1. Food, beverages and tobacco - The Western Balkan economies show complementarities along the value chain from first stage production to final processing and exports. This sector also has high export growth potential and regional cooperation opportunities. 2. Metals - Basic metals is a major exporting sector with competitive advantages. Metals production and processing presents opportunities for regional integration in intermediate supply chains. 3. Machinery and equipment - Exports have grown rapidly and the sector benefits from regional specialization. Deeper integration could help upgrade machinery value chains in the region.

1. MAKING REGIONAL
VALUE CHAINS
HAPPEN IN THE
WESTERN BALKANS
Paris, 13 June 2013
This project is funded by the
European Union

2. The Next Generation Competitiveness
Initiative (NGCI)
Funding and
implementation
Geographical
coverage
• Project funded by the European Commission
• Implemented by the OECD Investment Compact
Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo*, FYR
Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia
Objective
Strengthening the competitiveness of the WBs through
better integration in value chains:
• Deeper integration in value chains (“quantity” challenge)
• Upgrading in value chains (“quality” challenge)
Rationale for a
sector focus
• Allows to generate greater interest and involvement from the
private sector
• Useful approach to understand obstacles to doing business
• With limited resources, a sector-specific approach can have
impact
2

3. Project timeline
Preparatory Phase
April – November 2013
• Sector identification based on
analysis and consultations with
stakeholders
• Establishment of sectoral
working groups
Implementation Phase
January 2014 to April 2016
• Identification of barriers to value chain
development
• Pilot projects to support regional value
chains
3

4. Value chains in a global context
• Post-Washington Consensus world – Global economic
recession of 2008-09 and rise of contending centres of economic
and political power
• Large emerging economies like China, India and Brazil are
both export platforms and turning inward
• Small economies are seeking specialized niches in the global
economy and regional economic blocs
• Lead firms in global value chains are streamlining and
consolidating their sourcing and production networks
Source: Presentation by Gary Gereffi, Duke University, October 31, 2012
Tapping into International Value Chains, Opportunities & Challenges for Latin America, San Jose, Costa Rica
4

5. FDI in the Western Balkans: comparable to
central Europe but more resilient
FDI inflows as % of GDP (average)
25%
Western Balkans
20%
Central Europe
15%
10%
5%
0%
MNE
ALB
SRB
HRV
MKD
2009-2011
Source: UNCTAD (2013)
BIH
CZE
2000-2008
HUN
SVK
SVN
5

6. Export performance has been below potential
Exports of Goods and Services
(% of GDP)
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Average Central Europe
2011
Average WB
Source: WDI (2013) - NB: Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia are included in Central Europe. Poland is not
included because it is a significantly larger market.
6

7. Motives for relocations suggest that the region
could attract more FDI
80%
Main motives for production relocations
72%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
27%
26%
20%
10%
13%
12%
11%
8%
4%
0%
Source: European Manufacturing Survey, 2009
7

8. A combination of factors makes the region
attractive
ALB
BIH
HRV
XK
MKD
MNE
SRB
Benchmark
countries
Labour costs
Unit labour costs
(2009, Index SVK=100)
?
106
117
?
114
159
122
SVK: 100
Time to market (h)
Road transport. time to
Frankfurt
18h
13h
8h
18h
16h
16h
12h
SVK: 7h
TUR: 23h
Cost of energy
Industrial electricity
tariff EUR per MWh
(2009)
60
50
90
60
60
70
40
SVK: 140
TUR: 80
Coast,
Metals,
Metals,
Wood,
Coal
Metals,
Land
Coast,
Metals,
Wood
Metals,
Wood,
Land
30%
36%
40%
45%
50%
Natural resources
Main natural resources
available in the economy
Skills
Enrollment in tertiary
education in 2009 (%)
Coast,
Metals,
Wood,
Wood
Land,
CoalPetroleum Lignite
49%
?
SVK: 54%
TUR:46%

9. Objectives of the workshop
1
Identify sectors
where regional value
chains exist or could
be developed
2
Discuss ways to
identify barriers
limiting value chain
development in
these sectors
3
Examine concrete
policy actions to
address these
barriers
9

10. Session 1
1
Identify sectors
where regional value
chains exist or could
be developed
2
Discuss ways to
identify barriers
limiting value chain
development in
these sectors
3
Examine concrete
policy actions to
address these
barriers
10

