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ceosurvey.pwc
20th
CEO Survey
Competing in an age of divergence p6
/ Managing man and machine p15
/ Gaining from connectivity without losing trust p21
/
Making globalisation work for all​p27
1,379CEOs interviewed in
79 countries
44%of CEOs say globalisation
has not helped to close the
gap between rich and poor
69%of CEOs say it’s harder for
businesses to sustain trust
in the digital age
20 years inside the mind of the CEO...
What’s next?
2 20th
CEO Survey
Demographic shifts, rapid urbanisation, a realignment of
global economic and business activity, and a scarcity of
resources, are among the megatrends affecting the world
that we have been studying for the past 20 years. These are
the shifts that have affected the CEO’s mindset. Since we
began our survey, globalisation and technology have jointly
enabled a massive increase in trade and financial flows and
global online traffic. This level of interconnectivity has raised
engagement with stakeholders and forced society to think
about how information is accessed and consumed. Increased
transparency demands a new way of communicating, a
higher level of accountability, an elevated approach to
leadership, and indeed, a deeper focus on trust, purpose
and the inherent human connection that has brought us
closer together.
But great convergence has come with the potential for
great divergence. In last year’s survey, most CEOs foresaw
a world divided by multiple beliefs and frameworks. 2016
brought into sharp focus the tangible ways in which these
differences play out. Surprising voting results put pressure
on established blocs, and today, the global systems which
support trade are creaking at the seams. Recent events have
also revealed the extent of public discontent over the gap
in skills, jobs and income inequality, among a host of local
issues that have stemmed from globalisation and technology.
Despite greater interconnectivity, and often as a result of it,
sections of the populace feel unheard and under-represented
in the decision-making process. There is a growing
disconnect from leadership, leading to mistrust and cynicism
of traditional bodies, both in public and private sectors.
But there is still much to be optimistic about. The pattern of
growth in the world is shifting. Indeed, optimism in CEOs
remains high relative to the environment. They are focused
on growth, leading to greater innovation. Demand remains
strong in many emerging markets – and is likely to stay that
way for some time to come. This is especially true in Asia,
where populations are growing, disposable incomes are
rising and urbanisation will likely continue.
Our 20th
CEO survey explores what executives in 2017 think
about three imperatives: managing man and machine to
create a workforce that’s fit for the digital age; preserving
organisational trust in a world of increasingly virtual
interactions; and making globalisation work for everyone by
ensuring the benefits are distributed more fairly.
Introduction from
Bob Moritz
For the last two decades, PwC has asked business leaders everywhere about the trends reshaping
business and society. As we mark the 20th year of our annual CEO survey, we’ve observed just how
much the world has changed.
PwC 3
The challenge common to all three imperatives is leadership.
In a time of heightened anxieties juxtaposed with the highest
levels of transparency we have experienced, how leaders
engage with employees and stakeholders (both public and
private) has never been more important. Strategy can no
longer be an approach of simply numbers and bottom lines;
strategy must be built upon a long-term vision of growth,
access, equality, innovation, and the human endeavour. The
last of these is arguably the most important because linked to
it is the critical concept of trust.
Since the inception of our survey, the definition of trust has
changed – specifically, expanded. The days where the CEO
of a company was rarely accessible to the end customer or
was able to get sanitised feedback are gone, as are the days
where the consumer had little sight into how a product was
produced and a supply chain crafted. Today, executive teams
need to fully grasp the ethical and moral implications of their
decisions, and communicate their actions with integrity.
Trust must also be paramount between supervisors and
employees. The contemporary worker is keenly aware of
the importance of purpose – and is demanding clarity on
not just the “how” of the company, but the “why.” Enduring
winners will be leaders who develop a two-way relationship
– whether with customers, employees, or society at large –
based on reliability and ethical behaviour.
The ascendancy of corporations around the globe has
boosted prosperity: it’s created jobs, raised living standards
and delivered pioneering products and services that
have improved people’s lives. Now, however, we are at an
inflection point. A new reality is setting in and each of us
must rethink how we act. Specifically for CEOs, it is time to
raise the role of business in society and engage more broadly
to help government and the public. It is time to step forward
with their own solutions and collaborate with multiple
players in society to boost trust and build the world we need
for the future – because if executed properly, business is a
force for good.
I’d like to thank the almost 1,400 CEOs from approximately
80 countries who have generously given us their insights.
We’re particularly grateful to the 20 CEOs who engaged in
deeper and more detailed conversations with us. You’ll see
their comments throughout this report.
We hope you’ll find plenty of food for thought – and
action – in the following pages, and in all our work on
ceosurvey.pwc.
Bob E. Moritz
Global Chairman, PwC
20 years inside the mind of the CEO
4 20th
CEO Survey
Section two
Competing in an age
of divergence
	6
Managing man
and machine
	15
Gaining from
connectivity without
losing trust	 21
Making globalisation
work for all​
	27
Section three Section four Further reading
Globalisation disrupted?	 8
Changing markets	 9
Realists – or naïve	 11
optimists?
Standing at the crossroads	 13
Wanted: More technology	 16
and more people
Creativity can’t be coded	 18
The dark side of connectivity	 22
Data security and ethics	 23
IT outages and disruptions	 24
Automation, robotics	 24
and AI
A trust strategy for a	 25
digital age
Time for business leaders to	 28
step up
New solutions to perennial	 28
problems
Leveraging technology for	 29
social benefit
Safeguarding the future 	 29
Looking for more data?	 32
Meet the CEOs	 34
Meet the thought leaders	 35
Research methodology and	 36
contacts
Acknowledgements and	 37
thanks
Endnotes	 38
PwC 5
Section one
6 20th
CEO Survey
Over the past 20 years CEOs have witnessed tremendous
upheavals as a result of globalisation and technological
change. Both were core to our enquiries when we conducted
our first Annual Global CEO Survey back in 1997. Since
then, trade flows have quadrupled and global internet
traffic has risen by a factor of 17.5 million.1
The twin forces
of globalisation and technological progress have helped
to boost living standards and lessen inequality between
countries.2
And, in what’s perhaps the most remarkable
achievement of all, they’ve lifted a billion people out of
extreme poverty.3
But greater convergence has come with greater divergence,
as CEOs have long predicted. In 2009, when we first
asked CEOs about the risks associated with various global
trends, 46% thought governments would become more
protectionist; 73% expected other countries to challenge the
G8’s dominance; and 76% anticipated a rise in political and
religious tensions. And by the time we published our last
survey in January 2016, most CEOs foresaw a world in which
multiple beliefs, value systems, laws and liberties, banking
systems and trading blocs would prevail (see Figure 1).
Competing in an age
of divergence
Figure 1: What’s the world coming to?
Q: For each alternative, select the one you believe the world is moving more towards
Source: PwC, 19th
Annual Global CEO Survey. Base: All respondents (1,409)
Political unions
Nationalism and
devolved nations53%39%
Economic unions and unified
economic models
Multiple economic
models
35% 59%
Single global marketplace Regional trading blocs22% 75%
Single global rule of law
and liberties
Multiple rules of law
and liberties
15% 81%
Common global beliefs
and value systems
Multiple beliefs and
value systems
14% 83%
Free and open access to
the internet
Fragmented access
to the internet
72% 25%
A global world bank
Regional investment
banks
15% 79%
PwC 7
Little did we know just how much world events would prove
them right. The UK referendum on EU membership in June
2016 and the US presidential election in November 2016
exposed deep divisions among voters. They also revealed
the extent of public discontent over job losses in some
industrial sectors and rising income inequality, to which
globalisation and technology have contributed, as well as
profound mistrust of ‘the establishment’, however defined.4
In fact, an analysis by economist Branko Milanovic, whom
we interviewed as part of our research for this year’s study,
shows how unevenly the benefits of globalisation have been
distributed. Milanovic found that the biggest gains have gone
to a small, increasingly rich elite in the industrialised nations
and to Asia’s rising middle class, while the main losers have
been lower-income people in developed countries.5
A number of emerging countries are also experiencing
greater income inequality, while depressed commodities
prices (relative to mid-2014 peaks) are raising questions
about over-dependence on global trade.6
These factors,
together with high unemployment, resource shortages and
other challenges, have triggered conflict in some parts
of the world.
But what we’re seeing isn’t a one-way street. Some forces are
linking the world more closely, even as others are causing
rifts. Digital connectivity is one example of the former
(although it has also contributed to the rise in outsourcing
and job losses). Certain countries will always reach out
globally because they can’t produce everything they need.
And many will continue to collaborate on borderless issues
like security and the environment. Simply put, the world has
become more complex.
Globalisation and technological advances demand a new
style of leadership to manage heightened anxieties. The
enduring winners will be those who can successfully navigate
technology and preserve the human touch. Competitive
advantage will go to those with the greatest capacity to build
relationships built on trust, which comes from sharing deep,
sustainable values and purpose.
I think that businesses
over the last 10 or 20 years
have ridden the wave of
globalisation and certainly
with recent events that trend
is either being challenged or
reversing.
Brian Conroy
President of Fidelity International,
UK
So many things have changed
in the last 20 years that it is
not easy to identify only one
that is much more important
than the others. But if I had
to choose, I would probably
say the Internet. It has
changed our lives in so many
dimensions, namely in the
way companies are run and
in different factors that affect
businesses and society.
Ângelo Paupério
CEO of Sonae SGPS, Portugal
8 20th
CEO Survey
This connection with the emotional quotient can only come
from having a clear understanding of how we think of trust
today. Transparency has become a key consideration of how
business leaders engage with stakeholders. In an increasingly
transparent world, executive teams need to get better at
fully grasping the ethical implications of their decisions and
actions, and developing the moral muscle to make the right
decisions and stand behind them. It’s time for leaders to step
forward and be counted, and to collaborate effectively with
governments around the world.
Globalisation disrupted?
Between 1980 and 2007, global trade grew much faster than
global GDP; since then it’s been lagging for the first time in many
years (see Figure 2). Globalisation is no longer driving growth to
the degree it once did. Why not? The economic axis has shifted,
making international co-operation more intricate; China’s
rebalancing has hit demand for commodities; and regulatory
measures introduced in the wake of the financial crisis have
dented cross-border capital flows. But it’s arguably the views of
the public – and their potential impact on national policies –
which could slow the pace of globalisation most of all.
Trade agreements could be most seriously affected. The
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), signed in February 2016
but yet to be ratified, and the draft Transatlantic Trade and
Investment Partnership (TTIP) have been widely opposed
in many of the countries involved. Indeed, President-elect
Donald Trump has vowed to withdraw the US from the
TPP.7
Even limited opposition can derail talks, as was nearly
the case with the Comprehensive Economic and Trade
Agreement (CETA) between the EU and Canada.
The world’s changed a lot in
20 years, there’s no doubt
about that. If you look on
the grander scale, we’ve seen
probably the high-water mark
of globalisation.
Alex Arena
Group Managing Director of HKT
Ltd., Hong Kong, China
Figure 2: World trade is now growing more slowly than world GDP
Sources: IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2016: PwC analysis
2012-15
%perannumincreaseinvolumeofworldGDP
andgoodsandservicestrade
n World GDP n World trade
1981-90 1991-2000 2001-07 2008-11
8%
7%
6%
5%
4%
3%
2%
1%
0%
CEOs are well aware of what’s shaping public sentiment.
They’ve long acknowledged the growing gap between rich
and poor: in our 2009 survey, 70% thought inequality would
rise. Now, 44% say globalisation has made no difference
at all in levelling the playing field. And many worry that
increasing hostility to globalisation will cause governments
to look inwards; indeed, 58% believe it’s already becoming
harder to compete on the world stage as a result of more
closed national policies.
Changing markets
So, if global trade is slowing down, where are CEOs currently
looking for opportunities to expand? Twenty years ago, it was
relatively easy to determine where to look for global growth.
