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THOMAS HOBBES AND JOHN LOCKE




    Nature of Man
    State of Nature
    Social Contract Theory
John Locke   Thomas Hobbes
Nature of Man


 State of Nature



Social Contract
NATURE OF MAN
  God makes man naturally free to pursue
life, liberty, health, and property as natural
                      rights.


    Humanity ought not to harm
  others in their life, health, liberty,
 or possessions and in turn expect
    their own rights to respected



 A human being is by nature a
       social animal
NATURE OF MAN
                      human judgment is distorted by self-interest and
                       can be easily swayed with rhetoric that is often
                       neither directed toward the public good nor the
                                      individual's good.


                                         Human beings are
                            programmed, mechanical objects to pursue
                              self-interested ends, without regard for
                             anything other than the avoidance of pain
                                    and the incentive of pleasure



                                            Human beings are
 Man is not a social animal; that            neither by nature
 is, society is impossible without          selfish nor rational
  the coercive power of a state.
STATE OF NATURE
   It is the natural condition of    . The State of Nature is pre-political, but it is not
 mankind, is a state of perfect      pre-moral. Persons are assumed to be equal to
and complete liberty to conduct         one another in such a state, and therefore
 one’s life as one best sees fit,   equally capable of discovering and being bound
                                     by the Law of Nature. The Law of Nature, which
  free from the interference of
                                    is (on Locke’s view) the basis of all morality, and
               others               given to us by God, commands that we not harm
                                      others with regards to their “life, health, liberty,
                                                     or possessions”
STATE OF NATURE
In the State of Nature, men are naturally and
 exclusively self-interested, they are more or
      less equal to one another, (even the
   strongest man can be killed in his sleep),
 there are limited resources, and yet there is
  no power able to force men to cooperate.


  State of Nature can be unbearably brutal.
    No long-term or complex cooperation is
 possible because the State of Nature can be
 aptly described as a state of utter distrust. It
   is the state of perpetual and unavoidable
                       war.
SOCIAL CONTRACT
WHAT IS A SOCIAL CONTRACT AND
  WHY DO WE NEED TO FORM A
       CIVIL SOCIETY?”
WHAT IS A SOCIAL CONTRACT AND
  WHY DO WE NEED TO FORM A
       CIVIL SOCIETY?”

        We give up our right to ourselves exact
            retribution for crimes in return for
                impartial justice backed by
        overwhelming force. We retain the right
         to life and liberty, and gain the right to
              just, impartial protection of our
                          property.



      It is the preservation of their wealth,
     and preserving their lives, liberty, and
               well-being in general.
WHAT IS A SOCIAL CONTRACT AND
  WHY DO WE NEED TO FORM A
       CIVIL SOCIETY?”
        Men are naturally self-interested, yet they are
    rational, they will choose to submit to the authority of
        a Sovereign in order to be able to live in a civil
      society, which is conducive to their own interests.




           To ensure their escape from the State of
          Nature, they must both agree to live together
                under common laws, and create
           an enforcement mechanism for the social
            contract and the laws that constitute it.
“WHAT IF THE PEOPLE VIOLATED THE
           CONTRACT?”




     They must be punished with
     accordance on the existing
       laws of the civil society
“WHAT IF THE RULER VIOLATED THE
          CONTRACT?”
“WHAT IF THE RULER VIOLATED THE
          CONTRACT?”
            When the king becomes a tyrant and acts
             against the interests of the people, they
             have a right, if not an outright obligation,
            to resist his authority. The social compact
               can be dissolved and the process to
               create political society begun anew.



        If a ruler seeks absolute power, if he acts both as
        judge and participant in disputes, he puts himself
          in a state of war with his subjects and we have
         the right and the duty to kill such rulers and their
                              servants.
Nature of man, state of nature and social contract -- john locke vs. thomas hobbes
Nature of man, state of nature and social contract -- john locke vs. thomas hobbes
Nature of man, state of nature and social contract -- john locke vs. thomas hobbes
REVOLUTION
“WHAT IF THE RULER VIOLATED THE
                 CONTRACT”
 there can happen no breach of covenant
      on the part of the sovereign; and
consequently none of his subjects, by any
  pretence of forfeiture, can be freed from
   his subjection.” The ruler’s will defines
  good and evil for his subjects. The King
   can do no wrong, because lawful and
     unlawful, good and evil, are merely
  commands, merely the will of the ruler.




