Presentation on parking policy in Asian Cities - results from 2009/2010 study. Presented at the ADB Transport Forum, May 2010.

1. Parking Policy in Asian cities – highlights Dr Paul Barter LKY School of Public Policy National University of Singapore [email_address] Photo: Zaitun Kasim Photo by Rutul Joshi Study commissioned by ADB under RETA 6416: A Development Framework for Sustainable Urban Transport - Parking Policy in Asia: Status, Comparisons and Potential

3. 1. Framework for thinking about parking policy choices Approaches to parking policy What is parking? And whose responsibility? Central goals Conventional Autocentric Infrastructure Government + property owner responsibility. Avoid parking scarcity Demand-realistic Avoid both scarcity and wasteful surplus Parking management Multi-objective Infrastructure Government responsibility mainly Serve wider urban & transport policy goals Constraint-focused Key goal is constraint of car travel (to certain locations) Market-based Real-estate based service Private beneficiaries (willingness to pay) Ensure demand, supply and prices are responsive to each other

4. 2. Selected results: Parking requirements at commercial buildings (on average) versus approximate car ownership

5. 2. Selected results: Exempting small buildings from requiring parking Floor area threshold below which no parking requirements Tokyo Yes (1500 or 2000 sq. m). Above this requirements phase in gradually Taipei Yes (300 or 500m 2 ) Bangkok Yes (commercial, office, shopping malls: 300m 2 ; condominiums: 60m 2 per unit; hotels: 30 rooms; restaurants: 300m 2 ; entertainment buildings 500 seats) Seoul No? Jakarta No? Singapore No Kuala Lumpur No Manila No Hong Kong No Guangzhou Yes (500m 2 ) Ahmedabad Yes (60m 2 ) Beijing Yes? Hanoi Low-rise residential buildings exempt Dhaka No

6. 2. Selected results: On-street pricing and time limits Source: Shoup, D. Prices vary from place to place or time to time? Highest price found (PPP$/hr) Time limits used? Jakarta Two zones 0.37 No Kuala Lumpur One price per municipality 0.41 Yes (3 hrs) Bangkok Uniform where priced 0.60 No Hong Kong Uniform legislated price 1.46 Yes (2 hrs) Manila One price per municipality 1.71 Yes (3 hrs) Singapore Two zones 1.90 No Tokyo Uniform legislated price 2.58 Yes (60 min) Taipei Higher where demand high 3.45 No Seoul Five zones 7.86 No Dhaka Higher in CBD 0.78 per day No Ahmedabad Uniform where priced 0.16 No Hanoi Two zones 0.81 No Guangzhou Zones with different prices 1.05 ? Beijing Two zones 1.32 ?

7. 2. Selected results: Where do people park? Locations for shopping/entertainment parking by survey respondents

8. 2. Selected results: Proportion paying for parking (as % of respondents parking for each purpose)

9. 2. Selected results: Average work-based parking prices paid by survey respondents per month (January 2010 US$) * In Manila, Seoul, and Ahmedabad fewer than 20 respondents paid for parking at work so their mean prices should be treated with extra caution.

10. 2. Selected results: CBD parking prices compared with CBD Grade A office rents (on a rent per square meter basis) in many international cities, based on Colliers International data sources