CEOs saw emerging markets as a sure ticket to success; in
fact, they were the only markets our earliest survey focused
on. More recently, however, CEOs have turned to a broader
mix of countries (see Figure 3).8
PwC 9
Despite these regressions
caused by anti-globalisation,
counter-market forces or
planned economies, the
impetus for strong market
forces is irreversible, and it
continues to march forward.
As time goes by, whatever
happens, China will continue
moving towards a fully free
market and this cannot be
stopped.
Dr. Charles Zhang
Chairman of the Board & CEO
of Sohu.com Inc., China
...I believe that businesses in
general are going through a
time of greater volatility and
uncertainty. All you have to do
is look at recent events...
Jorge Mario Velásquez Jaramillo
CEO of Grupo Argos S.A.,
Colombia
Figure 3: CEOs are looking at a mix of countries for growth
Q: Which three countries, excluding the one in which you are based, do you consider most important for your organisation’s overall growth prospects over the next 12 months?
Source: PwC, 14th
Annual Global CEO Survey and 20th
CEO Survey. Base: All respondents (2017=1,379; 2011=1,201)
GermanyChinaUS
2017
2011
MexicoUKRussiaGermanyIndiaBrazilUSChina ArgentinaFrance
43%
39%
33%
21%
17%
19% 18%
15%
8% 7% 7%
7%
6%
6%
5%
5%
5%
4%
12% 10%
JapanUK AustraliaFranceMexicoBrazilIndia
10 20th
CEO Survey
There’s a solid rationale for this approach: the opportunity-
risk profiles of different nations are becoming both more
distinctive and more changeable, dictating the need for more
considered growth strategies. The US surged ahead as CEOs’
top choice three years ago and is doing well economically. Yet
it faces challenges as it redefines its role on the world stage.
China remains a priority but, for all its reforms and growing
regional influence, is dealing with a worrying debt bubble.
And the UK is even more popular than it was last year,
although it will have to cope with considerable uncertainty
as it negotiates its exit from the EU. Over time CEOs have
become less enthusiastic about India, perhaps because
structural reforms have been slow to come (and there have
been recent short-term difficulties with its rupee conversion
programme). Nevertheless, it still stands out for its robust
growth and monetary and fiscal reforms. Brazil has also
taken a tumble in the rankings and is grappling with a
deep recession, but is starting to turn things around.
Meanwhile, Russia has fallen out of the top ten entirely an
is reeling from depressed oil prices, although it’s slowly
making headway.
Volatility – yes,
unpredictability – yes, but,
that is, in my opinion, what
is now part and parcel of our
daily practice. That is, there is
a need to adapt businesses to
continue operating even under
conditions of the highest
uncertainty. To make ten-year
plans would currently be a
utopian endeavour.
Alexey Marey
Member of the Board of
Directors and CEO of Alfa-Bank,
Russia
Figure 4: Uncertain economic growth and over-regulation are top concerns for CEOs
Q: How concerned are you about the following economic, policy, social, environmental and business threats to your
organisation’s growth prospects?
Top ten threats
Top four risers since 2015
Uncertain economic growth 82%
Over-regulation 80%
Availability of key skills 77%
Geopolitical uncertainty 74%
Speed of technological change 70%
Increasing tax burden 68%
Exchange rate volatility 70%
Social instability 68%
Changing consumer behaviour 65%
Cyber threats 61%
n Respondents who answered somewhat or extremely concerned
Base: All respondents (2017=1,379; 2016=1,409; 2015=1,322)
Social instability
60
65
68
Speed of technological
change
58
61
70
Lack of trust in
business
(Industry 2012)
53 55 58
Changing consumer
behaviours
60 60
65
PwC 11
Realists – or naïve optimists?
No wonder CEOs are so concerned about economic
and geopolitical uncertainties. Over-regulation and
skills shortages are also high on their worry lists, and
apprehensions about the speed of technological change
have mounted most over the past few years (see Figure 4).
Indeed, one key feature of the current environment is just
how hard it is to read; a single event could trigger a need
for wholesale strategic changes.
Yet despite these concerns, CEOs have become surprisingly
optimistic. In late 1997, when we completed our first survey,
only a third of the participants were very confident about
their company’s three-year revenue outlook, even though
they were riding the wave of an extraordinary bull market.
This year, by contrast, 51% of CEOs are extremely positive
about the longer-term prospects for revenue growth, and
38% are very upbeat about the immediate outlook, up from
35% last year (see Figure 5).
Figure 5: CEOs’ confidence has grown over time
Q: How confident are you about your company’s prospects for revenue growth over the next 12 months?
Q: How confident are you about your company’s prospects for revenue growth over the next 3 years?
Q: Do you believe global economic growth will improve, stay the same or decline over the next 12 months?
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CEOs very confident in 12-month revenue prospects CEOs very confident in 3-year revenue prospects
CEOs confident global economic growth will improve N/A
Base: All respondents (2016=1,409; 2015=1,322; 2014=1,344; 2013=1,330; 2012=1,258; 2011=1,201; 2010=1,198; 2009=1,124; 2008=1,150; 2007=1,084;
2006 (not asked); 2005=1,324; 2004=1,386; 2000=1,020; 1999=1,379 and 1998=377)
Please note: From 2012-2014 respondents were asked ‘Do you believe the global economy will improve, stay the same or decline over the next 12 months?’
33%
27%
34%
44%
42%
34%
50%50%
52%
51% 51%
38%
35%
39%
37%
39%
44%
36%40%
15%
18%
27%
29%
21%
26%
41%
31%
31%
48%
47%
46% 46%
49% 49%
12 20th
CEO Survey
Figure 6: Organic growth and cost reduction are the
top two activities CEOs are planning to drive corporate
growth or profitability
Q: Which of the following activities, if any, are you planning in the coming
12 months in order to drive corporate growth or profitability?
79% 62%
Figure 7: CEOs are focusing on innovation
Q: Given the business environment you’re in, which one of the following do you
most want to strengthen in order to capitalise on new opportunities?
Competitive
advantage
Human capital
Digital and technology
capabilities
Customer
experience
Innovation 23%
Talent InnovationTechnology
+ =
15%
15%
10%
10%
Why such optimism? CEOs have undoubtedly had to cope
with very stormy conditions, so perhaps natural selection
has played a part; anyone who reaches the top has already
adapted to uncertainty. Alternatively, perhaps, CEOs have
learned to look for the upside and seize on the opportunities
uncertainty brings. One thing is clear; they’re not waiting
things out. CEOs recognise that it’s not enough to focus
on organic growth and cost reductions alone, important
though these are (see Figure 6). So they are – rightly –
prioritising investment in innovation and digital capabilities
(see Figure 7).
...our strategy is that we have to drive costs down. The only
way I can see ...with a major impact, is that we build on new
technologies and that we should go into digitisation, which
is also a standardisation process, especially as we are a very
capital-intensive industry.
Rainer Seele
CEO of OMV AG, Austria
Organic growth Cost reduction
PwC 13
Standing at the crossroads
The forces of technology and globalisation will continue to
transform the world. But in which direction? Are we entering
an age of de-globalisation – or can we usher in a new era
of inclusive global growth? There’s much at stake. Global
trade wars could disrupt supply chains and drive up prices,
hurting both companies and consumers. Economic and
political uncertainties could deter investment and dampen
innovation, and perhaps even bring about another worldwide
downturn. However, public discontent isn’t just a danger to
growth; social well-being and equality are vital in driving
long-term economic performance.
CEOs are operating in a radically new environment. So how
can they address the risks of globalisation and technology,
and realise the benefits for everyone? We explore their views
on three key areas:
1.	Managing man and machine
Many individuals worry that globalisation and technology
will eliminate their jobs. In reality, CEOs desperately need
talent but can’t find people with the right skills. How are
they creating the more agile, well-rounded and diverse
workforce that’s needed for the digital age?
2.	Gaining from connectivity without losing trust
As our interactions become ever more automated, data-
driven and virtual, the human factor is receding. CEOs
fear that technology will exacerbate public mistrust in
organisations. How are they addressing the challenge?
3.	Making globalisation work for all
In an era of people power, CEOs are prioritising
purposeful growth. They know this entails working with
others to help drive much wider changes and ensure
a fairer distribution of the benefits to be gained from
globalisation. How do CEOs think business can help?
PwC 14
Tough questions about
competing in an age of
divergence:
1.	How will you find fresh organic growth in the new divergent and low-growth global economy?
2.	As the pattern of world trade alters and protectionism threatens, how are you preparing to
compete while continuing to optimise your cost base?
3.	In a more uncertain world, where will your increase your investment and where will you
‘hunker down’? How will you measure the relative success of your ventures?
4.	If innovation is key to your success, how much more do you need to invest in RD and new
product development to ensure a proportion of future winning brand offerings?
5.	In an increasingly risky business environment, how can you factor both agility and resilience
into your growth strategy?
15 20th
CEO Survey
Some worry that globalisation will take away their jobs and
they’re even more nervous about the impact of technology.
Twenty years ago, there were fewer than 700,000 industrial
robots worldwide; today, there are 1.8 million, and the
number could soar to 2.6 million by 2019.9
Manufacturing
output has simultaneously risen, but employment in
the sector has fallen in various advanced economies.10
Technology has been one – although by no means the only –
cause of these changes.
Robots are now entering the services arena; 3-D printing can
be used to make cars and aircraft; biotechnology will change
the way we grow crops, produce food and manufacture
medicines; and nanotechnology and artificial intelligence
(AI) will affect numerous industries. All this could happen
much more quickly than we expect. Just look at the advent of
self-driving trucks to make deliveries, or Amazon’s new Go
store, which uses technology to track what customers put in
their shopping carts and bill them automatically when they
walk out, eliminating the need for human cashiers.11
Managing man and
machine
I believe one of the biggest
challenges for society as a
whole is the philosophical
problem involving people’s
interaction with robots.
I believe that during the
lifetimes of our children we
will certainly be faced with
androids and the question of
what laws we should enact
to govern how robots are
integrated into society.
Alexey Marey
Member of the Board of
Directors and CEO, Alfa-Bank,
Russia
Figure 8: The most confident CEOs plan the largest
headcount increases
Q: Do you expect headcount at your company to increase, decrease or stay the
same over the next 12 months?
Q: How confident are you about your company’s prospects for revenue growth
over the next 12 months?
67%
of very
confident
CEOs plan
to increase
headcount
46%
of cautious
CEOs plan to
decrease
headcount
19%
of cautious CEOs
plan to increase
headcount
11%
of very confident
CEOs plan to
decrease headcount
PwC 16
Given these advances, it’s hardly surprising that people
are apprehensive. This year, we surveyed more than 5,000
members of the public in 22 countries to identify what they
think about many of the same topics we raised with CEOs.
Our findings show that 79% believe technology will cause
job losses over the next five years.12
And a number of experts
believe that technology could replace humans in every sector,
although when – or whether – that day will come is hotly
contested.13
Forecasts of just how many jobs are at risk vary
wildly, from 9% to 57% in OECD countries, for example.14
And the figure could be far higher in some emerging
economies with large unskilled populations that have
embraced automation to spur economic growth. Whatever
the numbers may be, one thing is certain: technology will
have a disruptive impact on the workforce, and it will do so
right across the skills spectrum.
Wanted: More technology and more people
Yet CEOs still need people. Only 16% plan to cut their
company’s headcount over the next 12 months – and only
a quarter of them say it’s primarily because of technology.
Conversely, 52% plan to hire more employees, although there
are significant differences depending on how confident CEOs
feel about their company’s growth prospects (see Figure 8).
