2. INTRODUCTION OF PSYCHOLOGY
Meaning & Historical Background Of Psychology
The word psychology is derived from Greek word psycho & logos.
‘Psycho’ means “soul” and ‘logos’ means “science”. The science of soul.
It is scientific because it is systematic study of observable
events/behavior and behavior is unlearned process where in include
reflexes, physiological process and instincts and it is learned behavior
also because all behavior acquire through practice. It can be overt and
covert.
Today Psychology is scientific method of collecting data about
individual and groups to analyze and predict their behavior.
3. INTRODUCTION OF EDUCATIONAL
PSYCHOLOGY
Educational psychology is nothing but one of the branch of applied psychology. It
is an attempt to apply the knowledge of psychology to the field of education. In
other words , educational psychology is the study of the experience and behavior
of the learner in relation to educational environment.
DEFINITIONS:
Crow and Crow put it as: “Educational Psychology describes and explains the
learning experience of an individual from birth through old age”.(1973)
According to Peel: “Educational Psychology is the science of education.(1956)
EDUCATION AND EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
Education by all means, is an attempt to mould and shape the behavior of students. Its
aims to produce desirable changes in them for all-round development of their
personalities.
The essential knowledge and skill to do this job satisfactorily is supplied by educational
Psychology as Peels puts it in the following words:
“Educational Psychology helps the teacher to understand the development of his pupils,
the range and limits of their capacities the process by which they learn and their social
relationships” (1956)
5. NATURE OF EDUCATIONAL
PSYCHOLOGY
Its nature is scientific since it has been accepted that it is a science of education.
The relationship between education and education psychology also throws light on
its nature. We can summaries the nature of educational psychology in following
ways.
By applying the principles and techniques of psychology, it tries to study the
behaviour and experiences of the pupils.
Education Psychology limits its study to the behaviour of the pupils(learner) in
relation to educational environment.
It gives the necessary knowledge and skill(technical guidance) for giving
education to the pupils in a satisfactory way.
It is applied positive science.
Educational Psychology is not a perfect science.
It employs scientific methods and adopts scientific approach to study the
behaviour of an individual in educational environment . Therefore, it is proper to call
its nature as scientific.
7. The subject matter of education psychology, if it is at all necessary to draw its boundaries,
revolves round these pivots mentioned above.
Learner: The total subject matter of educational psychology primarily revolves around
this factor-learner. This subject of the subject acquaints us with the need of knowing the
learner and deals with the learner and deals with the techniques of knowing him well.
Learning experiences: This is the second area of educational psychology and though
the subject does not directly connect itself with the problem of what to teach or what
learning experiences to provide the learner, it has the responsibility of suggesting the
techniques on acquiring learning experiences. Educational psychology helps in deciding
the kinds of learning experiences desirable at different stages of growth and
development of the learner so that these experiences can be acquired with a greater
ease and satisfaction. In this area, education psychology has the subject matter which
facilitates the selection of the desirable experiences for the learner.
Learning processes: After knowing the learner and deciding on the types of learning
experiences that are to be provided , the next problem arises when helping learner
properly acquires these experiences with ease and convenience. Therefore around this
pivot, educational psychology deals with the nature of learning and how it takes place
and comprises topics such as laws, principles and theories of learning, remembering
and forgetting perceiving ,
8. Concept formation, thinking and reasoning process, problem solving, transfer of training,
ways and means of effective learning and so on.
Learning situation or environment: Under this topic , educational psychology focuses
on the environmental factors and learning situations which come between the learner
and the teacher.
Teacher: Last but not the least is the teacher. It emphasize the need of knowing the self
for a teacher to play his role properly in the process of education. It discusses he
conflicts motivation, anxiety, adjustment level of aspiration etc. Moreover it throws light
on the essential personality traits, interest, aptitudes, characteristics of effective teaching
etc. so as to inspire him to become a successful teacher.
11. THE IMPORTANT SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY ARE AS
FOLLOWING:
1. STRUCTURALISM: This school of psychology was started by wundt. The goal of
structuralism was to find the elements which make up the mind. The main method
used by them to discover the elementary units of mind was introspection.
