Flexible and capsule endoscopes have evolved significantly since their invention in the early 1800s. Flexible endoscopes use fiber optic bundles or video cameras to examine internal organs and cavities. Capsule endoscopes are wireless devices that can examine the small intestine. Both have advantages like allowing minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment. Flexible endoscopes come in different types for specific organs like the esophagus, stomach, lungs and bladder. They are used to detect cancers, infections, and other medical issues. Capsule endoscopes are pill-sized cameras that can provide images of the small intestine over 8 hours to diagnose conditions like bleeding and inflammation. Endoscopy has advanced medicine by enabling improved visualization of the inside

1. Endoscopes
Flexible and Capsule Endoscopes
Prepared by: Pritesh B.Gohil (1005)
Guided By: Jagrut Gadit
The M.S. University of Baroda
Faculty of Technology and Engineering

2. History
Rigid Semi- Flexible Fibre Optic Video
Bozzini
1805
1853
1868
1932
1957
1975 2000

3. • The first real endoscope that was developed was
made by Phillip Bozzini in 1805 to examine the
urethra, the bladder and vagina.
• Adolf Kussmaul in 1868 used a straight rigid metal
tube over a flexible obturator to perform the first
gastroscopy.
• Building on the work of others, Rudolph Schindler
constructed the first practical gastroscope in 1932.
• In 1957 Basil Hirschowitz developed his fiberscope.
• In 1975, D.W. Brewer developed ”Video-fibre-
laryngoscopy”
• 2000: G. Iddan and P. Swain ”Wireless capsule
endoscopy”

4. Introduction
What is endoscope?
An instrument which can be introduced into the body
to give a view of its internal parts.
This is used to examine the interior of the hollow
organ or cavity of the body which is called
endoscopy.
Physicians use endoscopy to diagnose, monitor, and
surgically treat various medical problems.

5. When is endoscopy used?
 Endoscopes were first developed to look at parts of
the body that couldn’t be seen any other way.
1. To prevent and screen for cancer
2. To find cancer early
3. Looking for causes of symptoms
4. Looking at problems found on imaging tests
5. Destroying or removing cancer cell

6. Structure of Flexible Endoscope
Fig. Fibre optic endoscope system

7. a) Illumination
 external high-intensity source
 one or more light-carrying bundles
 light bundles run uninterruptedly
 xenon arc (300 W) or halogen-filled tungsten
filament lamps (150 W)
 Light is focused by a parabolic mirror

8. b) Instrument tip
Fig. Basic design—control head and bending section.

9. c) Instrument channels
 An ‘operating’ channel allows the passage of fine
flexible accessories.
 e.g. biopsy forceps, cytology
brushes, sclerotherapy needles
 usually 2–4 mm in diameter
Fig. The tip of a forward viewing endoscope.

10. d) Tissue-sampling device
Fig. Biopsy cups open. Fig. Control handle for forceps.
Fig. Cytology brush with outer sleeve.

11. Fibre Optic Endoscope
Based optical viewing bundles.
Viewing bundle diameter 2-3 mm
Bundle consist of 20 000–40 000 fine glass fibres
with 10 µm in diameter.
Light focused onto the face of each fibre is
transmitted by repeated internal reflection.
transmission of an image depends upon spatial
orientation of each fibre.
In most modern instruments the distal lens which
focuses the image onto the bundle is fixed.

12. Fig. Total internal reflection of
light down a glass fibre.
Fig. Fibre bundle showing the ‘packing
fraction’ or dead space between fibres.

13. Video Endoscopes
mechanically similar to fibre-endoscopes.
charged couple device (CCD) ‘chip’ and supporting
electronics mounted at the tip.
CCD chip is an array of 33 000–100 000 individual
photo cells.
Respond to the reflected photons.

14. Fig. Static red, green and blue filters in the ‘colour’ chip.

15. Fig. Sequential colour illumination.

16. Advantage and Disadvantage
 Fibre optic Endoscopes
 Advantages
Simplicity
No video processing
Small diameter capillary
Portable instrument
 Disadvantage
 Only endoscopist alone can see

17.  Video Endoscopes
 Advantages
Brighter view
Facilitates communication with patients & assistants.
Movement of shaft and tip easy
 Disadvantages
Video processing required
It is not portable
Available in limited size

18. Capsule Endoscope
Capsule endoscopy is a combination of the device
that physicist G. Iddan had developed and that
devised by Paul Swain.
Capsule endoscopy is indicated in various small
bowel diseases such as obscure gastrointestinal
bleeding, celiac disease and other types of
malabsorption syndrome, polyposis, Crohn disease
etc.

19. Fig. Components of capsule endoscopy system including schematic
representation of parts of capsule and sensor location guide.

20. Features
Length: 26 mm
Weight: 3.4 gram
Battery type: Silver Oxide Cell
Battery life: 8 hours
Operation temperature: 20-40̊C
Light: 6 white LED
Frame rate per second: 2
Camera type: CCD or CMOS
Antennas: 8

21. Commonly available endoscopes and
its applications
Sr.
No.
Type Range of
Use
Applications
1. Bronchoscope: An instrument to
examine the inside of the trachea,
bronchi (air pressure that lead to
the lungs), and lungs.
Trachea
larger air
ways
Foreign bodies
infections,
aspiration of
mucus.
2. Cardioscope: An instrument that
permits direct visual inspection of
the interior of the heart
Heart cavities Valvular defects
and septal defects
3. Cystoscope: Endoscopy of the
urinary bladder via the urethra is
called cystoscope.
Urinary
bladder
Tumours,
inflammations and
stones.
4. Gastroscope: A type of endoscope
for visually examining of stomach.
Stomach Gastritis, gastric
ulcer, tumours

22. Sr.
No.
Type Range of
Use
Applications
5. Laparoscopes: An instrument
called a laparoscope is inserted
through a small incision (cut)
which is made in the abdominal
wall to permit structures within the
abdomen and pelvis to be seen.
Abdominal
cavity
Tumours, family
planning operations
livers, gallbladder
surgery
6. to see the vessels Intravascular To know state of
vessels
7. Otoscope: An instrument
consisting of a magnifying lens and
light; used for examining the
external ear
Tympanic
membrane
Infections,
perforation of ear
drum, pressure
condition in the
middle ear
8. Proctoscope: An endoscope for
examining the rectum
Rectum Haemorrhoids
(piles)
9. Sigmoidoscope: An endoscope for
examining the sigmoid colon
Rectum and
distal part of
colon
Bowel lesions side
pockets of the
bowel

23. Refferences
[1]. www.blackwellpublishing.com
Basic endoscopic equipment
[2]. www.Slideshare.com
Capsule Endoscopy by Ashish Kumar
[3]. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52732
Capsule Endoscopy by Uday C Ghoshal
[4]. Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements -
R. Anandanatarajan

24. THANK
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