Managing your fertility

1. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Managing Your Fertility
Brought to you by

2. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Birth Control vs. Contraception
Birth control refers to all procedures and
methods that can prevent the birth of a
child
Contraception refers to procedures used
to prevent fertilization
Brought to you by

3. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Theoretical Effectiveness vs. Use
Effectiveness
Theoretical effectiveness: Measure of a
contraceptive method’s ability to prevent a
pregnancy when the method is used
precisely as directed during every act of
intercourse
Use effectiveness: Measure of a
contraceptive method’s ability to prevent a
pregnancy when used by the general
public Brought to you by

4. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Selecting Your Contraceptive Method
Safety
Effectiveness
Reliability
Reversibility
 Affordability
 Ease of use
 Interference with
sexual
expression
Considerations when choosing contraception
Brought to you by

5. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Behavioral Contraceptive Methods
Abstinence No sexual activity 100% effective
Chance No method used 15% use
effectiveness
Withdrawal
(“coitus
interruptus”)
Removal of penis
from vagina before
ejaculation
73% use
effectiveness
Brought to you by

6. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Behavioral Contraceptive Methods (cont.)
Periodic
abstinence
(rhythm
method)
• Calendar (calculating the unsafe
days of a women’s menstrual cycle)
• Basal body temperature (rise in
body temperature correlates with
timing of ovulation)
• Billings cervical mucus method
(evaluate consistency of vaginal
discharge to predict ovulation)
• Symptothermal (combines basal
temperature and mucus methods)
75% use effectiveness
Brought to you by

7. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Periodic Abstinence
Brought to you by

8. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Over-the-Counter Contraceptive
Methods
Spermicides
 Foams
 Creams
 Jellies
 Films
 Suppositories
Condoms
 Male
 Female
Contraceptive sponge
Brought to you by

9. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Over-the-Counter Contraceptive Methods
Vaginal
spermicides
OTC agents that are
capable of killing sperm
71% use
effectiveness
Brought to you by

10. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Over-the-Counter Contraceptive Methods
(cont.)
Male condom OTC latex shield designed to
cover erect penis and retain
semen upon ejaculation
85% use
effectiveness
Male condom with
spermicide
Latex condom in combination
with spermicide
95% use
effectiveness
Female condom Polyurethane sheath inserted into
the vagina
79% use
effectiveness
Contraceptive
sponge
Small, pillow-shaped
contraceptive that contains
spermicide; placed in the vagina
to cover the cervical opening
84% use
effectiveness
Brought to you by

11. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Use of a Male Condom
 Keep a supply on hand
 Handle condoms with
care
 Put condom on before
genital contact
 Lubricate the condom
 Take care the condom is
not dislodged from penis
 Inspect condom for tears
before discarding
Brought to you by

12. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Prescription Contraceptive Methods
 Diaphragm
 Lea’s Shield
 FemCap
 Intrauterine device
(IUD)
 Oral contraceptives
 Combined pills
 Minipills
 Injectable
contraceptive
 Contraceptive implant
 Contraceptive ring
 Contraceptive patch
Brought to you by

13. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Prescription Birth Control Methods
Diaphragm • Soft rubber cup that covers the cervix
• Fitted by health care professional
• Used with spermicide
84% use
effectiveness
Lea’s Shield
or FemCap
• Lea’s shield: Reusable oval silicone
device that covers the cervix
• FemCap: Reusable hat-shaped silicone
cap that covers the cervix
• Use similar to diaphragm
86% use
effectiveness
Intrauterine
device (IUD)
• T-shaped device inserted into the uterus
• Medicated or unmedicated
• Somehow interferes with implantation of
the ovum
• World’s most popular reversible
contraceptive method
99%+ use
effectiveness
Brought to you by

14. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Use of a Diaphragm
Brought to you by

15. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Prescription Birth Control Methods
(cont.)
Oral
contraceptive
pills
• Daily pills
• Estrogen works by reducing ovum development
• Progesterone reduces ovulation and thickens cervical
mucus
• 92% use effectiveness
Side effects •Tenderness in breasts
•Nausea
•Headaches
•Spotting
•Weight gain
•Sex drive fluctuation
•Frequent vaginal infections
•Mild depression
Potential risks Blood clots, stroke, hypertension, heart attack
Brought to you by

16. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Brought to you by

17. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Prescription Birth Control Methods
(cont.)
Minipills • Daily pill
• Low-dose progesterone
• 92% use effectiveness
Injectable
contraceptive
• Each shot effective for a 3-month period
• Prevents ovulation and thickens the cervical mucus
• 97% use effectiveness
Contraceptive
ring
(NuvaRing)
• Polymer device containing estrogen and progestin
• Placed deep in the vagina for a 3-week period
• 92%+ use effectiveness
Contraceptive
patch
• Skin patch containing estrogen and progestin
• Worn for 3 weeks, then 1 week off, then new patch
• 92%+ use effectiveness
Brought to you by

18. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Prescription Birth Control Methods
(cont.)
Contraceptive
implant
• Protection is good for 3 years
• Can be used while breastfeeding
• Physician must insert and remove
• May cause temporary irregular bleeding
• Possibility of cardiovascular problems
• Use effectiveness not yet known
Brought to you by

19. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Emergency Contraception
 Contraceptive measured used to prevent pregnancy
within a few days of unprotected intercourse
 Hormonal or IUD insertion
 “Morning after” pill; not RU-486 (“abortion pill”)
 Plan B available behind the pharmacy counter
 Those under age 18 must have a prescription
 Will not cause abortion or affect established pregnancy
Brought to you by

20. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Sterilization
Sterilization = Generally permanent birth
control techniques that surgically disrupt
the normal passage of ova or sperm
Vasectomy: Removal of a section of the
vas deferens
Tubal ligation: Fallopian tubes are cut and
the ends tied back
Brought to you by

21. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Male Sterilization: Vasectomy
Brought to you by

22. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Female Sterilization: Tubal Ligation
Brought to you by

23. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Abortion: Termination of a Pregnancy
First Trimester Procedures
 Manual vacuum aspiration
 Procedure performed by dilating the cervix and
removing uterine contents
 Dilation and suction curettage (D&C)
 Procedure in which the cervical canal is dilated to
allow the uterine wall to be scraped
 Medication abortion
 RU-486 (mifepristone) blocks the action of
progesterone and causes the lining of the uterus to
break down
Brought to you by

24. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Abortion: Termination of a Pregnancy
(cont.)
Second Trimester Procedures
 Dilation and Evacuation (D&E)
 Performed between 13 and 16 weeks of pregnancy
 Cervix is dilated and contents are removed by suction
 Rarely used procedures
 Hypertonic saline procedure
 Prostaglandin procedure
Brought to you by

25. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Dilation and Evacuation
Brought to you by

26. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Abortion: Termination of a Pregnancy
(cont.)
Partial-birth abortion
 Federal ban
Third-trimester abortion procedures
 Hysterotomy
 Hysterectomy
Brought to you by

27. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Pregnancy
Obstacles to Fertilization
Acid level in the vagina
Cervical mucus thickness
Location of cervical entrance for sperm
Location of the correct fallopian tube for
sperm
Distance sperm travels
Motility of sperm Brought to you by

28. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Aids to Fertilization
 200-500 million sperm cells are deposited into
the vagina during ejaculation
 Sperm are deposited near the cervical opening
 Male accessory glands help make the semen
nonacidic
 Uterine contractions aid sperm movement in the
proper direction
 Sperm cells move fairly quickly
 Sperm can live for days
 Cervical mucus is thin and watery at the time of
ovulation
Brought to you by

29. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Fertilization and Implantation
Brought to you by

30. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Signs of Pregnancy (Presumptive)
Missed menstrual period after sexual
intercourse the previous month
Morning sickness
Increase in size and tenderness of breasts
Darkening of the areolar tissue around the
nipples
Brought to you by

31. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Signs of Pregnancy (Probable)
Increased frequency of urination
Increased in the size of the abdomen
Cervix becomes softer by the sixth week
Positive pregnancy test
Brought to you by

32. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Signs of Pregnancy (Positive)
Determination of a fetal heart beat
Feeling of the fetus moving (“quickening”)
Observations of the fetus by ultrasound or
optical viewers
Brought to you by

33. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Agents that Can Damage a Fetus
 Rubella/herpes
viruses
 Tobacco smoke
 Alcohol
 Certain OTC drugs
 Radiation
 Accutane (acne drug)
Brought to you by

34. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Intrauterine Development
 Three trimesters (13 weeks each)
 First trimester
 Zygote
 Blastocyst
 Embryo
 Fetus (after 8 weeks)
 Second trimester: Organs develop, fetal
heartbeat and bone structure evident,
prominent weight gain in the mother
 Third trimester: Fetus increases weight from
2-3 pounds; absorption of major nutrients
allowing increased growth and weight
Brought to you by

35. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Three Stages of Labor
Effacement/dilation of the cervix:
 Uterine contractions thin the cervix and enlarge
the cervical opening
 Cervix opens to 10 cm during this stage
Delivery of the fetus:
 Uterine contractions are aided by mother’s
voluntary contractions of abdominal muscles
 Fetus moves through the birth canal
Delivery of the placenta:
 Placenta detaches from uterine wall Brought to you by

36. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Stages of
Labor and
Childbirth
Brought to you by

37. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Cesarean Deliveries
(C-section)
 Fetus is removed from the uterus through the
abdominal wall
 Possibly due to one or more of the following
factors:
 Fetus is improperly positioned
 Mother’s pelvis is too small
 Fetus is especially large
 Fetus shows signs of distress
 Umbilical cord is compressed
 Placenta is being delivered before the fetus
 Mother’s health is at risk Brought to you by

38. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Causes of Infertility
 Low sperm count
 Poor sperm motility
 Sperm abnormalities
 Lack of ovulation
 Obstruction of fallopian tubes
Brought to you by

39. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Enhancing Fertility
 Cold packs on the scrotum (men)
 Boxer shorts vs. briefs (men)
 Increase intercourse frequency
Brought to you by

40. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Treatments for Infertility
 Artificial insemination
 Surgical procedures
 Fertility drugs
 Assisted reproductive technology
 In vitro fertilization
 Gamete intrafallopian transfer
 Zygote intrafallopian transfer
 Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Brought to you by

41. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Options for Infertile Couples
 Surrogate parenting
 Adoption
 Foster parenting
Brought to you by

42. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Cloning Techniques
Procedures involve the following:
 Surgical removal of an egg from female donor
 Nucleus of the egg is removed
 Cell is taken from a cloning subject
(male/female)
 Through an electrical jolt, the cell is fused with
the enucleated egg, creating a clonal zygote
 Embryo is implanted in the womb of a surrogate
mother
 After nine months, a genetically matched
reproduction is born
Brought to you by

43. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Cloning
Reproductive cloning
 Not yet accomplished
 Banned in selected countries and states
Therapeutic cloning
 Can be used to create stem cells
Brought to you by

44. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Managing Your Fertility
Brought to you by

45. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
This platform has been started by
Parveen Kumar Chadha with the
vision that nobody should suffer the
way he has suffered because of lack
and improper healthcare facilities in
India. We need lots of funds
manpower etc. to make this vision a
reality please contact us. Join us as a
member for a noble cause.
Brought to you by

46. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Our views have increased the mark
of the 10,000
 Thank you viewers
 Looking forward for franchise,
collaboration, partners. Brought to you by

47. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
-011 25464531,-011 41425180,-011
66217387
+-91 9818308353,+-91
9818569476
othermotherindia@gmail.com
. - .www other mother in
: . . - - - ?https //www facebook com/pages/Other Mother Nursing Crusade/224235031114989 ref=hl
:http // . . ?www linkedin com/profile/view id=326103341&trk=
_ _ _nav responsive tab profile
:https //
.twitter com/othermotherindi
:https // . .cparveen wix com
-/other mother
A WORLDWIDE MISSITION
Contact
Us:-
JOIN US
www.parveenchadha.com