11. Key question of the session
How do we identify 3 sectors for further
value chain analysis?
11

12. Analytical framework for sector selection
Competitiveness of the Western Balkans sectors in the global
marketplace
Potential for regional cooperation
Value-added potential
12

13. Analytical framework for sector selection
Competitiveness of the Western Balkans sectors in the global
marketplace
Potential for regional cooperation
Value-added potential
13

14. Services account for the largest and
increasing share of GDP
Sectors' share of GDP in
the Western Balkans
Sectors' share of GDP in 2010
in the WB and CE
100
100
90
80
80
70
60
60
50
40
40
30
20
20
10
0
0
2000
2010
Agriculture
Western Balkans
Industry
Services
Central Europe
14

15. Food, metals and chemicals account for most of
manufacturing turnover
Top 10 manufacturing sectors in CEFTA by turnover (yearly average 2008-10)
Turnover
(EUR bn)
Share
Employment
Share
Food products and beverages
12.0
28%
222521
21%
Basic metals
3.7
9%
46582
4%
Fabricated metal products
3.5
8%
98772
9%
Chemicals and chemical products
3.4
8%
46816
4%
Non-metallic mineral products (glass,
ceramics, cement, stone products, etc.)
2.8
7%
60206
6%
Coke, refined petroleum and nuclear fuel
2.8
7%
10593
1%
Textiles, apparel and leather
2.0
5%
207988
19%
Rubber and plastic products
1.7
4%
43452
4%
Electrical machinery and apparatus, nec
1.4
3%
37509
3%
Furniture and other manufacturing
1.2
3%
52953
5%
Industry
Source: OECD (2012)
Nb- CEFTA includes Moldova as well as the Western Balkan economies.
15

16. FDI has been mainly market-seeking and
concentrated in services
FDI Stocks by Activity in 2010 (% of Total FDI Stocks)
Financial intermediation
Wholesale, retail trade, repair of
motor vehicles etc
23.7%
33.1%
Transport, storage and
communication
Construction
Real estate, renting and business
activities
3.9%
Mining and quarrying
2.3%
Hotels and restaurants
2.3%
7.0%
Other
15.5%
2.2%
Manufacturing
9.9%
NB: Data include Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and the FYR Macedonia
16

17. Coke/petroleum, food and metals have
attracted most FDI in the past years
Economy
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Croatia
Serbia
The FYR
Macedonia
Sector
Sum of inflows from
2007 to 2010 (EUR
mn)
Coke, and petroleum products
Metals
Food products
Coke, and petroleum products
Other non-metallic mineral products
Metals
Food products
Metals
Transport equipment
311
127
92
1045
269
101
489
413
161
Transport equipment
Food products
Metals
124
69
27
Data for FDI inflows in the FYR Macedonia in 2008 are not available so only the inflows in 2007, 2009 and 2010 are
summed up.
Source: Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies. NACE REV. 1
17

18. The top exporting industries are basic metals,
machinery and equipment and textiles
Total exports in 2011 (bn USD)
0
2
4
Basic Metals
Machinery and Equipment
Textiles, Leather and Footwear
Food, Beverages and Tobacco
Chemicals
Transport Equipment
Coke and Petroleum Products
Fabricated Metal Products
Rubber and Plastics
Iron and
steel, nonferrous metals
Electric
appliances
Industrial
machinery and
equipment
Clothing
accessories, Footwear, L
eather goods
Major trade deficit
in petroleum: WBs
net importer
Wood and Cork
Paper Products, Printing and Publishing
Pharmaceuticals
Other Non-Metallic Mineral Products
Source: based on OECD STAN BTD - NB- No data available for Kosovo*
18

19. Travel accounts for the largest share of
service exports
Service exports in 2011 (bn USD)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Travel
Other business services
Legal, accounting, co
nsulting, architectur
al, etc. services
Transportation
Communications services
Construction services
Computer and information services
Personal, cultural, and recreational…
Includes business
and personal travel
Road, railway, sea
and air passenger
and freight
transport
Financial services
Royalties and license fees
Insurance services
ALB
BIH
HRV
MNE
SRB
MKD
19
Source: UN Service Trade Database