Clearly, CEOs see the value of marrying technology with
uniquely human capabilities. The skills they consider most
important are those that can’t be replicated by machines
(see Figure 9). In fact, they’re precisely the qualities required
to stimulate innovation – the area CEOs most want to
strengthen to capitalise on new opportunities.
As technology in the
workplace increases, it will
have a big impact on both
people and culture. It’ll
change the type of people
you employ. It’ll change the
culture of delivery within the
organisation. It’ll drive us
away from applying human
thoughts to things which
can be automated in a very
logical way.
Peter Harrison
Group Chief Executive of
Schroders plc., UK
Figure 9: The hardest skills to find are those that can’t be performed by machines
Q: How difficult, if at all, is it for your organisation to recruit people with these skills or characteristics?
Q: In addition to technical business expertise, how important are the following skills to your organisation?
Difficulty in recruiting people with skill
Respondents who answered somewhat difficult
or very difficult
Importance of skill
Respondents who answered somewhat important
or very important
Problem
solving
Adaptability
Leadership
Creativity and
Innovation
Emotional
intelligence
1
2
4
5
6
77%
75%
64%
61%
61%
17 20th
CEO Survey
There are several reasons why organisations continue to
need people. One is simply how long it takes to adopt new
technologies, whether that’s because older technologies are
still profitable, because there are other priorities or because
the effort and resources required are too great. In our first
CEO survey, for example, 20% of CEOs thought e-commerce
would completely reshape competition in their industries.
This may sound like a surprisingly small percentage, but
they weren’t far off: 27% of the CEOs in our latest survey say
technology has transformed the competitive environment in
the last 20 years (see Figure 10).
The regulatory environment can be a big factor, too. Some
of the world’s largest manufacturing exporters, like Brazil
and France, have been slow to adopt robotics, partly because
of stringent labour regulations.15
Moreover, technology
is currently nowhere near able to replicate every job or
every aspect of a particular role. It’s routine, repetitive,
standardised jobs and tasks that will be at risk – as well
as non-routine activities, where there’s enough data for
a machine to learn to spot anomalies. But, by and large,
more variable activities will be much harder to replace. And
even where jobs can be fully automated, some will remain
in human hands simply because companies need people to
understand what consumers want, including how they prefer
to interact with technology and the products and services
they desire.
I think that the biggest change
that I see happening in the
next 20 years is that there is
going to be big overlapping
among the different
industries. So, there is going
to be fierce competition
among the mature industries
– for example, telecoms will
fight with energy companies,
energy companies will
fight with the automotive
companies, and so on.
Francesco Venturini
CEO of Enel Green Power, Italy
20% 27% 59% 33%
Figure 10: Technology has had less of an impact than CEOs predicted
Q (1998): To what extent do you think e-commerce will reshape competition in your industry?
Q (2017): To what extent has technology changed competition in your industry over the past 20 years?
Source: PwC, 1st
Annual Global CEO Survey and 20th
CEO Survey
Base: All respondents (1998=377; 2017=1,379)
n 1998 n 2017
Completely
reshape
industry
Have
significant
impact
Have
moderate
impact
Have
no
impact
20% 30% 1% 8%
PwC 18
Technology also creates new jobs: jobs for people who can
design, monitor, maintain and fix technology; jobs for people
in sectors that benefit indirectly from technology (such as
the leisure sector, where new opportunities are emerging, as
people’s time is freed up); and even new versions of ‘old-
world’ jobs. Technology has, for instance, facilitated the
rise of on-demand companies that match customers with
independent contractors selling everything from taxi services
to accommodation.
Ultimately, however, it’s the ability to acquire new skills
that’s kept people employed through past disruptions like
the industrial revolution. Some jobs will vanish. Others will
remain, but their nature will change. Computers far outstrip
humans when it comes to analysing vast quantities of raw
data, for example. But they lack the intuition, empathy
and creativity required to make sense of that data. The
intersection between man and machine can generate more
value for business than either alone. It can also make many
jobs more interesting and more purposeful.
Creativity can’t be coded
The challenge is getting to that point: 77% of CEOs are
concerned that key skills shortages could impair their
company’s growth. And they say it’s the soft skills they
value most that are hardest to find (see Figure 9). Creative,
innovative leaders with emotional intelligence are in very
short supply. If anything, indeed, they’re even thinner on
the ground than they were in 2008, when we asked a similar
question, whereas people with technological skills are more
plentiful than before.
I’m a firm believer that our
people and our culture are our
only sustainable competitive
advantages.
Edward H. Bastian
CEO of Delta Air Lines Inc., US
...while Artificial Intelligence
will help with some things like
sorting data and insights, the
quality of thinking in decision
making, in team-based
interaction that creates value
for people and corporations,
is still going to be a key part of
how we do business.
Anthony Healy
CEO of Bank of New Zealand,
New Zealand
19 20th
CEO Survey
So how are CEOs addressing the skills crunch? They’re
mainly trawling in wider waters. A significant number
promote diversity and inclusiveness; seek the best people,
no matter who or where they are; and move employees
where they’re needed. Just over three quarters of CEOs have
also changed their talent strategies to reflect the skills and
employment structures their companies will require in the
future (see Figure 11).
The percentage of CEOs who agree that their company
uses technology to hire, train and retain people, or who are
exploring the future impact of technology on their people or
on the HR function itself, is considerably smaller.
But new strategies to find people and develop them will no
longer be enough. The whole system within which people
work will have to be considered. This includes reinforcing
mechanisms like pay and reward and performance-
enhancing mechanisms like coaching and feedback. But it
will also be essential to help people manage the impact of
turbulent environments, appoint executive teams that reflect
the diversity of the employee pool and create a purpose and
culture that inspire people.
Organisations will also have to collaborate with government,
educational and vocational institutes and employees to
redesign the workforce. Retaining the human element in a
more virtual world will be a prerequisite for future success.
We promote talent diversity and
inclusiveness
We’ve changed our people strategy to
reflect the skills and employment structures
we need for the future
We move talent to where we need it
We seek out the best talent regardless of
demographics or geography
We’ve added digital training to our learning
programmes
We use technology to improve our people’s
well-being
We’re rethinking our HR function
We’re exploring the benefits of humans
and machines working together
We use data analytics to find, develop
and keep people
We’re considering the impact of artificial
intelligence on future skills needs
We rely more on contractors, freelancers
and outsourcing
n Disagree strongly n Disagree n Agree n Agree strongly
621-35-11
11-22-8 28
11-17-3 39
16-7-1 47
21-12-3 44
31-9-1 43
26-6-1 51
28-4-1 50
43-2-1 45
16-16-6 36
-11-3 39 20
Figure 11: CEOs are looking more widely to find the skills they need
Q: To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about your organisation’s talent activities?
I used to say that up to the 19th
century the most important
people were those who had
liquid resources, money. In
the 20th
century world, it was
essentially the engineers, but
in the 21st
century, it is the
ones who are able to manage
talent. So talent is going to be
the driver for the 21st
century.
Ignacio S. Galán
Chairman of Iberdrola, Spain
%
Tough questions about
managing man and machine:
1.	 What parts of your business model will benefit from further automation?
2.	Is your HR function ready to adapt to managing man and machine? What’s missing from its
capabilities and how will you fix it fast?
3.	How are you going to find the rarer skills like leadership, creativity and adaptability required for
your company to innovate and build brand differentiation?
4.	Have you considered how artificial intelligence and automation will help you create competitive
advantage in your key markets?
5.	Have you redesigned your business processes so that your employees are best placed to work
seamlessly with automation to create new value?
PwC 20
21 20th
CEO Survey
Twenty years ago, trust wasn’t as high on the business
radar as it is today. In fact, we didn’t survey CEOs about it
until 2002, when the business community was reeling from
accounting fraud scandals, the bursting of the dotcom bubble
and the collapse of the equity markets. With hindsight, it
seems hard to believe that only 12% of CEOs thought public
trust in companies in their country had greatly declined, and
only 29% thought the fallout from corporate misdeeds was a
serious threat.
Since then, the financial crisis has catapulted trust into
the limelight, and the after-effects of stagnant economic
growth and spiralling debt levels continue to fuel a climate of
mistrust. The impact on CEOs has been significant: in 2013,
37% worried that lack of trust in business would harm their
company’s growth. This year, the number has jumped to
58%. The breakdown in public trust now poses a potent risk
to political, economic and social systems the world over.
Every decision and action that business leaders take –
whether it involves customers, employees, suppliers,
partners, shareholders or the wider community – has a
bearing on trust. In an increasingly transparent world
companies need a clear moral compass. Stakeholders are
keenly interested, not just in what businesses do but also in
how and why they do it. To add to our research on the trust
Gaining from connectivity
without losing trust
...organisations will change
dramatically. The arrival
of artificial intelligence, the
arrival of robotics, the arrival
of big data, the arrival of
the interrogation techniques
that are now capable of being
deployed on data, all give sort
of a new challenge but also a
new tool to businesses across
the world. We have to embrace
them. We have to recognise
that they’re here to stay and it
will only get worse.
John Patrick Hourican
CEO of Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus
I always love one of the
sayings from our founder,
Henry Ford. He said, “A
business that makes nothing
but money is a poor business,”
and so giving back is a very
important part, and that’s
how you build trust.
Mark Fields
CEO of Ford Motor Company, US
PwC 22
agenda over the last decade, this year’s CEO survey homes in
on how technology has exacerbated the challenge.
The dark side of connectivity
A sizeable number of CEOs are firmly convinced that, in
an increasingly digitalised world, it’s harder for businesses
to gain – and retain – people’s trust. They also think it’s
become more important both to run their companies in a
way that addresses wider shareholder expectations and to
establish a strong corporate purpose that’s reflected in their
organisation’s values, culture and behaviour (see Figure 12).
So which risks arising from connectivity concern CEOs
most? When ‘technology’ and ‘trust’ pop up in the same
sentence, most of us automatically think of how reputations
are made and lost overnight through mass communications.
And, indeed, 87% of CEOs believe social media could have
a negative impact on the level of stakeholder trust in their
industry over the next five years. But as new technologies
and new uses of existing technologies proliferate, they say
new dangers are emerging – and old ones are getting worse
(see Figure 13).
Figure 12: In an increasingly digitised world, there is widespread recognition that a strong corporate purpose is vital –
as well as an awareness that it’s harder to win trust
Q: In the context of an increasingly digitised world, to what extent do you agree with the following statements?
n Agree n Agree strongly
How we manage people’s data will
differentiate us 40% 24%
It’s harder for business to gain and
keep trust 46% 22%
It’s more important to run our business
in a way that accounts for wider
stakeholder expectations
52% 33%
It’s more important to have a strong
corporate purpose, that’s reflected in
our values, culture and behaviours
36% 56%
In my view, technology brings transparency, and transparency
is a good thing for our society because it allows us to shine a
bright light onto the dark spots of our society. However, we
will need to have a discussion about the Internet, because the
Internet in my view is a reflection of the good, the bad and the
evil of our society. Whilst most of the digital business models
have been designed with the best intentions in mind, they’re
now facing an ugly reality.
Helene von Roeder
CEO Germany, Austria and CEE of Credit Suisse, Germany
23 20th
CEO Survey
Data security and ethics
Many companies already collect a vast amount of customer
data, which they use to target specific customers and influence
their behaviour, often in very subtle ways. As the Internet
of Things (IoT) spreads to everything from wearables to
consumables, cars, and every conceivable part of the home,
what companies know about people will increase exponentially.
This data is an incredible asset for companies and their
customers. It enables businesses to deliver a better service,
develop closer relationships with their customers and earn
their trust. It enables customers to get more targeted offerings
and engage with companies in more meaningful ways.
