It covers all the important slides for class 12th CBSE Physics Investigatory Project on Logic Gates.

2. CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE……
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……..
AIM OF PROJECT…………..
INTRODUCTION……………………
APPARATUS………………
PRECAUTIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR
BIBLIOGRAPHY………….

3. This is to certify that project on LOGIC GATES is submitted
by PRAKHAR SETH in partial fulfillment of the FINAL
EXAMINATION requirement in PHYSICS for the award of
Senior School Certificate and is to be certified to be an
original and bona fide work. He has shown keen interest to
execute this project and has also gained substantial amount of
knowledge in this project.
Place : ……………………
Date : …………………… Signature
Mr. Manoj Dubey

4. In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have
bestowed upon me their blessings and heart pledged support, this time I
am utilizing to thank to various people who held me a long way in completing
this project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this project with
success. Then I would like to thank my principal Mr. Bhaskar Ganti and
physics teacher Mr. Manoj Dubey, whose valuable guidance has been
the ones that helped me patch this project and make it full proof success.
His suggestions and instructions have been served as the major
contributor toward the completion of the project.
I also want to thank Mr. Suraj, our lab assistant who was always there to
help us in the lab for the practial of this project. Then I would like to
thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and their guidance has been helpful in different phases of the
completion of the project.

5. To study the
properties and functions of
logic gates and assemble
AND Gate.

6. A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical
relationship between the input and output voltages. It is a digital
circuit which either allows a signal to pass through as stop, it is called
a gate.
The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are used
in digital electronics to change on voltage level (input voltage) into
another (output voltage) according to some logical statement relating
them.
A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has only one output.
The relationship between the possible values of input and output
voltage is expressed in the form of a table called truth table or table
of combinations.
Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the input and
output possibilities for the logic gate.

7. George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of algebra based on
binary nature at the logic, this algebra of logic called BOOLEAN
ALGEBRA. A logical statement can have only two values such, as
HIGH/LOW, ON/OFF, CLOSED/OPEN, YES/NO, RIGHT/WRONG,
TRUE/FALSE, CONDUCTING/NON-CONDUCTING etc. The two
values of logic statements one denoted by the binary number 1 and 0.
the binary number 1 is used to denote the high value. The logical
statements that logic gates follow are called Boolean expressions.
THE OR GATE is a device that combines A with B
to give Y as the result or output.
The OR gate has two or more inputs and one
output.
In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+) is referred
as the OR. The Boolean expression:
A+B=Y, indicates Y equals A or B.

8. INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y= A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
The AND GATE is a device that combines A with B
to give Y as the result.
The AND GATE has two or more
inputs and one output.
In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign (either x or.) is referred as
the AND. The Boolean expression:
A∙B=Y, indicates Y equals A and B
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y= A∙B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

9. THE NOT GATE is a device that inverts the inputs.
The NOT is a one input and one output.
In Boolean algebra, bar symbol (-) is referred as the NOT, the Boolean
expression : Ā=Y, indicates Y equals NOT A
INPUT OUTPUT
X Y
0 1

10. 9 volt battery
Cardboard
Connecting Wires
Electrical Switches
A two way key
LED

11. THE AND GATE is a basic digital logic gate that
implements logical conjunction it behaves according to
the truth table to the right.
A HIGH output (1) results only if both the inputs to
the AND gate are HIGH (1). If neither or only one
input to the AND gate is HIGH, a LOW output
results.
In another sense, the function of AND effectively
finds the minimum between two binary digits, just as
the OR function finds the maximum.
Therefore, the output is always 0 except when all the
inputs are 1s.

12. All the connections while making a logic
gate should be neat and tight.
Check the connections carefully before
switching on the logic gate.

13. NCERT Physics Class XII
Pradeep Fundamental Class XII
Lab Manual Class XII