20. Exports in chemicals, rubber and plastics and
machinery have grown faster than other sectors
WB exports (annual growth 2006-2011)
Exports in 2011 and annual growth (2006-2011)
16%
Chemicals
14%
Rubber and Plastics
Paper, Printing and
Publishing
12%
10%
Pharmaceuticals
Machinery and
Coke and petroleum
Equipment
products
Food
products, Beverages
and Tobacco
8%
Wood and Cork
4%
Textiles and leather
Fabricated metals
Manufacturing
6% n.e.c.; Recycling
Basic Metals
Transport
Non-Metallic
Mineral Products
2%
0%
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Western Balkans exports in 2011 (mn USD)
Source: based on OECD STAN BTD
NB- No data available for Kosovo*
20

21. RCA indices show the export specialisation of
WB economies
RCA indices in 2009
Wood and Cork
Textiles, Leather and Footwear
Other Non-Metallic Mineral Products
Food, Beverages and Tobacco
Fabricated Metal Products
Basic Metals
Electrical Machinery and Apparatus n.e.c
Rubber and Plastics Products
Pulp, Paper, Printing and Publishing
Coke, Petroleum Products
Other Transport Equipment
Machinery and Equipment, n.e.c
Chemicals and Chemical Products
Motor Vehicles, Trailers and Semi-Trailers
Pharmaceuticals
Medical, Precision and Optical Instruments
Radio, TV and Communication Equipment
ICT
Office, Accounting and Computing Machinery
CEFTA
3.91
2.29
2.25
1.92
1.68
1.61
1.23
1.16
1.09
1.06
0.92
0.67
0.50
0.29
0.23
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.15
ALB
1.32
8.75
2.33
0.80
2.09
0.93
0.63
0.37
1.00
0.27
0.02
0.11
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.07
0.07
0.10
BIH
HRV MKD MNE SRB
7.50
5.07
0.51
5.54
2.38
2.09
1.45
5.00
0.12
1.66
1.47
3.31
2.24
0.25
1.33
0.97
1.51
2.02
2.08
2.61
2.69
1.71
0.99
0.75
1.48
1.89
0.48
3.77
8.71
2.22
0.56
1.71
0.48
0.07
1.19
0.73
0.63
0.84
0.08
2.33
1.17
1.07
0.32
0.64
1.45
0.92
2.02
0.20
0.42
0.43
0.20
1.96
0.08
0.23
0.45
0.61
0.86
0.30
0.82
0.67
0.40
0.63
0.46
0.09
0.52
0.51
0.27
0.10
0.12
0.32
0.04
0.21
1.34
0.03
0.06
0.10
0.28
0.16
0.03
0.20
0.02
0.34
0.03
0.04
0.20
0.04
0.28
0.06
0.04
0.22
0.02
0.16
0.05
0.04
0.27
21
Source: Based on OECD STAN BTD. CEFTA also includes Moldova. No data available for Kosovo*

22. Which sectors have potential for future growth?
Growth in WB exports and EU27 import demand
WB exports (annual growth 2006-2011)
16%
Chemicals
14%
Machinery and
Equipment
12%
Paper, Printing and
Publishing
10%
8%
Pharmaceuticals
Fabricated metals
Manufacturing
Basic Metals n.e.c.; Recycling
Transport
Coke and petroleum
products
Rubber and Plastics
Food
products, Beverages
and Tobacco
6%
Wood and Cork
4%
Textiles and leather
Non-Metallic
Mineral Products
2%
0%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
Growth in EU27 imports (annual growth 2006-2011)
Source: based on OECD STAN BTD
10%
12%
22

23. Analytical framework for sector selection
Competitiveness of the Western Balkans sectors in the global
marketplace
Potential for regional cooperation
Value-added potential
23

24. Depending on the industry, supply chains
tend to be more or less regional
Intermediate exports: Intra vs. Extra-CEFTA (2009)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Other Non-Metallic Mineral Prod.
Office, Computers
Paper, Printing and Publishing
Fabricated Metal Products
Basic Metals
Electrical Machinery n.e.c
Machinery and Equipment, n.e.c
Textiles, Clothing
Other Transport Equipment
Manufacturing n.e.c; Recycling
intra-CEFTA
extra-CEFTA
Source: OECD (2012). CEFTA also includes Moldova. No data available for Kosovo*
24