But what happens if a company crosses the line between
anticipating customers’ needs and intruding on their privacy,
or if a government tries to access the data in an effort to control
security risks? And what happens if the data gets lost or stolen
and ends up in the hands of criminals? One study found that
privacy and security concerns had stopped 45% of online US
households from conducting transactions or expressing their
views via the Internet.16
Even worse, people’s physical security
could be compromised, as cars and homes become increasingly
connected. Several US government agencies have already issued
a warning about the security risks associated with smart cars.17
The growing use of data in the workplace also poses new
trust issues. As HR departments slowly but surely increase
their use of data analytics, talent management is turning
from an inexact art into a science. But monitoring employees’
activities in – and out of – work can quickly turn sour. What
are the limits of the information companies can gather? How
transparent is the use of that data in making decisions about
employee rewards or penalties?
CEOs recognise the complexity of the situation. A full 91%
say breaches of data privacy and ethics will have a negative
impact on stakeholder trust in the next five years, and
89% are already on the case. However, CEOs in the largest
companies are doing much more to address these areas than
those in the smallest firms (see Figure 13).
How people can ensure that
they own their data, that it’s
theirs and that how it’s used is
appropriate, will become the
key battleground over the next
20 years.
Craig Donaldson
CEO of Metro Bank PLC., UK
Q: To what extent do you think the following areas will
impact negatively on stakeholder trust levels in your
industry in the next five years?
Q: To what extent is your organisation addressing the
following areas today?
Cyber security breaches affecting
business information or critical
systems
38% 53%
Breaches of data privacy and
ethics 35% 55%
IT outages and disruptions 43% 47%
Artificial intelligence and
automation (including blockchain) 47% 20%
n To some extent n To a large extent All CEOs CEOs of companies with revenues $10bn CEOs of companies with revenues $100m
Figure 13: CEOs worry about a variety of digital risks and their impact on trust
9%
52%
62%
38%
30%
40% 45%
53%
44%
69%
36%
22%
41%
55%
48%
64%
37%
30%
36%
38%
45%
56%
13%
10%
84%of people say breaches of data
privacy and ethics causes them
to lose trust in companies
Source: PwC survey of 5,351 members
of the public in 22 countries, 2016.
PwC 24
Digital technology is central
to both our customer
solutions and our operating
practices. For example, we
are implementing platforms
that make it easier for our
customers to access their
information and monitor
their consumption, and to
optimise their buildings’
energy use. We also make
significant use of digital
technology to improve
industrial performance, by
implementing predictive
maintenance at our plants,
for example.
Isabelle Kocher
Directeur Général du
Groupe (CEO)
ENGIE of France
Security breaches aren’t confined to customer data; cyber
spying is now a major threat in some industries, for example.
As Ian Bremmer, President of political risk consultancy
Eurasia Group, whom we spoke to as part of our research,
says, “Twenty years ago...the web was one of the least
political areas of the market you could possibly imagine.
Today, it is perhaps the most politicised sector after defence,
and it increasingly is defence and national security.”
Businesses in key areas like infrastructure, energy and
banking are particularly prone to attacks. This explains why
so many CEOs worry that breaches affecting business-critical
information and systems could also impair public trust in
their industry. The vast majority are already taking steps
to try and forestall such problems – although, again,
it’s the largest firms that are most active in this regard
(see Figure 13).
The companies that are most effective in addressing
these issues will be those that are not only strengthening
their IT security, risk and governance strategies, but also
collaborating with government (for example, to create the
right regulatory environment for public clouds, which can
offer better end-to-end security and privacy management)
and engaging with stakeholders. They will need to decide
what levels of transparency stakeholders should be entitled
to and how to balance competing interests, as well as
educating people on how to manage their technology
footprint. Employers will also have to consider how much
information it is necessary or acceptable to gather on their
people, and how open they should be about what they’re
collecting, and why and how it will be used.
IT outages and disruptions
IT outages and disruptions are another source of concern.
If the lights go out in a world that’s heavily reliant on
technology, the consequences can be extremely disruptive.
What happens if customers can’t access their money when
they need it, or if their connected homes lock them out?
Deeply inconvenient though such incidents are, they pale
into insignificance next to the physical risks that will arise as
we become more connected. Picture, for instance, the sort of
accident that might occur as a result of a computer glitch in
one or more smart cars.
It’s no wonder so many CEOs fear that IT outages and
disruptions could impact stakeholders’ trust and why so
many are taking action. Again, it’s CEOs at the largest firms
that are dealing most actively with the issue (see Figure 13).
But addressing such risks is very difficult. The complexities
and interdependencies of enterprise systems are a big
problem.
Automation, robotics and AI
Behind automation, robots and smart machines lie
algorithms. These may be nothing more than instructions for
computers to achieve particular outcomes, but they shape
lives to a much bigger extent than many people imagine.
The way we navigate websites, how we interact with
connected devices, how the growing gig economy works:
all are influenced by code. This raises questions about what
safeguards are needed to ensure that machines carry out
human orders effectively, in the way they were intended.
It also raises various ethical questions. To what extent,
for instance, is it acceptable to influence human choices?
And can the humans who write these codes – or the
companies they work for – be trusted?
78%of people say IT outages and
disruptions causes them to
lose trust in companies
Source: PwC survey of 5,351
members of the public in 22
countries, 2016.
25 20th
CEO Survey
Such issues explain why high-profile figures in Silicon Valley are
increasingly focusing on how technology can benefit society.18
They also explain why 67% of CEOs say AI and automation will
affect trust levels in future, and why 58% are already addressing
the situation, with the CEOs of the largest companies being the
most active (see Figure 13). It will be crucial to have robust
risk and governance frameworks. It will also be important to
better integrate human and machine collaborations to oversee
algorithmic processes. But the companies that are successful
in addressing these challenges will be those that also prioritise
transparency. Without a clear idea of how rules are defined
and implemented, for example, stakeholders may question a
company’s fairness and honesty.
A trust strategy for a digital age
In some respects, digital connectivity has made us more
trusting; in the sharing economy, for example, consider how
many people let strangers stay in their homes or buy from
businesses they’ve never heard of before. In other respects,
digital connectivity has eroded trust by creating new threats
and exposing organisations to far more scrutiny. The growing
complexity of technology and the increasingly distributed
way in which we work, with greater individual autonomy,
have also made it much harder for companies to build trust
– or rebuild it, once it’s been lost. And no firm gets it right
every time, which is why effective crisis management is as
crucial as robust risk management.
But if forfeiting people’s trust is a sure-fire route to failure,
earning their trust is the single biggest enabler of success. As
an example, the take progression from assisted to augmented
to autonomous intelligence heavily which depends on how
much consumers and regulators trust machines to operate
on their own. That, in turn, depends on whether those who
create the machines have the right risk and governance
structures in place, the means to verify and validate their
claims independently and the mechanisms to engage
effectively with stakeholders.
In short, trust is an opportunity, not just a risk. Many CEOs
recognise as much: 64% – rising to 75% of those who head
companies with revenues of more than US$10bn – believe
that how their firm manages data will be a differentiating
factor in future. These CEOs understand that prioritising the
human experience in an increasingly virtual world entails
treating customers with integrity.
Trust has been a core attribute
of our company over its
lifetime. Consumers do relate
well to our brand from a trust
perspective. So therefore we
are called in to help people
harden their cyber security,
for instance, and to test it, to
help them in disaster recovery
situations and make their
businesses more robust. So,
again, that’s more a source of
opportunity to us than it is a
threat.
Alex Arena
Group Managing Director of HKT
Ltd., Hong Kong, China
Tough questions about
gaining from connectivity
without losing trust:
1.	Does your CIO know the extent to which the technology you’re investing in today will affect how
your stakeholders trust you tomorrow?
2.	What are you doing to protect customer and employee data from theft, loss or misuse – and how
robust are those strategies?
3.	How can you build the right infrastructure for collecting, managing, governing and
securing data?
4.	As cybersecurity risks increase, have you got clear protocols in place for when systems go down
and inconvenience your customers?
5.	 What can you do to measure and leverage trust in your brand as a competitive advantage?
PwC 26
27 20th
CEO Survey
For the past 20 years CEOs have been largely positive
about the impacts of globalisation on their businesses and
markets. But, by 2007, they were beginning to express
reservations about the short-term effects on society. CEOs
are still ambivalent. Today the vast majority believe that
globalisation has helped to free up flows of money, people,
goods and information, facilitate universal connectivity
and create a skilled workforce. Yet a significant number say
it’s done nothing to mitigate climate change, promote the
development of fairer tax systems or close the gap between
rich and poor (see Figure 14).
Making globalisation
work for all​
...globalisation may be
maximally efficient, but
maximum efficiency doesn’t
really care about distribution,
and so you’ve left a lot of
people behind.
Ian Bremmer
President and Founder of Eurasia
Group, US
n Not at all n To some extent n To a large extent
60
62
37
34
21
15
14
13
-3 35
33
53
54
55
49
45
38
-4
-8
-10
-20
-28
-35
-44
Improving the ease of moving capital, people, goods and information
Enabling universal connectivity
Creating a skilled and educated labour force
Facilitating universal access to infrastructure and basic services
Providing full and meaningful employment
Averting climate change and resource scarcity
Enhancing the fairness and integrity of global tax systems
Closing the gap between rich and poor
Figure 14: CEOs recognise both the benefits and downsides of globalisation
Q: To what extent has globalisation helped with the following areas?
%%
PwC 28
Nearly all CEOs believe it’s vital to address social challenges
by focusing on purposeful growth. The question is – how.
The political, economic, regulatory and social systems within
which companies operate are coming under increasing strain;
indeed, many people see them as part of the problem. In what
ways and to what extent, then, should CEOs be expanding the
scope of their leadership to help drive systemic change?
Time for business leaders to step up
We asked CEOs to tell us how they think the corporate
community can work with others to stimulate change in
areas where globalisation hasn’t produced desirable results.
The majority of CEOs say the best way for business to help
spread the benefits of globalisation more widely is to have
more and better collaboration with government. But while
they concede that companies need to work more closely
with governments, some add that governments don’t listen
very well. “Business and government need to find a non-
adversarial way to interact,” one CEO observes, which
means that executives will have to be flexible enough to find
common ground without compromising their values.
However, a small but noticeable minority of CEOs believe
that their business is too small to engage effectively, or
that there’s little business can do to effect change – despite
evidence to the contrary. There are many instances of
successful corporate collaboration with multilateral
institutions to deliver social improvements. As an example,
9,000 companies work with the UN Global Compact to
advance broader social objectives like the Sustainable
Development Goals.19
Newer, smaller platforms for multi-
stakeholder engagement have also sprung up, including
some spearheaded by the private sector. And a number of
CEOs point to a less immediately obvious source of change:
trade associations and industry bodies.
I think we face a very
dislocated next 20 years. I
think we’ll see a reversal of
some of the globalisation that
has occurred. I think we’ll see
the emergence of nationalism,
economic nationalism, in a
much more fundamental way
than we’ve seen over the last
20 years. But at the same
time, we’ll see the creation
of business models that are
much more ubiquitous in the
use of their data and their
information, much more
technologically core-driven.
But actually, that’s going to
change the nature of the type
of jobs that are available in
society, which I think will in
the beginning increase the
tension between business and
society, policymakers and
business people. So I think we
have some dangerous waters
ahead – which is why we need
to be honest about them, and
to engage in the dialogue so
that we can all navigate them.
John Patrick Hourican
CEO of Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus
New solutions to perennial problems
In fact, companies can play a valuable part in the wider
debate about the systems that govern business and society,
including the effect of technology on these systems. The
future of globalisation is clearly one topic for discussion.
Some CEOs think business has a role to play in promoting the
benefits of globalisation. Others favour localisation, seeing
the retreat from globalisation as a chance to embed a ‘glocal’
approach that benefits their markets.
