Networking in the Penumbra presented by Geoff Huston at NZNOG
ShaRevolution: Overview of Players of the Collaborative Economy
1. La Fing and OuiShare campaign
OVERVIEW OF PLAYERS
of the COLLABORATIVE economy
Design by Collectif Bam
La Fing is supported by its major partners
2. Design by Collectif Bam
collaborative consumption
is included in just like: distributed production, crowdfunding, collaborative
governance, ...
‘‘Collaborative consumption (or the sharing economy) is an economic model which encourages
the use of ownership and allows you to optimise resources through the sharing,
bartering, reselling, renting, lending or gifting of goods and services.’’
Rachel Botsman (2010)
‘‘The sharing economy refers to economic practices and models which have been organised
through a network or user communities.’’
OuiShare (2012)
SHARING ECONOMY
3. Design by Collectif Bam
Act of consumption by a user
Both digital and non-digital practices
Supply is offered (at least partially) by non-professionnals
On-demand services will be included (even if it isn’t “sharing”)
NB: In principle, this definition excludes B2C systems such as Autolib, but for the sake of completeness, they will be repre-
sented in another colour: red.
“Collaborative consumption (or the sharing economy) is an economic model which encourages
the use of ownership and allows you to optimise resources through the sharing, bartering,
reselling, renting, lending or gifting of goods and services.“
Rachel Botsman (2010)
HYPOTHESIS OF SHAREVOLUTION’s PROJECT SCOPE
ShaREvolution has built on these definitions but defined a scope in their own study based on several theories:
4. Design by Collectif Bam
4 mAIN MODELS
ProdUCT - Services
(PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEM)
ReDistribution p2p services
“on-demand”
LOCAL CO-OP SYSTEMS
5. Design by Collectif Bam
These systems organise the transfer of ownership (or “re-use”) of goods between individuals whether the object has been (re)
sold, swapped or given away, generally on a digital platform. It is the oldest collaborative consumption model which is based on
“C2C” pioneers (eBay, PriceMinister, followed by LeBonCoin) and classified ads websites (Craigslist, Freecycle)
NB: We can also include the P2P selling of “handmade” items (like Etsy) in this category
C2C re-selling of second-hand goods
• generalist (e.g: LeBonCoin, eBay)
• specialist (e.g: Videdressing,
MonExTel)
C2C selling of “handmade” goods
• e.g: Etsy, aLittleMarket
Giving away second-hand goods
• e.g: Recupe.net, Freecycle
Exchanging second-hand goods
• generalist (e.g: MyRecycleStuff)
• specialist (e.g: Pretachanger)
ReDistribution
material assets
6. Design by Collectif Bam
These systems allow you to access a physical resource (property, vehicle, area) exchanged between individuals without a transfer
of ownership (renting, loaning, sharing). The systems embody the famous adage “access over ownership” and are the P2P
extension of a product-service system / access, which often tends to be found in B2C.
NB: Some collaborative consumption definitions (which focus on “sharing” rather than “collaboration”) include the B2C mo-
dels as presented below:
P2P renting of goods
• generalist (e.g: Zilok, Placedelaloc)
• specialist (e.g: Bricolib, RentezVous)
P2P lending of goods:
• (e.g:ShareVoisins, Peerby)
B2C renting (e.g: Pley, Kiloutou)
B2C lending of goods (e.g: ToolPool)
P2P vehicles rentals
• with exchange of keys (e.g: Drivy)
• with a box (e.g: Koolicar)
• at airports (e.g: Flightcar,
EasyCarClub)
Carsharing and bike sharing [B2C]
P2P accommodation rentals
• P2P Short-term rental (e.g: Airbnb)
• Home exchange (e.g: GuestToGuest)
• Couchsurfing (e.g: couchsurfing.org)
Shared working space
• Co-working spaces (e.g: Copass)
• Office rental between companies
(e.g: BureauxAPartager)
• Meeting areas (e.g: Breather)
Other types of spaces
• P2P storage system (e.g: JeStocke)
• P2P parking (e.g: JustPark)
• Event spaces (e.g: Snap Event)
MobilitY SPACES / M2
ProduCt - Services
MATERIAL ASSETS
7. Design by Collectif Bam
Here, the purpose of exchange is a service and no longer a material resource like the first two categories. Individuals who would
like a service (transport, cleaning, DIY, dry cleaning etc.) are connected to others who are offering, in most cases, their “labour
power “ via a mobile app. Excluding “experiences/lessons” and traditional carpooling (which involves sharing fees and optimising
excess capacity), it’s a far cry from the “sharing economy” : it’s the “on-demand economy”.