     No right to rebel
“ABSOLUTE”
REFERENCES:
   http://www.iep.utm.edu/hobmoral/

   http://www.iep.utm.edu/locke/#SH2f

   http://jim.com/hobbes.html

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Nature of man, state of nature and social contract -- john locke vs. thomas hobbes

  • 1. THOMAS HOBBES AND JOHN LOCKE Nature of Man State of Nature Social Contract Theory
  • 2. John Locke Thomas Hobbes
  • 3. Nature of Man State of Nature Social Contract
  • 4. NATURE OF MAN God makes man naturally free to pursue life, liberty, health, and property as natural rights. Humanity ought not to harm others in their life, health, liberty, or possessions and in turn expect their own rights to respected A human being is by nature a social animal
  • 5. NATURE OF MAN human judgment is distorted by self-interest and can be easily swayed with rhetoric that is often neither directed toward the public good nor the individual's good. Human beings are programmed, mechanical objects to pursue self-interested ends, without regard for anything other than the avoidance of pain and the incentive of pleasure Human beings are Man is not a social animal; that neither by nature is, society is impossible without selfish nor rational the coercive power of a state.
  • 6. STATE OF NATURE It is the natural condition of . The State of Nature is pre-political, but it is not mankind, is a state of perfect pre-moral. Persons are assumed to be equal to and complete liberty to conduct one another in such a state, and therefore one’s life as one best sees fit, equally capable of discovering and being bound by the Law of Nature. The Law of Nature, which free from the interference of is (on Locke’s view) the basis of all morality, and others given to us by God, commands that we not harm others with regards to their “life, health, liberty, or possessions”
  • 7. STATE OF NATURE In the State of Nature, men are naturally and exclusively self-interested, they are more or less equal to one another, (even the strongest man can be killed in his sleep), there are limited resources, and yet there is no power able to force men to cooperate. State of Nature can be unbearably brutal. No long-term or complex cooperation is possible because the State of Nature can be aptly described as a state of utter distrust. It is the state of perpetual and unavoidable war.
  • 9. WHAT IS A SOCIAL CONTRACT AND WHY DO WE NEED TO FORM A CIVIL SOCIETY?”
  • 10. WHAT IS A SOCIAL CONTRACT AND WHY DO WE NEED TO FORM A CIVIL SOCIETY?” We give up our right to ourselves exact retribution for crimes in return for impartial justice backed by overwhelming force. We retain the right to life and liberty, and gain the right to just, impartial protection of our property. It is the preservation of their wealth, and preserving their lives, liberty, and well-being in general.
  • 11. WHAT IS A SOCIAL CONTRACT AND WHY DO WE NEED TO FORM A CIVIL SOCIETY?” Men are naturally self-interested, yet they are rational, they will choose to submit to the authority of a Sovereign in order to be able to live in a civil society, which is conducive to their own interests. To ensure their escape from the State of Nature, they must both agree to live together under common laws, and create an enforcement mechanism for the social contract and the laws that constitute it.
  • 12. “WHAT IF THE PEOPLE VIOLATED THE CONTRACT?” They must be punished with accordance on the existing laws of the civil society
  • 13. “WHAT IF THE RULER VIOLATED THE CONTRACT?”
  • 14. “WHAT IF THE RULER VIOLATED THE CONTRACT?” When the king becomes a tyrant and acts against the interests of the people, they have a right, if not an outright obligation, to resist his authority. The social compact can be dissolved and the process to create political society begun anew. If a ruler seeks absolute power, if he acts both as judge and participant in disputes, he puts himself in a state of war with his subjects and we have the right and the duty to kill such rulers and their servants.
  • 19. “WHAT IF THE RULER VIOLATED THE CONTRACT” there can happen no breach of covenant on the part of the sovereign; and consequently none of his subjects, by any pretence of forfeiture, can be freed from his subjection.” The ruler’s will defines good and evil for his subjects. The King can do no wrong, because lawful and unlawful, good and evil, are merely commands, merely the will of the ruler. No right to rebel
  • 21. REFERENCES:  http://www.iep.utm.edu/hobmoral/  http://www.iep.utm.edu/locke/#SH2f  http://jim.com/hobbes.html