Researcher, lecturer and international consultant Carlota
Perez, whom we interviewed for this year’s survey, sees tax
mechanisms as a way to balance global versus local sourcing,
as well as minimising resource consumption: “One of the
things that I have proposed is flipping VAT; instead of being
a tax on value added, which is profits and labour, flip it –
income neutrally – to materials, energy and transport, so
that every product would be taxed on its material and energy
content and on how far it has travelled. It would change the
relative costs of producing away or producing near: some
things would continue to be more competitive produced
abroad; others can be produced locally. And there would be
a proliferation of innovations in new materials and energy
sources and in how to use less of them.”
A second issue is whether the current focus on shareholder
value should be qualified. Helene von Roeder, CEO Germany,
Austria and Central Eastern Europe of financial services firm
Credit Suisse, says: “If you ask me how business can address
these challenges [of globalisation], I do believe that the
German system of a stakeholder, rather than a shareholder,
economy is a pretty good answer.” One organisation that’s
already exploring this concept is the RSA Inclusive Growth
Commission, an independent multi-stakeholder body in
the UK set up to investigate practical ways of making local
economies more inclusive and prosperous.20
We must realize that markets
cannot, by themselves, solve
the big social problems created
by a technological revolution;
government has to play a
proactive role.
Carlota Perez
Researcher, lecturer and
international consultant, UK
35%of people agree that
businesses have increased
their focus on operating in
a way that takes them and
community into account
Source: PwC survey of 5,351
members of the public in 22
countries, 2016.
29 20th
CEO Survey
Income distribution is yet another theme to be explored,
particularly given the impact of technology on human labour.
“How do we distribute wealth so it is balanced and fair?”
a CEO in Hong Kong asks. “Who are the future consumers
and what do they consume and how do they earn a living to
pay for it?” One solution put forward by economist Branko
Milanovic is to spread the ownership of capital assets more
widely: “Reducing concentration of income from capital
would imply measures to redistribute ownership...through
taxation relief to make the middle class more willing to hold
financial assets...”
Wherever the solutions may lie, if we don’t resolve
inequality issues, one CEO in the UK cautions, “The whole
[capitalist] system will be put under pressure from the
working population [which] will no longer accept the wealth
differential created today.”
Leveraging technology for social benefit
Discussion and collaboration will provide some of the
answers to these challenges, but technology can also resolve
certain issues, as some CEOs point out. And the business
world is in an ideal position to help. Take healthcare. “[The]
availability of basic and advanced care for all people is a key
issue,” says a CEO in France. “Private public partnership on
all levels should be developed to work on more effective,
Among many other
obligations, today’s CEO
has to know how to address
or manage polarity. The
customer wants a quality
product at an affordable
cost, with transparency and
a story that is consistent with
the best values in society.
Shareholders want the best,
fastest return on a product,
with better optimisation of
capital. And these are the
conflicts that create value and
generate progress, and that
are not necessarily mutually
exclusive. Herein lies the
value of management and the
reason management is paid to
provide this service.
Sergio Rial
CEO of Santander Bank, Brazil
efficient and sustainable solutions, [for example] working on
telemedicine and IT solutions to better connect patients and
care givers or to make better use of expert systems.”
Technology could help address another problem: access to
continuing education. “Government and business can work
well together to provide opportunities for workers displaced
by globalisation,” one CEO in the US comments. “[Its]
impacts need to be moderated with retraining and other
initiatives in a much larger and better-designed way.” Some
companies already collaborate with educational institutions
to co-develop courses and sponsor degrees. But technology
could ultimately transform the delivery and cost of
education, as well as its effectiveness. Online training, AI and
other tools could be used not only to raise basic standards but
also to foster skills like creativity and adaptability, which are
hard to teach in more traditional ways.
Safeguarding the future
Addressing the dangers of globalisation and technology
while capitalising on the opportunities they present is a
delicate balancing act. Many CEOs freely admit that they
struggle with this, both because they’re uncertain about the
extent of their company’s social obligations and because
greater emphasis on shareholder value has made it far more
difficult to prioritise long- over short-term performance.21
I think there’s two trends, one
that will impede in the shorter
term is the rise of populism,
which I worry about, the rise
of people closing their borders
to some degree. And then the
second is the rise of disruptive
technologies, which generally
are a good thing for the world,
but they can have an impact
on employment in particular,
as the technologies work
through industries.
Mark Machin
President  CEO of Canada
Pension Plan Investment Board
(CPPIB), Canada
75%of people believe that globalisation has helped to create
a skilled and educated workforce (of which 29% believed to
a large extent)
Source: PwC survey of 5,351 members of the public in 22 countries, 2016.
54%of people don’t think growth matters much, if at all, for their well-being
Source: PwC survey of 5,351 members of the public in 22 countries, 2016.
PwC 30
But the events of the past year have shown us just how
interconnected the interests of shareholders and other
stakeholders really are. Businesses that ignore the power of
the people will jeopardise the growth they seek. Conversely,
businesses that respond effectively – by articulating their
purpose, anticipating risks and adhering to the values they
profess – will thrive.
And what about the CEO’s personal role in all of this? CEOs
will certainly require different skills. When we spoke to 216
young business leaders last year, 44% thought one of the
core attributes that would be needed by future CEOs was the
ability to give and receive feedback.22
Tomorrow’s business
leaders will also have to be able to collaborate widely
and embrace more decentralised decision-making. The
expanding C-suite is evidence of this trend. Over the past 20
years, it’s doubled in size and changed beyond recognition.
The next 20 years may bring further expansion, with
additional roles such as that of Chief Privacy Officer or Chief
Relationship Officer, and more diversity in the boardroom.23
In 1998, we concluded that these were ‘great times in which
to be a global CEO’. The corporation was ‘ascendant around
the globe’ – and this, we thought, was the ‘mortar of a better
and more harmonious and less divided planet than in the
past’. Our statement clearly needs updating. While we believe
these can still be great times in which to be a global CEO, we
also think a paradigm shift in the role of business is required
to produce that better, more harmonious, less divided
planet. The ascendancy of corporations around the globe
has contributed to prosperity; it’s created jobs, raised living
standards and delivered innovative products and services
that have bettered lives. But that’s no longer enough.
In the headlong rush to reap the benefits of technology
and globalisation, the human factor has been lost. It’s time
for CEOs to step forward and help safeguard the future by
ensuring the benefits of business go to everyone.
I think looking forward over
the next 20 years is always
hard. Nobody has a crystal
ball. But with what we’ve
seen around globalisation
and technology globalisation,
I think it will continue –
whether or not there is a
backlash against it.
Craig Donaldson
CEO of Metro Bank PLC., UK
With the changes happening
right now, I think I’m
privileged to live under
these circumstances because
so much will happen in
the coming 10 years. It’s a
privilege to live in this time
period, and the opportunities
it creates are massive. But
there are going to be a lot of
winners and a lot of losers,
of that I’m certain. Hopefully
we’re amongst the winners.
Thomas von Koch
Managing Partner of EQT,
Sweden
64%of people believe globalisation
has helped create full and
meaningful employment
Source: PwC survey of 5,351 members of the
public in 22 countries, 2016.
Tough questions about
making globalisation open
for all:
31 20th CEO Survey
1.	Have you assessed the impact current sentiment about globalisation will have on your
organisation’s ability to compete globally?
2.	Are you making the most of your reporting to ensure all your stakeholders are aware of your
initiatives to support workforce, communities and social initiatives?
3.	Have you evaluated your global tax strategies recently to consider the impacts of public and
government views on tax obligations to support public services?
4.	How do your investments in innovation align to the important problems at the core of
your purpose?
5.	How can businesses and governments work together to help those who’ve been disenfranchised
by globalisation?
32 20th
CEO Survey
Looking for more data?
n 2017 n 2016
Base: All respondents (2017=1,379; 152; 294; 493; 163; 147; 50; 80;
2016=1,409, 146, 314, 476, 169, 170, 47, 87)
n To a large extent n To some extent n Not at all
Base: Respondents who stated ‘decrease’ at Q7a (224)
Respondents who answered very confident
Figure B: Organic growth and cost reduction are the
top two activities CEOs are planning in order to drive
corporate growth or profitability
Q: Which of the following activities, if any, are you planning in the coming
12 months in order to drive corporate growth or profitability?
Figure C: Of the CEOs who plan to decrease headcount
over 80% indicated it could be a result of automation and
other technologies
Q: Which of the following activities, if any, are you planning in the coming
12 months in order to drive corporate growth or profitability?
Figure A: Short-term confidence has risen most in
North America  Latin America
Q: How confident are you about your company’s prospects for revenue growth
over the next 12 months?
Cost reduction
New strategic alliance or joint venture
New MA
Collaborate with entrepreneurs or start-ups
Outsourcing
Sell a business or exit a market
None of the above
Organic growth
79%
38%
39%
40%
37%
40%
38%
38%
29%
35%
32%
36%
36%
30%
37%
34%
38%
62%
48%
41%
28%
17%
15%
1%
Global
North America
Western
Europe
Asia Pacific
Latin America
CEE
Middle East
Africa
25%
19%
55%
PwC 33
Figure D: Uncertain economic growth has displaced over-regulation as the top threat
Q: How concerned are you about the following economic, policy, social, environmental and business threats to your
organisation’s growth prospects?
Uncertain economic growth
Over-regulation
Availability of key skills
Geopolitical uncertainty
Speed of technological change
Exchange rate volatility
Increasing tax burden
Social instability
Changing consumer behaviour
Cyber threats
Protectionism
Readiness to respond to a crisis
New market entrants
Lack of trust in business
Future of the Eurozone
Volatile commodity prices
Terrorism
Inadequate basic infrastructure
Climate change and
environmental damage
Supply chain disruption
Volatile energy costs
Unemployment
Access to affordable capital
n Not concerned at all n Not very concerned n Somewhat concerned n Extremely concerned
15
15
20
20
20
16
16
16
34
31
31
31
29
29
24
24
26
42
19
19
15
16
17
49
37
45
43
42
38
39
44
40
40
40
35
35
35
32
33
30
27
34
43
42
39
38
-2
-3
-3
-4
-6
-6
-6
-7
-7
-8
-10
-6
-10
-9
-12
-12
-12
-14
-13
-12
-15
-24
-13
-15
-16
-20
-21
-23
-23
-25
-25
-27
-30
-29
-34
-31
-32
-31
-31
-31
-32
-33
-34
-38
-38
-39
Figure F: CEOs display varying degrees of digital literacy and adoption
Q: To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about your personal use of technology?
n Disagree strongly n Disagree n Agree n Agree strongly
I consume digital media more than print media
I have strong digital skills
I use home automation systems
I’m active on social media
I personally make most of my purchases
online
I use robotics in my home (e.g. vacuum,
mower)
I am an active gamer
-11-2
-2 -12
-23
-25
-26
-27
-33 9
24
31
34
35
42
40 29
13
11
9
9
8
1-38
-23
-6
-10
-7
%
Figure E: The top three threats to trust are likely to be cyber security  data privacy
breaches and IT disruptions
Q: To what extent do you think the following areas will impact negatively on stakeholder trust levels in your industry in the
next five years?
n To a large extent
IT outages and disruptions
Risks from use of social media
Confusion around who owns digital assets
Artificial intelligence and automation
(including blockchain)
Uncertainty about how tax laws apply to
digital assets
Gene technologies
Cyber security breaches affecting business
information or critical systems
53
Breaches in data privacy and ethics 55
47
38
20
20
17
13
%
%
Francesco Venturini
CEO
Enel Green Power, Italy
Helene von Roeder
CEO Germany, Austria
and CEE
Credit Suisse, Germany
Ignacio S. Galán
Chairman
Iberdrola, Spain
Isabelle Kocher
Directeur Général du
Groupe (CEO)
ENGIE, France
Brian Conroy
President
Fidelity International, UK
Dr. Charles Zhang
Chairman of the Board
 CEO
Sohu.com Inc., China
Craig Donaldson
CEO
Metro Bank PLC., UK
Edward H. Bastian
CEO
Delta Air Lines Inc., US
Alex Arena
Group Managing Director
HKT Ltd., Hong Kong,
China
Alexey Marey
Member of the Board of
Directors and CEO
Alfa-Bank, Russia
Ângelo Paupério
CEO
Sonae SGPS, Portugal
Anthony Healy
CEO
Bank of New Zealand,
New Zealand
34 20th
CEO Survey
Meet the CEOs
We met with 20 CEOs and 3 thought leaders from
around the world face to face to discuss their views
on the issues explored in this report.