Generalist (e.g: Stootie, Taskrabbit)
Cleaning & Maintenance (e.g: Helpling)
Dry cleaning & laundry (e.g: Washio)
Petsitting (e.g: DogVacances)
Safety (e.g: Musketeer)
…
Traditional carpooling
• long distance (e.g: BlaBlaCar)
• home to work (e.g: IDvroom,
WeDrive)
“Real time” carpooling
• P2P Taxi (e.g: Uber, Private
Chauffeur)
• “Urban” ride-sharing (e.g: Lyft,
Djump)
P2P Coaching (e.g: Vint, Helparound)
Doctors On-Demand (e.g: TripMD)
P2P Tour guides (e.g: Vayable)
Co-travelling (ex: Tripnco)
One-to-one lessons (e.g: LiveMentor)
P2P delivery
• urban areas (e.g: Instacart,
TokTokTok)
• long distance (e.g: Nimber,
mmmule)
P2P Cooking and ready-made meals
• takeaway (e.g: SuperMarmite)
• meals-on-wheels (e.g: Munchery)
• on-demand chef (e.g: La Belle
Assiette)
P2P Table d’hôte (e.g: Eatwith,
Cookening)
SERVICESforINDIVIDUALS
ExpEriences & LEsSONSHEALTH & WELLBEINGLOGISTICS
FOOD SERVICEs
P2P SERVICES (“On-Demand Services”)
MobilitY
8. Design by Collectif Bam
This final category, often overlooked in
English writings, groups together local
practices based on the co-operation
or grouping together of members
of a network. Many of them involve
“low digital participation”. They can
particularly be found in short food
supply chains, time banking etc.
Co-housing (or housing co-ops)
Flat sharing with like-minded people
(e.g: auTroisieme)
«Farm-to-table»
• AMAP, La Ruche Qui Dit Oui
• Food co-ops (e.g: La Louve)
P2P Agriculture
• Urban agriculture, shared gardens,
...
• Shared vegetable patches (e.g:
Plantezcheznous)
Renewable energy
• P2P energy supply (e.g: Vandebron)
• Crowdfunding of renewable energy
(e.g: Energie Partagée)
Telecommunications
• Wifi sharing (e.g: Wifis.org, Fon)
• Mesh Network (e.g: Freifunk, Guifi,
Firechat)
Local Exchange Trading Systems (and
alternatives)
• Local Exchange Trading Systems
(LETS)
• Time Banking, Accorderies [mutual
exchange of services]
• Reciprocal Knowledge Exchange
Networks
Neighbourhood Social Network
Peuplade, Nextdoor, Ma-Residence
HabitatFOOD
local exchange
LOCAL CO-OP SystEms
Infrastructure
9. Design by Collectif Bam
Several players position themselves as third-party service providers in collaborative consumption, whether they are targeting
individuals (to manage shared apartments) or the platforms themselves (as trust engines , payment gateways, logistics engines,
or even as fully customisable marketplace platforms).
guest management
REPUTATION SYSTEMS
Yield management
marketplace PLATFORMS
PAYMENT gateways
VEHICLE FLEETS
LOYALTY PROGRAMS
(cross-sectional) “Enablers “
Services FOR USERS
TOOLS FOR PARTICIPANTS
10. Design by Collectif Bam
Finally, collaborative consumption models also apply to a B2B logic of optimising excess capacity or accessing resources (property,
merchandise, vehicles) or even swapping employees between companies for specific tasks.
