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3. Citizenship is the status of a person
recognized under the custom or law of a
sovereign state or local jurisdiction. In many
sovereign states, citizenship is equal to
nationality, which is in international law the
membership to a sovereign state.

4. It also implies full
and equal members
of a political
community.

5. Full membership

6. Full Membership of a political community means that
he/she enjoys all civil as well as political rights under
the protection of the state in return for his/her
loyalty to the state This means that he/she agrees to
abide by the rules and regulations of the society, not
be a disturbance to the society and follow his/her
duties completely along with rights.

7. A Collective political Identity: Nation-
states provide a collective political identity
to their members as well as certain rights.
Therefore we think of ourselves as Indians,
or Japanese, or Germans, depending on the
state to which we belong.

8. Citizens expect certain rights from their state as
well as help and protection wherever they may
travel. Certain rights are required so that a person
is able to live their lives with dignity and can
progress and develop in the respective areas of
interest. A citizen also requires protection towards
his/her life or right to life, so that one may live
freely.

9. A state is also required for
protection towards threats
and that can provide
necessary conditions for
minimum quality of life.

10. Refugees do not have full membership
in their country and hence they do not
enjoy any rights and live like strangers
in another country. Such people are not
guaranteed rights by any state and
generally live in precarious conditions.

11. Equal Membership

12. The term "equal membership" refers to the fact that
all citizens have the same rights. Nobody is treated
unfairly because of their caste, religion, region, or
gender. When we talk about citizenship, we're talking
about rights and responsibilities, which we've won
after many battles, such as the Indian freedom
struggle. Black people in South Africa fought for
equal rights.

13. Citizenship encompasses not only state-
citizen relations but also citizens and their
responsibilities to the state. It encompasses
not only state-imposed legal obligations but
also a moral obligation to participate in and
contribute to the community's shared life.

14. Citizens are also regarded
as the inheritors and
trustees of the country's
culture and natural
resources.

15. Q5) Migration of people to
different regions within the
country is often resisted by the
local inhabitants. What are some of
the contributions that the
migrants could make to the local
economy?

16. Ans ) • Labour tends to
migrate in search of
jobs when
opportunities are not
available near their
homes.

17. • Often, resistance builds
up among the local people
against so many jobs going
to people from outside the
area, sometimes at lower
wages.

18. • There may sometimes be a difference
between our response to poor migrants
and to skilled migrants. We may not
always be as welcoming to poor
migrants who move into our areas as we
may be to skilled and affluent workers.

19. • The booming building industry
in town attracts workers from
different parts of the country.
So do infrastructure projects
like road making which greatly
require unskilled labour.

20. Q7 ) Q) In what
ways a person can
get or lose Indian
citizenship?

21. Ans) Our Indian Constitution provides certain
provisions with regard to the acquisition of
citizenship in India from Articles 5 to 11.
There are certain ways like birth, registration,
descent, naturalization, and incorporation of
territory through which a person can acquire
citizenship in India.

22. We can lose
citizenship by :

23. The citizen has
obtained
citizenship by
fraud.

24. The citizen has
shown disloyalty to
the Constitution of
India.

25. The citizen has
unlawfully traded
or communicated
with the enemy
during a war

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