2.FUNCTIONALISM: The functioning of mental process and how the mind works was
seen as the subject matter of psychology observations of actual behaviour was used
to supplement data gathered from introspection.
3.BEHAVIORISM: This school is proposed by J.B Watson. It is rooted in Thorndike’s
theory of trial and error learning which stress that behaviours and formed through
association between stimulus and response that are stamped into the behaviours of
the organism through the 3 basic laws of frequency, recurancy, and law of effect.
Later Pavlov postulated that through associate a previous neural stimulus could be
condition to elicit a response. Classical conditioning stands as one of the most
important paradigm of learning.
Skinner’s theory of instrumental or operant conditioning
stresses that the rate of an organism responses(increase or decreases) is directly
influenced by the subsequence delivery of a re-enforcer or a punisher.
The behaviour according to behaviourists whether adaptive or
in adaptive is learned and psychology should concern itself only that which objectively
observable and measurable.
12. 4.SIGMUND FREUD’S SCHOOL OF PSYCHOANALYSIS: Sigmund Freud would
has been great Hollywood screenwriter. His stories of personalities in one of desire,
power, control and freedom. Our personality represent a drama of sort, acted out in
our mind. The ancient Greek thought that all peoples were actor in the drama of the
god above. For Freud, we are simply actors in the drama of our mind, pushes by
desire, pulled by conscience.
According to Freud, there is conscious, sub-
conscious and unconscious levels in person and there are three dimension of a
personality which call id, ego and super-ego .
According to psychoanalyst it is the
expression of unconscious drives that shows up in behaviour and thoughts.
5.GESTALT SCHOOOL: Wertheimer, Kohler and Kafka were the proponents of this
school. This group made their greatest contribution and perception and learning
theory from which cognitive theory was eventually evolved. The formation of Gestalt as
configuration is arrested by innate tendencies of organism, its perceptual experience on
the basis of similarity continuity and closure. The Gestalts state that the mind should be
thought of as a result from the whole bottom at sensory activities and the relationship
within this pattern,. They maintained or mentioned that of mind is not made up of a
combination of simple elements..
A famous psychiatrist once said that evil man do what good man only dream of.
13. 6.HUMNISTIC SCHOOL: Karl Roger is the proponent of this school. They believe that
man is essentially good and rational with I-me-myself as the centre of experience. The
most important striving is self – actualization . People react to way, consistent to their
perceptions of world. Perceived that threats is followed by defense, rigidity, narrowing at
perception and defense mechanisms. The therapist must view the client as an individual
with the capacity of self-direction and be able to express a sense of positive
unconditional regards.
7.EXISTENTIAL SCHOOL: The ultimate challenge to human existence is the sense at
personal identity and to build meaningful links with the world. Modern man suffers
from confusion and the strain of blind conformity and striving for increased self
determination. Man is viewing as a choosing, free, and responsible agent anxiety in
many ways is unavoidable however, the individual can be neurotic or can comfort and
challenged.
15. Teaching is the purposeful which influence learning . Teaching and learning are
closely related.
Total range of teaching learning operation can be divided into three broad
levels:
Memory level: Thoughtless teaching
Understanding: Thoughtful teaching
Reflective level: Most thoughtful teaching
Reflective
(most thoughtful)
Understanding level
( Thoughtful)
Memory level
(Thoughtless)
Fig. HIERARCHICAL ORDER OF THE LEVEL OF TEACHING
LEARNING
16. Memory levels falls at the bottom. It is the most thoughtless behaviour. Reflective level is
at the top. It is the most thoughtful behaviour and needs the involvement of higher
cognitive abilities. The understanding level falls in between memory level and reflective
level. It requires the involvement of thoughtful behaviour in a moderate reasonable
amount.
RELATED TO TEACHER:
Teacher should have will to teach.
Knowledge of subject
Individual quality of teacher
Child centered education
Use of proper teaching method
• Educationalist should always emphasis the personality variable, behavioural
characteristics , verbal and non-verbal charachteristics.