25. The RCA matrix helps identify economies’
positions in supply chains
RCA in final good
exports
No evidence of
supply chains
Final stage supply
chains
No RCA in intermediate
goods imports
RCA in intermediate
goods imports
Intermediate
stage supply
chains
First stage supply
chains
RCA in intermediate
good exports
Source: OECD (2012)
25

26. An example: Serbia’s industries’ positions in
supply chains
4
No Evident International
Supply Chains
Food, Beverages, To
bacco
RCA in final goods
exports
Final Stage
Supply Chains
3
Fabricated Metal
Prod.
Textiles, Clothing
2
1
No RCA in intermediate
goods imports
Paper, Printing, Pub
lishing
RCA in intermediate
goods imports
0
Fabricated Metal
Other Non-Metallic
Prod.
1
Mineral Prod.Manufacturing n.e.c.
Electrical Machinery
Paper, Printing, Pub
2
lishing
Food, Beverages, To
Basic Metals
bacco
3
First Stage
Supply Chains
RCA in intermediate
4
goods exports
Year: 2009
Rubber, Plastics
Wood, Cork
Intermediate Stage
26
Supply Chains

27. WB economies present supply chain
complementarities in selected sectors
Economies’ positions in supply chains (2009)
Industry
First stage
Food, beverages and tobacco
Intermediate stages
SRB
Final stages
BIH HRV MKD MNE
Textiles, Clothing
ALB BIH HRV MKD
SRB
Wood and Cork
BIH HRV MNE SRB
ALB BIH HRV SRB
Paper, Printing and
Publishing
Coke, Petroleum Products
ALB BIH
BIH SRB
HRV
Rubber and Plastics
MKD SRB
Basic Metals
BIH MNE
MKD SRB
Fabricated metal products
BIH
ALB HRV MKD SRB
Electrical machinery, nec
HRV SRB
Motor vehicles, Trailers
BIH
Source: OECD (2012). No data available for Kosovo*
SRB
27

28. Governments in the region support similar
sectors
Sectors prioritised by WB economies
ALB
BIH
HRV
XK
MKD
MNE
SRB
Metal industry
Textile, Apparel
Wood processing
Agro-food
Mining
Construction
Automotive
Pharmaceuticals
ICT
Tourism
Banking
Energy
28
Source: based on National Strategies and Investment Promotion Agencies

29. Multidimensional view of the analysis
The size of the bubble represents the size of the
sector as a % of manufacturing output.
The colour of the bubble represents the extent to
which governments in the WB prioritise the
sector.
0-2 economies prioritise the sector
3-4 economies prioritise the sector
5-7 countries prioritise the sector
30%
FDI stocks (% of manufacturing FDI, 2010)
Coke, Petroleum
Products
25%
20%
Food, Beverages and
Tobacco
Other Non-Metallic
Mineral Products
15%
Electrical Machinery
n.e.c and optical
instruments
10%
Travel
Metals
Textile products
Chemicals
5%
Motor Vehicles
Pulp and paper products
Wood and Cork
Rubber and Plastics
0%
Machinery and
0
0.5 Other Transport
1
Equipment, n.e.c
Equipment
1.5
2
2.5
RCAs in exports (2009)
3
3.5
4
4.5
29

30. Discussion questions
What could be the shortlist of sectors: Food, beverages, and tobacco;
Travel; Metals; Textiles?
How much weight should we attach to RCA, FDI stocks, size of sector
as % of manufacuting input, growth in demand and existing
government priorities?
What other factors should be considered (e.g., employment, R&D
capacity, etc.)?
Is there potential for moving to higher value added?
30

31. Session 2
1
Identify sectors
where regional value
chains exist or could
be developed
2
Discuss ways to
identify barriers
limiting value chain
development in
these sectors
3
Examine concrete
policy actions to
address these
barriers
31

32. Key questions
What are the main obstacles which limit Western Balkan
economies’ integration and upgrading in regional and global
value chains?
What approaches should be used to identify barriers to value
chain development?
What is the feasibility of different types of upgrading in
different sectors (process, product, functional, upgrading)?
32

33. Session 3
1
Identify sectors
where regional value
chains exist or could
be developed
2
Discuss ways to
identify barriers
limiting value chain
development in
these sectors
3
Examine concrete
policy actions to
address these
barriers
33