Thomas von Koch
Managing Partner
EQT, Sweden
Peter Harrison
Group Chief Executive
Schroders plc., UK
Rainer Seele
CEO
OMV AG, Austria
Sergio Rial
CEO
Santander Bank, Brazil
John Patrick Hourican
CEO
Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus
Jorge Mario Velásquez
Jaramillo
CEO
Grupo Argos S.A.,
Colombia
Mark Fields
CEO
Ford Motor Company, US
Mark Machin
President  CEO
Canada Pension Plan
Investment Board (CPPIB),
Canada
PwC 35
Meet the
thought leaders
Branko Milanovic
Visiting Presidential
Professor and LIS Senior
Scholar, The Graduate
Center, City University of
New York, US
Carlota Perez
Researcher, lecturer and
international consultant,
UK
Ian Bremmer
President and Founder
Eurasia Group, US
36 20th
CEO Survey
Research methodology
and contacts
The lower threshold for all companies included in the top ten countries (by GDP) was 500
employees or revenues of more than US $50 million. The threshold for companies included
in the next 20 countries was companies with more than 100 employees or revenues of more
than $10 million.
•	 36% of companies had revenues of $1 billion or more
•	 38% of companies had revenues of over $100 million up to $1 billion
•	 21% of companies had revenues of up to $100 million
•	 57% of companies were privately owned
Notes:
•	Not all figures add up to 100%, due to rounding of percentages and exclusion of ‘neither/
nor’ and ‘don’t know’ responses.
•	 The base for figures is 1,379 (all respondents) unless otherwise stated.
We also conducted face-to-face in-depth interviews with 20 CEOs from five continents
over the fourth quarter of 2016. Their interviews are quoted in this report, and more
extensive extracts can be found on our website at ceosurvey.pwc where you can explore
responses by sector and location.
In addition, we surveyed 5,351 members of the public from 22 countries. The interviews
were conducted in December 2016 using an online survey community of global consumers.
We’ve conducted 1,379 interviews with CEOs in 79 countries. Our sample is weighted by
national GDP, to ensure CEOs’ views are fairly represented across all major countries. The
interviews were also spread across a range of industries. Further details, by region and industry,
are available on request. Twenty-eight percent of the interviews were conducted by telephone,
63% online and 9% by post or face-to-face. All quantitative interviews were conducted on a
confidential basis.
For further information on the survey
content, please contact:
Suzanne Snowden
Director, Global Thought Leadership
+44 20 7212 5481
suzanne.snowden@pwc.com
For media-related enquiries,
please contact:
Mike Davies
Director, Global Communications
+44 20 7804 2378
mike.davies@pwc.com
North
America
152 interviews
(11%)
Latin
America
163 interviews
(12%)
Asia Pacific
493 interviews
(36%)
Middle
East and
Africa
130 interviews
(9%)
Western
Europe
29 interviews
(21%)
Central
and Eastern
Europe
147 interviews
(11%)
1,379interviews completed in
2016 across
79countries between 26 Sept
and 5 Dec 2016
2,900members of the PwC’s Global
CEO Panel were invited to
participate via the online
survey, contributing to the
total online responses
PwC 37
Acknowledgements
and thanks
We’d also like to thank the following PwC
individuals for their insights
Alan Morrison, Anand Rao, Bhushan Sethi, Bill Cobourn,
Blair Sheppard, Bob Moritz, Carol Stubbings, Colm Kelly,
Dave Burg, Dennis Chesley, Frank Lyn, Gary Neilson,
Grant Waterfall, Henrique Luz, John Hawksworth,
John Sviokla, Jon Williams, Kevin Burrowes, Kevin Ellis,
Leo Johnson, Miles Everson, Norbert Schwieters,
Norbert Winkeljohann, Per-Ola Karlsson, Raymund Chao,
Reggie Walker, Richard Oldfield, Richard Sexton,
Scott Olsen, Stephanie Hyde, Tim Ryan
Editorial board
Suzanne Snowden (Programme Director)
Natasha Cambell (Industry Management)
Poh-Khim Cheah (Editorial Lead)
Emily Church
Emily Litz
Jade Hopkins
Jenna Rogers
Justine Brown
Jill Peacock
Katrina Kersey
Kieran McCann
Laurie A Schive
Nick Jones
Nidhi Sinha
Olesya Hatop
Oriana Pound
Rebecca Pratley
Rowena Mearley
Sanjukta Mukherjee
Scott Gillespie
Spencer Herbst
Programme management, in-depth
interviews and territory engagement
Angela Lang (Programme and Territory Management)
Penny Rich
Valentina Hovhannisyan
Communications, online and multimedia
Charlotte Kuhn (Communications Lead)
Lesley Hornung (Online  Multimedia Management)
Ashley Hislop
Lynette Ho
Paren Bhatt
Prudence Wolfeld
Research and data analysis
PwC UK’s Research to Insight (r2i) unit, Belfast,
Northern Ireland
38 20th
CEO Survey
Endnotes
1	Growth in world merchandise exports between 1995 and 2014 in World Trade
Organisation, International Trade Statistics 2015 (2015): 14; Growth in internet traffic
data (including both internet and non-internet IP traffic) between 1992 and 2015 in Cisco
Visual Networking Index [or VNI], The Zettabyte Era: Trends and Analysis (July 2016): 7.
2	Esteban Ortiz-Ospina and Max Roser, “World Poverty,” OurWorldInData.org (2016),
accessed December 15, 2016, https://ourworldindata.org/world-poverty/; Jos Verbeek,
“Increasingly, inequality within, not across, countries is rising,” The World Bank (October
2, 2015), accessed December 15, 2016, http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/
increasingly-inequality-within-not-across-countries-rising.
3	The Economist, “Towards the end of poverty” (June 1, 2013), accessed December 9, 2016,
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21578665-nearly-1-billion-people-have-been-
taken-out-extreme-poverty-20-years-world-should-aim.
4	Manufacturing jobs data from European Commission’s Directorate General for Economic
and Financial Affairs, Annual macro-economic database (2016), accessed December
20, 2016, http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/db_indicators/ameco/index_en.htm;
income inequality data from Global Consumption and Income Project, accessed December
20, 2016, http://gcip.info/.
5	Branko Milanovic, Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization
(Cambridge, Massachusetts,  London: Harvard University Press, 2016): 11, 19, 21  22.
6	 Verbeek, op. cit.
7	BBC News, “Trump says US to quit TPP on first day in office” (November 22, 2016),
accessed December 9, 2016, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38059623.
8	PwC’s latest “World in 2050” report, to be published in February 2017, will give an update
on our views on long-term global growth in the major advanced and emerging economies.
For our earlier views, see the 2015 edition here: http://www.pwc.com/world2050.
9	International Federation of Robotics press release, “World Robotics Report 2016”
(September 29, 2016), accessed December 10, 2016, http://www.ifr.org/news/ifr-press-
release/world-robotics-report-2016-832/.
10	UN Industrial Development Organisation, Industrial Development Report 2016 (2015):
13  190.
11	Eric Newcomer and Alex Webb, “Uber Self-Driving Truck Packed With Budweiser Makes
First Delivery in Colorado,” Bloomberg Technology (October 25, 2016), accessed December
15, 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-25/uber-self-driving-
truck-packed-with-budweiser-makes-first-delivery-in-colorado; Rupert Neate, “Amazon
Go store lets shoppers pick up goods and walk out,” The Guardian (December 5, 2016),
accessed December 15, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/dec/05/
amazon-go-store-seattle-checkouts-account.
12	 PwC, “CEO20 Public Survey” (2016).
13	Clive Cookson, “AI and robots threaten to unleash mass unemployment, scientists warn,”
Financial Times Ltd. (February 14, 2016), accessed December 10, 2016, https://www.
ft.com/content/063c1176-d29a-11e5-969e-9d801cf5e15b; Phoenix Kwong, “Artificial
intelligence won’t replace humans anytime soon, say China’s tech leaders,” South China
Morning Post (November 18, 2016), accessed December 10, 2016, http://www.scmp.
com/business/companies/article/2047281/artificial-intelligence-wont-replace-humans-
anytime-soon-say.
PwC 39
14	Melanie Arntz, Terry Gregory and Ulrich Zierahn, “The Risk of Automation for Jobs in
OECD Countries: A Comparative Analysis,” OECD Social, Employment and Migration
Working Papers, No. 189 (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2016); Citi GPS and Oxford Martin
School, Technology at Work v2.0: The Future Is Not What It Used To Be (January 2016): 7.
15	Hal Sirkin, “It May Surprise You Which Countries Are Replacing Workers With Robots the
Fastest,” The Huffington Post (May 21, 2016), accessed December 10, 2016, http://www.
huffingtonpost.com/hal-sirkin/robots-workers-countries_b_9992960.html?1463577708.
16	Dan Munro, “New Survey Highlights Startling Erosion Of Online Trust,” Forbes
(May 15 2016), accessed December 15, 2016, http://www.forbes.com/sites/
danmunro/2016/05/15/new-survey-highlights-startling-erosion-of-online-
trust/#5fa2dda75e67.
17	Andy Greenberg, “The FBI Warns That Car Hacking Is a Real Risk,” Wired (March 17,
2016), accessed December 15, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/03/fbi-warns-car-
hacking-real-risk/.
18	Juliette Powell, “An Advocate of Deep Learning,” strategy+business (June 28, 2016),
accessed December 29, 2016, http://www.strategy-business.com/article/An-Advocate-
of-Deep-Learning?gko=2d725; Peter Dockrill, “Elon Musk launches US$1 billion AI
company to ‘benefit humanity’ and avoid robot wars,” Science Alert (December 14, 2015),
accessed December 29, 2016, http://www.sciencealert.com/elon-musk-launches-us-1-
billion-ai-company-to-benefit-humanity-and-avoid-robot-wars.
19	United Nations Global Compact, “Our Mission,” accessed December 15, 2016, https://
www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/mission.
20	Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, “Inclusive
Growth Commission,” accessed December 15, 2016, https://www.thersa.org/action-
and-research/rsa-projects/public-services-and-communities-folder/inclusive-growth-
commission.
21	In our 19th
Annual Global CEO Survey, for example, 67% of CEOs said that their purpose
centred on creating value for wider stakeholders, but 45% thought that costs were a
barrier in responding to stakeholders’ expectations.
22	PwC, “Tomorrow’s leaders today” (2016), accessed December 15, 2016, http://www.pwc.
com/gx/en/ceo-agenda/ceosurvey/2016/aiesec.html.
23	PwC, “Who’s at the table? The C-suite and 20 years of change” (2016), accessed
December 15, 2016, http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/ceo-agenda/ceosurvey/20th-
anniversary/the-evolution-of-the-c-suite.html.
ceosurvey.pwc
At PwC, our purpose is to build trust in society and solve important problems. We’re a network of firms in 157 countries with more than 223,000 people who are
committed to delivering quality in assurance, advisory and tax services. Find out more and tell us what matters to you by visiting us at www.pwc.com.
