This document discusses concepts and solutions for Industry 4.0 from IBM's perspective. It addresses: 1. Questions around whether today's machines should be able to communicate like humans on social media platforms and whether cloud technologies can truly scale infinitely. 2. Issues that arise when standards are missing for Industry 4.0 projects and whether projects should wait for standards. 3. Differences between consumer gadgets/automobiles and industrial production machines, and the implications of open vs. closed environments and 2-layered vs. 3-layered architectures.