34. Key questions
How can Western Balkans co-operate to create regional value
chains which can successfully compete in the global market?
Where could the OECD Investment Compact achieve the
greatest impact through an 18 month pilot project?
Have projects in the past aimed at helping firms join or
upgrade in regional/global value chains?
34

35. ANNEX
35

36. Multidimensional view of the analysis (II)
Growth in EU demand (annual growth, 2006-2011)
14%
The size of the bubble represents the size of
the sector as a % of manufacturing output.
The colour of the bubble represents the
extent to which governments in the WB
prioritised the sector.
Coke, Petroleum
Products
12%
10%
0-2 economies prioritised the sector
3-4 economies prioritised the sector
5-7 countries prioritised the sector
Food, Beverages and
Tobacco
8%
Chemicals
Rubber and Plastics
6%
Metals
4%
Textile products
Pulp and paper products
2%
Other Non-Metallic
Mineral Products
Transport
Wood and Cork
0%
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
RCAs in exports
3
3.5
4
4.5
36

37. FDI inflows, bn USD
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2000
-2
2001
ALB
2002
BIH
2003
HRV
2004
MNE
2005
SRB
2006
2008
MKD
2009
SVK
2010
2011
CZE
37
Source: UNCTAD (2013)

38. Share of total EU imports by selected trade
partners (% total EU imports)
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
TUR
Western Balkans
North African countries
Russia
United States
China (except Hong Kong)
38
Source: Eurostat

39. WB exports are concentrated in low and
medium-low tech industries
Exports by industry (% of manufactured exports)
Low tech industries
Medium-low tech
Medium-high tech
High-tech
Central Europe
2001
Western Balkans
2011
Central Europe
2011
0%
10%
20%
30%
Food products, Beverages and Tobacco
Wood and Products of Wood and Cork
Manufacturing not elsewhere classified; Recycling
Rubber and Plastics Products
Basic Metals
Machinery and Equipment, not elsewhere classified
Motor Vehicles, Trailers and Semi-Trailers
Chemicals excluding Pharmaceuticals
Office, Accounting and Computing Machinery
Medical, Precision and Optical Instruments
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Textiles, Textile Products, Leather and Footwear
Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing and Publishing
Coke, Refined Petroleum Products and Nuclear Fuel
Other Non-Metallic Mineral Products
Fabricated Metal Products
Electrical Machinery and Apparatus, not elsewhere classified
Other Transport Equipment
Pharmaceuticals
Radio, Television and Communication Equipment
Source: based on OECD STAN BTD - NB- No data available for Kosovo. Poland is not included in the Central European
economies because it is a significantly larger market.
39

40. Exports from Kosovo*
Exports from Kosovo* (thousand EUR)
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material
Crude materials, inedible, except fuels
Food and live animals
Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials
Machinery and transport equipment
Beverages and tobacco
Miscellaneous manufactured articles
Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.
Commodities and transactions not classified…
Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes
2011
Source: Kosovo Agency of Statistics
2007
40

41. FDI stocks by manufacturing industry (2007)
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
ALB
BIH
HRV
MKD
Food, beverages and tobacco
Wood products
Coke, petroleum products
Other non-metallic mineral products
Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
Transport equipment
Other
Textiles and leather products
Pulp, paper products, publish. & printing
Rubber and plastics
Basic metals and fabricated metal products
Electrical and optical equipment
Chemical products
Source: Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies. NACE REV. 1
41

42. FDI stocks by manufacturing industry (2010)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
ALB
BIH
HRV
Food, beverages and tobacco
Wood products
Coke, petroleum products
Other non-metallic mineral products
Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
Transport equipment
Other
Textiles and leather products
Pulp, paper products, publish. & printing
Rubber and plastics
Basic metals and fabricated metal products
Electrical and optical equipment
Chemical products
42
Source: Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies. NACE REV. 1

43. FDI Stocks by Manufacturing Sector (EUR mn)
Albania
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
26 Other non-metallic mineral products
Other not elsewhere classified industries (15-37)
19 Tanning and dressing of leather, mfr. of rel. articles
18 Wearing apparel, dressing and dyeing of fur
28 Fabricated metal products, ex machin. and equip.
22 Publishing, printing, reproduction of recorded media
27 Basic metals
24 Chemicals and chemical products
25 Rubber and plastic products
36 Furniture, manufacturing n.e.c.
20 Wood, products of wood and cork, ex furniture etc
21 Pulp, paper and paper products
17 Textiles
29 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
37 Recycling
2010
2007
43
Source: Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies. NACE REV. 1. NACE 2 digit manufacturing