B2B MODELS
WORK SPACES
tangible assets
Vehicles & Logistics
human resources
11. Design by Collectif Bam
SERVICES FOR INDIVIDUALS
MobilitYMiscellaneous
HEALTH & WELLBEING LOCAL TRADING
Habitat
spACES / M2
Redistribution Products-services
P2P Services
“on-demand”
local co-op Systems
• C2C second-hand reselling
• C2C “handmade” selling
• Giving second-hand goods
• Swapping second-hand goods
Services for users
• Management of shared
assets and analytics (yield
management)
• Loyalty programs
Tools for those involved
• Reputation systems
• Payment gateways
• Marketplace platforms
• Vehicle fleets
B2B Collab Consumption
• Work spaces
• Tangible asset optimisation
• Vehicle & Logistics
• Employee swapping (ex:
Flexojob)
• P2P object rentals
• P2P lending
• B2C renting
• B2C lending
• P2P car rentals
• Carsharing and bike sharing
P2P accommodation
• P2P short-term rental
• Home exchange
• Couchsurfing
Sharing work spaces
• Coworking
• Office sharing
Other shared spaces
• Traditional carpooling
• P2P taxi (dynamic carpooling)
Generalist / Maintenance / Dry
cleaning / Security / Animals
• P2P coaching
• Doctors On-Demand
• LETS and alternatives
• Neighbourhood Social Network
• LETS and alternatives
• Neighbourhood Social Network
• Farm-to-table
• P2P Agriculture
MATeRIaL goodS
Logistics
• P2P courrier (urban area)
• P2P long distance delivery
Infrastructure
• P2P courrier (urban area)
• P2P long distance delivery
FOOD SERVICE
• P2P ready-made meals
• P2P Table d’hôte
ExpEriences & LESSONS
• Collaborative tourism
• P2P lessons (online/offline)
food
12. Design by Collectif Bam
subscription
Pay as you go
service fees
Freemium
ReSALE
ADVERTISING
Donation/BARTERING
for collaborative consumption
economic/ revenue models
13. Design by Collectif Bam
MAIN CRITERIA
1. Macro Model (redistribution, product-service system, on-demand, local systems)
2. Exchanged resources (material goods, spaces, ...)
3. Means of exchange: monetary or not
4. Nature of offer : personal, professional, both
5. Interface mainly digital or offline / local
SECONDARY CRITERIA
6. Generalist or specialist/niche platform
7. Platform’s economic model
8. Type of critical mass needed (hyperlocal, local, national, worldwide)
9. Exchanges between strangers/ ad hoc community/ acquaintances
10. Importance of trust / perceived risk of the practice
11. Creating a social link vs a transactional approach
12. Type of social link / community (see Chronos study “communities manufactured from collabo-
rative services (2014)”)
13. Density of intermediation (e.g: profiles, moderation, online payments, insurance, customer ser-
vice, Premium features, hosting communities, …)
14. Type of ownership, platform governance / value sharing
15. Sector in question: transport, tourism, delivery, industrial, …
The economic collaborative consumption models can be analysed according to a certain number of
primary or secondary criteria.
GOING FURTHER
analysis criteria
of collaborative consumption
15. Credits
Graphic design
ShaREvolution Team
OuiShare :
Antonin Léonard, Arthur De Grave,
Benjamin Tincq.
La Fing :
Marine Albarède, Véronique Routin,
Jacques-François Marchandise, Pierre Mallet.
Program led by
The ShaREvolution team would like to thank its partners (Île de France, La Poste, ADEME,
Nord Pas De Calais, Orange, Bouygues Immobilier, Bouygues Construction, Renault et EDF)
for their active participation in this venture.
La Fing is supported by its major partners
Pictograms
Noun Project
Thomas Le Bas - Iain Hector - Jon trillana - John Caserta
Jane Pellicciotto - Dan Hetteix - George Agpoon - Edward Boatman Chris
Kerr - Kaio Fialho - Natalia Bourges - Edward Boatman
