
Community Colleges Public Baccalaureate Private Baccalaureate Public Research &
Doctoral
Private Research &
Doctoral
Bottom SES Fourth SES Quintlie Third SES Quintlie Second SES Quintile Top SES Quintile
Socioeconomic distribution at colleges
by institutional type, 2011-12
CCRC Analysis using National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: 2012 Undergraduates (PowerStats); Income Quintile is based on 2012 household
income as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/household/ (Table H-1). Both dependent and
independent students are combined.

6. EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016
7
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER
50%50%
About a half of all Black and Hispanic
undergraduates are enrolled at community
colleges
Black & Hispanic
undergraduates NOT at
community colleges
Black & Hispanic
undergraduates at
community colleges
CCRC Summary of Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 12-month unduplicated headcount: 2013-14

7. EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016
8
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER
• Value of an Associates Degree Compared to High School
Degree
– Average 13% for Males
– Average 20% for Females
– But differs by field (Associate of Arts or General Studies
mainly valuable for transfer)
• Benefits to Society Exceed Costs
– Economic Growth
– Health
– Welfare Receipt
– Reduced Crime
A good investment for students and
society

8. EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016
9
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER
$3,435
$9,410
$32,405
$15,610
Public 2-year (In-
State)
Public 4-year (In-
State)
Private non-Profit Private for-Profit
Average Published Tuition and Fees (Enrollment-
Weighted) for Full-Time Undergraduates by Sector,
2015-16
Source: CollegeBoard, “Trends in College Pricing”, Table 1A

9. EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016
10
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER
58%
76%
51%
70%
38%
36% 38%
64%
22% 21%
12%
5%
21%
58%
13%
3%
Public 4-year Private nonprofit 4-
year
Public 2-year Private for profit
Any Grant Federal Grant State Grant Institutional Grant
Percent of Undergraduates who Received Grant Aid by
Institutional Type and Source, 2011-12
Source: National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 2011-12
Note: “Any Grant” includes grants from Federal, State, Institution, and other private sources.

10. EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016
11
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER
$5,000
$11,492
$2,775
$3,320
$4,163
$4,163
$2,775
$3,075
$2,406
$2,808
$1,200
$1,400
$2,500
$11,000
$687
$1,200
Public 4-year Private nonprofit 4-
year
Public 2-year Private for profit
Any Grant Federal Grant State Grant Institutional Grant
Median Grant Aid Amount Received by
Undergraduates by Institutional Type and Source,
2011-12
Source: National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 2011-12
Note: “Any Grant” includes grants from Federal, State, Institution, and other private sources.

11. EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016
12
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER
50%
62%
18%
73%
48%
60%
17%
71%
7%
12%
2%
12%
Public 4-year Private nonprofit 4-
year
Public 2-year Private for profit
Any Loan Federal Loan Private Loan
Percent of Undergraduates with Loans by
Institutional Type and Funding Source, 2011-12
Source: National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 2011-12
Note: “Any Loan” equal to the sum of all federal loans to students, state loans, institutional loans, and other private commercial or alternative loans. Does not include Direct
PLUS loans to parents.

12. EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016
13
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER
$6,500
$7,500
$4,125
$7,656
$6,468
$6,500
$4,113
$7,000
$4,000
$5,500
$2,000
$4,502
Public 4-year Private nonprofit 4-
year
Public 2-year Private for profit
Total loans Total federal loans Private (alternative) loans
Median Loan Amount Received by
Undergraduates by Institutional Type and Source,
2011-12
Source: National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 2011-12
Note: “Total Loan” is equal to the sum of all federal loans to students, state loans, institutional loans, and other private commercial or alternative loans. Does not include Direct
PLUS loans to parents. $0 excluded from median calculation.

13. EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016
14
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER
Per-pupil total operating and education &
related expenditures (i.e., excluding sponsored
research & auxiliary enterprise), AY 2011
Desrochers, D. M., & Hurlburt, S. (2011). Trends in College Spending 2001–2011 (Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research), figure
S2, 19–21.
$67,359
$37,408
$21,130 $19,377
$12,918
$35,059
$21,677
$16,009
$13,081
$9,550
Private Research
Sector
Private Bachelor's
Sector
Public Research
Sector
Public Bachelor's
Sector
Public Community
College Sector
Total Operating Education & Related

14. EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016
15
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER
Changes in total operating spending per
student over time, AY 2001–2011
Desrochers, D. M., & Hurlburt, S. (2011). Trends in College Spending 2001–2011 (Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research), figure
S2, 19–21. Data Shown in 2011 Dollars.
$11,538
$2,780
$(118) $(322)
$(904)
$9,304
$991
$349
($1,097) ($1,427)
Private Research
Sector
Public Research
Sector
Private Bachelor's
Sector
Public Bachelor's
Sector
Public Community
College Sector
Total Operating Education & Related

15. EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016
16
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER
Slightly more than one third of
community college students earn a
degree in 6 years
36%
20%
44%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Earned a degree at any institution Still enrolled at an institution Not enrolled
Shapiro et al. (2014). Completing College: A National View of Student Attainment Rates. National Student Clearinghouse Research Center.

16. EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016
17
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER
•More than 60 % assigned to remediation
–Only about 40% of those complete remediation
•80% state that they want to transfer and get
a bachelor’s degree (four year degree)
–Only 30 % transfer
–15 % complete a BA
Overall Weak Student Outcomes

17. EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016
18
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER
Redesigning America’s
Community Colleges
A Clearer Path to Student Success
Thomas Bailey, Director, CCRC
Shanna Jaggars, Asst. Director, CCRC
Davis Jenkins, Sr. Research Associate, CCRC

18. EQUITY AND QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION / MARCH 18, 2016
19
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH CENTER
MARCH 18, 2016
Please visit us on the web at
http://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu
where you can download presentations, reports,
and briefs, and sign-up for news announcements.
We’re also on Facebook and Twitter.
Community College Research Center
Teachers College, Columbia University
525 West 120th Street, Box 174, New York, NY 10027
E-mail: ccrc@columbia.edu Telephone: 212.678.3091
For more information
@CommunityCCRC
#RedesigningCCs