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OECD INDICATORS OF
INSOLVENCY REGIMES
Müge Adalet McGowan
14 September 2017
Bankruptcy and Second Chance Policies
OECD, Paris
• Rationale: market imperfections prevent the
orderly exit of failing firms
• Goals: insolvency regimes can restructure
viable firms and liquidate non-viable ones
– In practice, correctly distinguishing between viable
and non-viable firms can be difficult.
• Trade-offs: insolvency regimes need to balance
providing incentives for experimentation by
entrepreneurs with lending by creditors.
Insolvency regimes: rationale, goals
and trade-offs
World Bank Doing Business:
• Only refer to corporate insolvency
• Outcome-based indicators: time and cost to close a business
– Based on a stylised case study: hotel as debtor, tangible
assets, only one creditor, focus on formal insolvency
proceedings
• Strength of insolvency framework
– Miss some of the policy design features relevant for
productivity
European Commission and Armour and Cumming (2008):
• Limited country and time coverage (recent insolvency
reforms)
Existing indicators of insolvency
regimes
• OECD questionnaire and indicators:
– Corporate and personal insolvency
– Based on international best practice and existing literature
– Different policy design features linked to inefficiencies on the exit
margin
– Increasing in the extent to which the insolvency regime delays
the initiation of and increases the length of insolvency
proceedings
• Limitations:
– Focus on ex-post efficiency incentives
– Addressing trade-offs
– Not capture quality of resolution and complementarities with
other policies (e.g. judicial efficiency)
Measurement of insolvency regimes
New cross-country indicators of
insolvency regimes
Equal weights assigned to each feature for the composite indicators
Cross-country differences in
insolvency regimes are significant
Composite indicators of insolvency regimes
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
GBR
JPN
DEU
PRT
RUS
ESP
USA
CHE
FRA
ISR
IRL
CRI
GRC
CHL
FIN
SVN
NZL
ITA
CZE
POL
MEX
LVA
AUT
NOR
SVK
TUR
SWE
LTU
AUS
CAN
BEL
NLD
HUN
EST
2016 2010
Source: Adalet McGowan, M., D. Andrews and V. Millot (2017), “Insolvency Regimes, Zombie Firms and Capital
Reallocation”, OECD Economics Department Working Paper, No.1399.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
CAN
TUR
USA
AUS
GBR
JPN
RUS
CHL
LTU
AUT
CHE
CRI
DNK
FIN
FRA
IRL
ITA
NOR
NZL
SVK
SVN
ESP
GRC
LVA
MEX
POL
BEL
DEU
EST
HUN
ISR
KOR
MYS
NLD
PRT
SWE
CZE
2016 2010
7
… terms of personal insolvency
regimes
Personal costs to failed entrepreneurs
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
CRI
CZE
DEU
GBR
ISR
MEX
RUS
CHE
DNK
PRT
ESP
FIN
FRA
GRC
IRL
JPN
POL
SVK
SVN
USA
KOR
NZL
SWE
AUT
BEL
CHL
CHN
LVA
AUS
HUN
ITA
LTU
NOR
EST
NLD
CAN
TUR
2016 2010
8
… barriers to corporate restructuring
Barriers to corporate restructuring
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
FRA
GBR
LUX
AUT
CHE
CHL
CHN
DEU
DNK
ESP
FIN
IRL
ISR
ITA
JPN
KOR
NZL
PRT
RUS
SVN
AUS
BEL
CRI
GRC
LVA
NLD
NOR
POL
SVK
SWE
TUR
USA
CAN
CZE
EST
HUN
LTU
MEX
2016 2010
9
… and preventative and streamlining
tools
Lack of prevention and streamlining
10
Special procedures for SMEs
-1
0
1
CHE
CHL
ESP
FIN
FRA
GBR
IRL
ITA
KOR
LUX
SVK
SVN
USA
AUS
AUT
BEL
CAN
CHN
CRI
CZE
DEU
DNK
EST
GRC
HUN
ISR
JPN
LTU
LVA
MEX
NLD
NOR
NZL
POL
PRT
RUS
SWE
TUR

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