• Educationalist must have the knowledge of teaching in different subject effectively.
• The teacher should be experienced, good knowledge of educational
psychology,effective knowledgeable etc.
• Teacher must have the quality to make flexible according to the child’s needs
• Teacher should be used proper teaching methods like natural method and combine
method.
AS A TEACHER IF WE WANT TO TEACH THE DISABLED(HEARING
IMPAIRED) CHILDREN EFFECTIVELY THEN WE HAVE TO APPLY THE
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY IN THE TEACHING OF DISABILITY.
17. APPLICATION OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY IN THE TEACHING OF
DISABILITY (H.I)
To know the learner
Early identification and intervention
Guidance and counseling to the students as well as
parents
When to teach, how to teach and what to teach the
child
Good observation of the children
Develop social skills
The effect of body language on the children
Reward and punishment
Learning environment
Peer tutoring
Improve communication skill
Vocabulary and word comprehension
18. TO KNOW THE LEARNER: The total subject matter of educational psychology in the
teaching of disability is primarily revolves around this factor (learner). So if we want to
teach the hearing impaired children so we have to know about the learner to teach them
successfully.
EARLY IDENTIFICATION AND INTERVENTION: Early identification and intervention
of the hearing impaired children is very necessary for the following reasons:
1. Early identification and subsequent early intervention
enables effective use of the critical periods of language development; thereby facilitating
quick learning of language and verbal communication skills.
2. Early identification can facilitate better social, emotional,
educational and personality development by helping in early communication
development.
We can use educational psychology in early identification
and intervention of the hearing impaired children.
GUDIDANCE AND COUNCILLING OF THE STUDENTS AS WELL AS PARENTS:
By knowing the educational psychology we can give guidance and council ling of the
students as well as parents for the educational success of the child.
WHEN TO TEACH, HOW TO TEACH AND WHAT TO TEACH THE CHILD:
Educational psychology helps the teacher to know what they teach, how to teach and
when to teach. Educational Psychology helps us to create a curriculum and co-curricular
activities in special education
19. GOOD OBSERVATION OF THE CHILDREN: There are so many children which have:
• Lack of confidence
• Not able to take decision
• excessive teasing in the environment
So to know all these things educational psychology is the most important weapon. It
helps to increase the positive attitude of the child and decrease the negative attitude of
the child.
Every individual learns to make adjustments through
education.
DEVELOP SOCIAL SKILL: We can develop the social skill through educational
psychology
among the children:
• Arrange buddy system
• Turn taking behaviour
• Teach other how to deal the child
• Play in all levels
20. THE EFFECT OF BODY LANGUAGE ON THE CHILDREN: While teaching body
language play
a very important role to teach the children. Ex- Story-telling , Direct activity.
REWARD AND PUNISHMENT: Reward and punishment is the behavioural approach
educational psychology helps the teacher to teach when she gives reward and when
she
gives punishment to the child for positive behavior attitude.
LEARNING ENVIRONMENT: Educational Psychology helps us to create the learning
environment to teach the hearing impaired childrens. Classroom climate and groups
dynamics, techniques and aids which facilitate learning.
PEER TUTORING: Educational psychology helps us to peer tutoring. Because of
these peer tutoring the children learn very easily. Educational Psychology helps us to
prepare the children’s for peer tutoring.
21. IMPROVE COMMUNICATION SKILL: For improving communication skill we
have to apply the educational psychology. Some suggestions are given below:
1. Speak naturally at normal volume.
2. Get the attention of student before addressing
him/her(call the
child’s name or tap his/her shoulder.
3. Check for understanding.
4. During video tap presentation, try to use a
captioned version.
VOCABULARY, WORD COMPREHENSION & READING: Use of these
strategies to help hearing impaired childrens increase their reading
comprehension and stay on par with their hearing peers:
1. Explain the meaning of new words introduced in class.
2. Role play and act out the story
3. Conduct hands-on activities involving objects depicted in the
story
4. Teach them cognitive or language strategies that will help them
understand the text(prediction, compare and contrast, recall,
sequencing, differencing, etc.)