44. FDI Stocks by Manufacturing Sector (EUR mn)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
0
100
200
300
400
500
23 Coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel
15 Food products and beverages
26 Other non-metallic mineral products
27 Basic metals
21 Pulp, paper and paper products
24 Chemicals and chemical products
34 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
28 Fabricated metal products, ex machin. and equip.
20 Wood, products of wood and cork, ex furniture etc
29 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
19 Tanning and dressing of leather, mfr. of rel. articles
37 Recycling
25 Rubber and plastic products
31 Electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c.
36 Furniture, manufacturing n.e.c.
30 Office machinery and computers
17 Textiles
18 Wearing apparel, dressing and dyeing of fur
22 Publishing, printing, reproduction of recorded media
33 Medical, precision, optical instr., watches & clocks
Other not elsewhere classified industries (15-37)
2010
2007
44
Source: Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies. NACE REV. 1

45. FDI Stocks by Manufacturing Sector
(EUR mn)
Croatia
0
1000
2000
3000
23 Coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel
26 Other non-metallic mineral products
15 Food products and beverages
31 Electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c.
24 Chemicals and chemical products
18 Wearing apparel, dressing and dyeing of fur
32 Radio, TV and communic. equipment and apparatus
21 Pulp, paper and paper products
36 Furniture, manufacturing n.e.c.
28 Fabricated metal products, ex machin. and equip.
17 Textiles
19 Tanning and dressing of leather, mfr. of rel. articles
29 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
22 Publishing, printing, reproduction of recorded media
25 Rubber and plastic products
34 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
35 Other transport equipment
33 Medical, precision, optical instr., watches & clocks
27 Basic metals
20 Wood, products of wood and cork, ex furniture etc
37 Recycling
30 Office machinery and computers
2010
2007
Source: Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies. NACE REV. 1
45

46. RCAs with the EU by industry in 2007
Industries
ALB
BIH
MKD
MLD
MNE
SRB
Technological
intensity
0.08
0.04
0.01
0.11
High
0.11
0.21
0.1
0.48
Medium - high
0.12
0.05
0.38
1.24 ↑
Medium - high
0.57
↔
1.03 ↑
4.11 ↔
1.38 ↔
0.19
0.72
0.01
1.37
Medium – high
0.03
1.02 ↔
0.28
0.04
0.03
0
0.1
Medium -high
0.43
2.04 ↔ 1.89 ↔
0.33
0.58
0.37
1.6 ↔
Medium - low
0.03
1.3 ↑
Medium - low
Radio, television, communication
0.02
0.03
Machinery and equipment, n.e.c.
0.25
0.66
Other transport equipment
0.09
0.06
Electrical machinery and apparatus
0.06
Motor vehicles
Fabricated metal products
Other non-metallic mineral products
HRV
↑
2.19
0.14
1.27
2.07 ↔ 1.21↔ 4.82 ↔
Rubber and plastics products
0.19
0.55
0.42
0.17
0.43
0.01
1.89 ↔
Medium - low
Basic metals
0.28
1.86 ↔
0.45
5.21 ↔
0.66
11.54
3.71 ↔
Medium – low
0.4
2.04
0.04
0.23
NA
0.06
Medium – low
Food products and beverages
0.44
0.47
0.64
2.92 ↔
0.35
1.67 ↔
Low
Furniture
0.97
0.21
1.11 ↑
0.07
0.8
Low
0.15
0.93
0
0.61
Low
0.19
1.01 ↑
Low
0.21
NA
0.01
Low
11.11 ↔
0.29
2.05 ↔
Low
0.21
1.4
1.87 ↔
Low
Coke, refined petroleum products, nuclear fuel
Paper and paper products
1.84
Textiles
1.35
Tobacco products
Wearing apparel
Wood and products of wood
↔
↔
NA
18.99
↔
1.3 ↔
1.17
↔
0.92
4.84 ↔ 2.36 ↔
0.48
0.62
0.01
0.87
1.30 ↔ 1.51 ↔ 2.18 ↔
0.5
3.77 ↔ 2.40 ↔
5.64 ↔ 3.48 ↔
0.04
18.08
↔
0.35
46