This publication has been prepared for general guidance on matters of interest only, and does not constitute professional advice. You should not act upon the
information contained in this publication without obtaining specific professional advice. No representation or warranty (express or implied) is given as to the
accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this publication, and, to the extent permitted by law, PwC does not accept or assume any liability,
responsibility or duty of care for any consequences of you or anyone else acting, or refraining to act, in reliance on the information contained in this publication
or for any decision based on it.
PwC refers to the PwC network and/or one or more of its member firms, each of which is a separate legal entity. Please see www.pwc.com/structure for
further details.
©2017 PwC. All rights reserved.

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Etude PwC "20ème édition de la CEO Survey" - Janvier 2017

  • 1. ceosurvey.pwc 20th CEO Survey Competing in an age of divergence p6 / Managing man and machine p15 / Gaining from connectivity without losing trust p21 / Making globalisation work for all​p27 1,379CEOs interviewed in 79 countries 44%of CEOs say globalisation has not helped to close the gap between rich and poor 69%of CEOs say it’s harder for businesses to sustain trust in the digital age 20 years inside the mind of the CEO... What’s next?
  • 2. 2 20th CEO Survey Demographic shifts, rapid urbanisation, a realignment of global economic and business activity, and a scarcity of resources, are among the megatrends affecting the world that we have been studying for the past 20 years. These are the shifts that have affected the CEO’s mindset. Since we began our survey, globalisation and technology have jointly enabled a massive increase in trade and financial flows and global online traffic. This level of interconnectivity has raised engagement with stakeholders and forced society to think about how information is accessed and consumed. Increased transparency demands a new way of communicating, a higher level of accountability, an elevated approach to leadership, and indeed, a deeper focus on trust, purpose and the inherent human connection that has brought us closer together. But great convergence has come with the potential for great divergence. In last year’s survey, most CEOs foresaw a world divided by multiple beliefs and frameworks. 2016 brought into sharp focus the tangible ways in which these differences play out. Surprising voting results put pressure on established blocs, and today, the global systems which support trade are creaking at the seams. Recent events have also revealed the extent of public discontent over the gap in skills, jobs and income inequality, among a host of local issues that have stemmed from globalisation and technology. Despite greater interconnectivity, and often as a result of it, sections of the populace feel unheard and under-represented in the decision-making process. There is a growing disconnect from leadership, leading to mistrust and cynicism of traditional bodies, both in public and private sectors. But there is still much to be optimistic about. The pattern of growth in the world is shifting. Indeed, optimism in CEOs remains high relative to the environment. They are focused on growth, leading to greater innovation. Demand remains strong in many emerging markets – and is likely to stay that way for some time to come. This is especially true in Asia, where populations are growing, disposable incomes are rising and urbanisation will likely continue. Our 20th CEO survey explores what executives in 2017 think about three imperatives: managing man and machine to create a workforce that’s fit for the digital age; preserving organisational trust in a world of increasingly virtual interactions; and making globalisation work for everyone by ensuring the benefits are distributed more fairly. Introduction from Bob Moritz For the last two decades, PwC has asked business leaders everywhere about the trends reshaping business and society. As we mark the 20th year of our annual CEO survey, we’ve observed just how much the world has changed.
  • 3. PwC 3 The challenge common to all three imperatives is leadership. In a time of heightened anxieties juxtaposed with the highest levels of transparency we have experienced, how leaders engage with employees and stakeholders (both public and private) has never been more important. Strategy can no longer be an approach of simply numbers and bottom lines; strategy must be built upon a long-term vision of growth, access, equality, innovation, and the human endeavour. The last of these is arguably the most important because linked to it is the critical concept of trust. Since the inception of our survey, the definition of trust has changed – specifically, expanded. The days where the CEO of a company was rarely accessible to the end customer or was able to get sanitised feedback are gone, as are the days where the consumer had little sight into how a product was produced and a supply chain crafted. Today, executive teams need to fully grasp the ethical and moral implications of their decisions, and communicate their actions with integrity. Trust must also be paramount between supervisors and employees. The contemporary worker is keenly aware of the importance of purpose – and is demanding clarity on not just the “how” of the company, but the “why.” Enduring winners will be leaders who develop a two-way relationship – whether with customers, employees, or society at large – based on reliability and ethical behaviour. The ascendancy of corporations around the globe has boosted prosperity: it’s created jobs, raised living standards and delivered pioneering products and services that have improved people’s lives. Now, however, we are at an inflection point. A new reality is setting in and each of us must rethink how we act. Specifically for CEOs, it is time to raise the role of business in society and engage more broadly to help government and the public. It is time to step forward with their own solutions and collaborate with multiple players in society to boost trust and build the world we need for the future – because if executed properly, business is a force for good. I’d like to thank the almost 1,400 CEOs from approximately 80 countries who have generously given us their insights. We’re particularly grateful to the 20 CEOs who engaged in deeper and more detailed conversations with us. You’ll see their comments throughout this report. We hope you’ll find plenty of food for thought – and action – in the following pages, and in all our work on ceosurvey.pwc. Bob E. Moritz Global Chairman, PwC
  • 4. 20 years inside the mind of the CEO 4 20th CEO Survey
  • 5. Section two Competing in an age of divergence 6 Managing man and machine 15 Gaining from connectivity without losing trust 21 Making globalisation work for all​ 27 Section three Section four Further reading Globalisation disrupted? 8 Changing markets 9 Realists – or naïve 11 optimists? Standing at the crossroads 13 Wanted: More technology 16 and more people Creativity can’t be coded 18 The dark side of connectivity 22 Data security and ethics 23 IT outages and disruptions 24 Automation, robotics 24 and AI A trust strategy for a 25 digital age Time for business leaders to 28 step up New solutions to perennial 28 problems Leveraging technology for 29 social benefit Safeguarding the future 29 Looking for more data? 32 Meet the CEOs 34 Meet the thought leaders 35 Research methodology and 36 contacts Acknowledgements and 37 thanks Endnotes 38 PwC 5 Section one
  • 6. 6 20th CEO Survey Over the past 20 years CEOs have witnessed tremendous upheavals as a result of globalisation and technological change. Both were core to our enquiries when we conducted our first Annual Global CEO Survey back in 1997. Since then, trade flows have quadrupled and global internet traffic has risen by a factor of 17.5 million.1 The twin forces of globalisation and technological progress have helped to boost living standards and lessen inequality between countries.2 And, in what’s perhaps the most remarkable achievement of all, they’ve lifted a billion people out of extreme poverty.3 But greater convergence has come with greater divergence, as CEOs have long predicted. In 2009, when we first asked CEOs about the risks associated with various global trends, 46% thought governments would become more protectionist; 73% expected other countries to challenge the G8’s dominance; and 76% anticipated a rise in political and religious tensions. And by the time we published our last survey in January 2016, most CEOs foresaw a world in which multiple beliefs, value systems, laws and liberties, banking systems and trading blocs would prevail (see Figure 1). Competing in an age of divergence Figure 1: What’s the world coming to? Q: For each alternative, select the one you believe the world is moving more towards Source: PwC, 19th Annual Global CEO Survey. Base: All respondents (1,409) Political unions Nationalism and devolved nations53%39% Economic unions and unified economic models Multiple economic models 35% 59% Single global marketplace Regional trading blocs22% 75% Single global rule of law and liberties Multiple rules of law and liberties 15% 81% Common global beliefs and value systems Multiple beliefs and value systems 14% 83% Free and open access to the internet Fragmented access to the internet 72% 25% A global world bank Regional investment banks 15% 79%
  • 7. PwC 7 Little did we know just how much world events would prove them right. The UK referendum on EU membership in June 2016 and the US presidential election in November 2016 exposed deep divisions among voters. They also revealed the extent of public discontent over job losses in some industrial sectors and rising income inequality, to which globalisation and technology have contributed, as well as profound mistrust of ‘the establishment’, however defined.4 In fact, an analysis by economist Branko Milanovic, whom we interviewed as part of our research for this year’s study, shows how unevenly the benefits of globalisation have been distributed. Milanovic found that the biggest gains have gone to a small, increasingly rich elite in the industrialised nations and to Asia’s rising middle class, while the main losers have been lower-income people in developed countries.5 A number of emerging countries are also experiencing greater income inequality, while depressed commodities prices (relative to mid-2014 peaks) are raising questions about over-dependence on global trade.6 These factors, together with high unemployment, resource shortages and other challenges, have triggered conflict in some parts of the world. But what we’re seeing isn’t a one-way street. Some forces are linking the world more closely, even as others are causing rifts. Digital connectivity is one example of the former (although it has also contributed to the rise in outsourcing and job losses). Certain countries will always reach out globally because they can’t produce everything they need. And many will continue to collaborate on borderless issues like security and the environment. Simply put, the world has become more complex. Globalisation and technological advances demand a new style of leadership to manage heightened anxieties. The enduring winners will be those who can successfully navigate technology and preserve the human touch. Competitive advantage will go to those with the greatest capacity to build relationships built on trust, which comes from sharing deep, sustainable values and purpose. I think that businesses over the last 10 or 20 years have ridden the wave of globalisation and certainly with recent events that trend is either being challenged or reversing. Brian Conroy President of Fidelity International, UK So many things have changed in the last 20 years that it is not easy to identify only one that is much more important than the others. But if I had to choose, I would probably say the Internet. It has changed our lives in so many dimensions, namely in the way companies are run and in different factors that affect businesses and society. Ângelo Paupério CEO of Sonae SGPS, Portugal
  • 8. 8 20th CEO Survey This connection with the emotional quotient can only come from having a clear understanding of how we think of trust today. Transparency has become a key consideration of how business leaders engage with stakeholders. In an increasingly transparent world, executive teams need to get better at fully grasping the ethical implications of their decisions and actions, and developing the moral muscle to make the right decisions and stand behind them. It’s time for leaders to step forward and be counted, and to collaborate effectively with governments around the world. Globalisation disrupted? Between 1980 and 2007, global trade grew much faster than global GDP; since then it’s been lagging for the first time in many years (see Figure 2). Globalisation is no longer driving growth to the degree it once did. Why not? The economic axis has shifted, making international co-operation more intricate; China’s rebalancing has hit demand for commodities; and regulatory measures introduced in the wake of the financial crisis have dented cross-border capital flows. But it’s arguably the views of the public – and their potential impact on national policies – which could slow the pace of globalisation most of all. Trade agreements could be most seriously affected. The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), signed in February 2016 but yet to be ratified, and the draft Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) have been widely opposed in many of the countries involved. Indeed, President-elect Donald Trump has vowed to withdraw the US from the TPP.7 Even limited opposition can derail talks, as was nearly the case with the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between the EU and Canada. The world’s changed a lot in 20 years, there’s no doubt about that. If you look on the grander scale, we’ve seen probably the high-water mark of globalisation. Alex Arena Group Managing Director of HKT Ltd., Hong Kong, China Figure 2: World trade is now growing more slowly than world GDP Sources: IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2016: PwC analysis 2012-15 %perannumincreaseinvolumeofworldGDP andgoodsandservicestrade n World GDP n World trade 1981-90 1991-2000 2001-07 2008-11 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0%