22. Difference between an Educationalist and Psychologist-
SERIOL
NO.
POINT OF
FOCUS EDUCATIONALI
ST
PSYCHOLOGIS
T
1 Meaning A person who
deal with the
education of the
people is called
educationalist.
A person who
deal with the
psychological
problems of the
people is called
psychologist.
2 Definition Educationalist
make enable the
individual to
distinguish
between true and
false, good and
bad, right and
wrong.(IMAM
Psychologist do
the systematic
study of the
educational
growth and
development of
the
child(STEPHEN)
23. SERIOL NO. POINT OF
FOCUS EDUCATIONALIS
T
PSYCHOLOGIST
3 Purpose The purpose of
educationalist is to
deal with the
educational
problems.
The purpose of
psychologist is to
deal with the
educational
problems as well
as psychological
problems.(emotion
al problems, social
problems etc.)
4 Focus Educationalist
focused all the
major areas related
to the education
achievement
Psychologist
focused all the
areas whether it is
related in education
or personal
problems.
24. SERIOL NO. POINT OF
FOCUS EDUCATIONALI
ST
PSYCHOLOGIS
T
5 Concern Educationalist
concerned with
the human being
till death and the
means of
promoting and
developing them.
Psychologist
concerned with
understanding
the underlying
cause of
behaviour
assessment ,
knowledge of
human
experiences, &
actions.
6 Function Educationalist
modify the
human
Psychologist
study and modify
of the human
26. What is assessment?
Any procedure used to gather information about people can be
called assessment. Any of the variety of the procedures used to
obtain information about student performance. Includes traditional
paper and pencil tests as well as extended responses(e.g. essay)
performance of authentic task(e.g. laboratory experiments),
teachers observations and student self-report. Assessment answers
the questions “How well does the individual perform?”
What is test?
A test is a type of assessment that uses specific procedures to
obtain information and convert that information to numbers and
scores. It is an instrument or systematic procedure for measuring a
sample of behaviour by posing a set of questions in a uniform
manner because a test is a form of assessment, tests also answer
the questions “How well does the individual perform-either in
comparison with other or in comparison with others or in
comparison with a domain of performance tasks?”
27. Difference between psychological testing and educational testing
Sr.no. Psychological testing Educational testing
1. In psychological testing we use
the test battery . It is the set of
two or more tests.
Test are used in a variety of
ways in educational settings.
In this case, a test is used to
represent your current level of
knowledge and/or skill, a
process referred to as a
summative
evaluation.(Bloom,Hasting &
Mudus, 1971)
2. Psychological test can be
designed to produce nominal,
ordinal(rank) or interval level
measures.
Both classroom tests &
standardized tests are used in
educational setting.
28. Relationship OF psychological testing/assessment and educational testing/assessment
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INDIVIDUAL AND
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PRIMARY DATA AND SECONDARY
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STANDARDIZED TEST
29. Relationship of Psychological testing/ assessment and educational testing/assessment
PSYCHOLOGICL TESTING/ASSESSMENT
EDUCATIONAL TESTING/ASSESSMENT
Establishing a baseline level of performance.
Determining an appropriate placement or change in placement.
Suggesting solutions to identified problems such as behaviour,
attention difficulties, or slow progress.
Developing goals and objectives when reviewing a program.
30. references:
WWW.GOOGLE.CO.IN.
BOOK- PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
(DESIGN,ANALYSIS & USE) B013172
BOOK- LEWIS R. ALKEN –B014545
PSYCHOLOGY JOURNAL
BOOK- INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY (S.K
MANGAL)
EASTERBROKS, S. & BAKER-HAWKINS,
S.(Eds.)(1994). DEAF AND HARD OF HEARING
STUDENTS: EDUCATIONAL SERVICE
GUIDELINES. ALEXANDRIA,VA: NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION OF STATE DIRECTORS OF
SPECIAL EDUCATION.