  • 9. CEOs are well aware of what’s shaping public sentiment. They’ve long acknowledged the growing gap between rich and poor: in our 2009 survey, 70% thought inequality would rise. Now, 44% say globalisation has made no difference at all in levelling the playing field. And many worry that increasing hostility to globalisation will cause governments to look inwards; indeed, 58% believe it’s already becoming harder to compete on the world stage as a result of more closed national policies. Changing markets So, if global trade is slowing down, where are CEOs currently looking for opportunities to expand? Twenty years ago, it was relatively easy to determine where to look for global growth. CEOs saw emerging markets as a sure ticket to success; in fact, they were the only markets our earliest survey focused on. More recently, however, CEOs have turned to a broader mix of countries (see Figure 3).8 PwC 9 Despite these regressions caused by anti-globalisation, counter-market forces or planned economies, the impetus for strong market forces is irreversible, and it continues to march forward. As time goes by, whatever happens, China will continue moving towards a fully free market and this cannot be stopped. Dr. Charles Zhang Chairman of the Board & CEO of Sohu.com Inc., China ...I believe that businesses in general are going through a time of greater volatility and uncertainty. All you have to do is look at recent events... Jorge Mario Velásquez Jaramillo CEO of Grupo Argos S.A., Colombia Figure 3: CEOs are looking at a mix of countries for growth Q: Which three countries, excluding the one in which you are based, do you consider most important for your organisation’s overall growth prospects over the next 12 months? Source: PwC, 14th Annual Global CEO Survey and 20th CEO Survey. Base: All respondents (2017=1,379; 2011=1,201) GermanyChinaUS 2017 2011 MexicoUKRussiaGermanyIndiaBrazilUSChina ArgentinaFrance 43% 39% 33% 21% 17% 19% 18% 15% 8% 7% 7% 7% 6% 6% 5% 5% 5% 4% 12% 10% JapanUK AustraliaFranceMexicoBrazilIndia
  • 10. 10 20th CEO Survey There’s a solid rationale for this approach: the opportunity- risk profiles of different nations are becoming both more distinctive and more changeable, dictating the need for more considered growth strategies. The US surged ahead as CEOs’ top choice three years ago and is doing well economically. Yet it faces challenges as it redefines its role on the world stage. China remains a priority but, for all its reforms and growing regional influence, is dealing with a worrying debt bubble. And the UK is even more popular than it was last year, although it will have to cope with considerable uncertainty as it negotiates its exit from the EU. Over time CEOs have become less enthusiastic about India, perhaps because structural reforms have been slow to come (and there have been recent short-term difficulties with its rupee conversion programme). Nevertheless, it still stands out for its robust growth and monetary and fiscal reforms. Brazil has also taken a tumble in the rankings and is grappling with a deep recession, but is starting to turn things around. Meanwhile, Russia has fallen out of the top ten entirely an is reeling from depressed oil prices, although it’s slowly making headway. Volatility – yes, unpredictability – yes, but, that is, in my opinion, what is now part and parcel of our daily practice. That is, there is a need to adapt businesses to continue operating even under conditions of the highest uncertainty. To make ten-year plans would currently be a utopian endeavour. Alexey Marey Member of the Board of Directors and CEO of Alfa-Bank, Russia Figure 4: Uncertain economic growth and over-regulation are top concerns for CEOs Q: How concerned are you about the following economic, policy, social, environmental and business threats to your organisation’s growth prospects? Top ten threats Top four risers since 2015 Uncertain economic growth 82% Over-regulation 80% Availability of key skills 77% Geopolitical uncertainty 74% Speed of technological change 70% Increasing tax burden 68% Exchange rate volatility 70% Social instability 68% Changing consumer behaviour 65% Cyber threats 61% n Respondents who answered somewhat or extremely concerned Base: All respondents (2017=1,379; 2016=1,409; 2015=1,322) Social instability 60 65 68 Speed of technological change 58 61 70 Lack of trust in business (Industry 2012) 53 55 58 Changing consumer behaviours 60 60 65
  • 11. PwC 11 Realists – or naïve optimists? No wonder CEOs are so concerned about economic and geopolitical uncertainties. Over-regulation and skills shortages are also high on their worry lists, and apprehensions about the speed of technological change have mounted most over the past few years (see Figure 4). Indeed, one key feature of the current environment is just how hard it is to read; a single event could trigger a need for wholesale strategic changes. Yet despite these concerns, CEOs have become surprisingly optimistic. In late 1997, when we completed our first survey, only a third of the participants were very confident about their company’s three-year revenue outlook, even though they were riding the wave of an extraordinary bull market. This year, by contrast, 51% of CEOs are extremely positive about the longer-term prospects for revenue growth, and 38% are very upbeat about the immediate outlook, up from 35% last year (see Figure 5). Figure 5: CEOs’ confidence has grown over time Q: How confident are you about your company’s prospects for revenue growth over the next 12 months? Q: How confident are you about your company’s prospects for revenue growth over the next 3 years? Q: Do you believe global economic growth will improve, stay the same or decline over the next 12 months? 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 CEOs very confident in 12-month revenue prospects CEOs very confident in 3-year revenue prospects CEOs confident global economic growth will improve N/A Base: All respondents (2016=1,409; 2015=1,322; 2014=1,344; 2013=1,330; 2012=1,258; 2011=1,201; 2010=1,198; 2009=1,124; 2008=1,150; 2007=1,084; 2006 (not asked); 2005=1,324; 2004=1,386; 2000=1,020; 1999=1,379 and 1998=377) Please note: From 2012-2014 respondents were asked ‘Do you believe the global economy will improve, stay the same or decline over the next 12 months?’ 33% 27% 34% 44% 42% 34% 50%50% 52% 51% 51% 38% 35% 39% 37% 39% 44% 36%40% 15% 18% 27% 29% 21% 26% 41% 31% 31% 48% 47% 46% 46% 49% 49%
  • 12. 12 20th CEO Survey Figure 6: Organic growth and cost reduction are the top two activities CEOs are planning to drive corporate growth or profitability Q: Which of the following activities, if any, are you planning in the coming 12 months in order to drive corporate growth or profitability? 79% 62% Figure 7: CEOs are focusing on innovation Q: Given the business environment you’re in, which one of the following do you most want to strengthen in order to capitalise on new opportunities? Competitive advantage Human capital Digital and technology capabilities Customer experience Innovation 23% Talent InnovationTechnology + = 15% 15% 10% 10% Why such optimism? CEOs have undoubtedly had to cope with very stormy conditions, so perhaps natural selection has played a part; anyone who reaches the top has already adapted to uncertainty. Alternatively, perhaps, CEOs have learned to look for the upside and seize on the opportunities uncertainty brings. One thing is clear; they’re not waiting things out. CEOs recognise that it’s not enough to focus on organic growth and cost reductions alone, important though these are (see Figure 6). So they are – rightly – prioritising investment in innovation and digital capabilities (see Figure 7). ...our strategy is that we have to drive costs down. The only way I can see ...with a major impact, is that we build on new technologies and that we should go into digitisation, which is also a standardisation process, especially as we are a very capital-intensive industry. Rainer Seele CEO of OMV AG, Austria Organic growth Cost reduction
  • 13. PwC 13 Standing at the crossroads The forces of technology and globalisation will continue to transform the world. But in which direction? Are we entering an age of de-globalisation – or can we usher in a new era of inclusive global growth? There’s much at stake. Global trade wars could disrupt supply chains and drive up prices, hurting both companies and consumers. Economic and political uncertainties could deter investment and dampen innovation, and perhaps even bring about another worldwide downturn. However, public discontent isn’t just a danger to growth; social well-being and equality are vital in driving long-term economic performance. CEOs are operating in a radically new environment. So how can they address the risks of globalisation and technology, and realise the benefits for everyone? We explore their views on three key areas: 1. Managing man and machine Many individuals worry that globalisation and technology will eliminate their jobs. In reality, CEOs desperately need talent but can’t find people with the right skills. How are they creating the more agile, well-rounded and diverse workforce that’s needed for the digital age? 2. Gaining from connectivity without losing trust As our interactions become ever more automated, data- driven and virtual, the human factor is receding. CEOs fear that technology will exacerbate public mistrust in organisations. How are they addressing the challenge? 3. Making globalisation work for all In an era of people power, CEOs are prioritising purposeful growth. They know this entails working with others to help drive much wider changes and ensure a fairer distribution of the benefits to be gained from globalisation. How do CEOs think business can help?
  • 14. PwC 14 Tough questions about competing in an age of divergence: 1. How will you find fresh organic growth in the new divergent and low-growth global economy? 2. As the pattern of world trade alters and protectionism threatens, how are you preparing to compete while continuing to optimise your cost base? 3. In a more uncertain world, where will your increase your investment and where will you ‘hunker down’? How will you measure the relative success of your ventures? 4. If innovation is key to your success, how much more do you need to invest in RD and new product development to ensure a proportion of future winning brand offerings? 5. In an increasingly risky business environment, how can you factor both agility and resilience into your growth strategy?
  • 15. 15 20th CEO Survey Some worry that globalisation will take away their jobs and they’re even more nervous about the impact of technology. Twenty years ago, there were fewer than 700,000 industrial robots worldwide; today, there are 1.8 million, and the number could soar to 2.6 million by 2019.9 Manufacturing output has simultaneously risen, but employment in the sector has fallen in various advanced economies.10 Technology has been one – although by no means the only – cause of these changes. Robots are now entering the services arena; 3-D printing can be used to make cars and aircraft; biotechnology will change the way we grow crops, produce food and manufacture medicines; and nanotechnology and artificial intelligence (AI) will affect numerous industries. All this could happen much more quickly than we expect. Just look at the advent of self-driving trucks to make deliveries, or Amazon’s new Go store, which uses technology to track what customers put in their shopping carts and bill them automatically when they walk out, eliminating the need for human cashiers.11 Managing man and machine I believe one of the biggest challenges for society as a whole is the philosophical problem involving people’s interaction with robots. I believe that during the lifetimes of our children we will certainly be faced with androids and the question of what laws we should enact to govern how robots are integrated into society. Alexey Marey Member of the Board of Directors and CEO, Alfa-Bank, Russia Figure 8: The most confident CEOs plan the largest headcount increases Q: Do you expect headcount at your company to increase, decrease or stay the same over the next 12 months? Q: How confident are you about your company’s prospects for revenue growth over the next 12 months? 67% of very confident CEOs plan to increase headcount 46% of cautious CEOs plan to decrease headcount 19% of cautious CEOs plan to increase headcount 11% of very confident CEOs plan to decrease headcount
  • 16. PwC 16 Given these advances, it’s hardly surprising that people are apprehensive. This year, we surveyed more than 5,000 members of the public in 22 countries to identify what they think about many of the same topics we raised with CEOs. Our findings show that 79% believe technology will cause job losses over the next five years.12 And a number of experts believe that technology could replace humans in every sector, although when – or whether – that day will come is hotly contested.13 Forecasts of just how many jobs are at risk vary wildly, from 9% to 57% in OECD countries, for example.14 And the figure could be far higher in some emerging economies with large unskilled populations that have embraced automation to spur economic growth. Whatever the numbers may be, one thing is certain: technology will have a disruptive impact on the workforce, and it will do so right across the skills spectrum. Wanted: More technology and more people Yet CEOs still need people. Only 16% plan to cut their company’s headcount over the next 12 months – and only a quarter of them say it’s primarily because of technology. Conversely, 52% plan to hire more employees, although there are significant differences depending on how confident CEOs feel about their company’s growth prospects (see Figure 8). Clearly, CEOs see the value of marrying technology with uniquely human capabilities. The skills they consider most important are those that can’t be replicated by machines (see Figure 9). In fact, they’re precisely the qualities required to stimulate innovation – the area CEOs most want to strengthen to capitalise on new opportunities. As technology in the workplace increases, it will have a big impact on both people and culture. It’ll change the type of people you employ. It’ll change the culture of delivery within the organisation. It’ll drive us away from applying human thoughts to things which can be automated in a very logical way. Peter Harrison Group Chief Executive of Schroders plc., UK Figure 9: The hardest skills to find are those that can’t be performed by machines Q: How difficult, if at all, is it for your organisation to recruit people with these skills or characteristics? Q: In addition to technical business expertise, how important are the following skills to your organisation? Difficulty in recruiting people with skill Respondents who answered somewhat difficult or very difficult Importance of skill Respondents who answered somewhat important or very important Problem solving Adaptability Leadership Creativity and Innovation Emotional intelligence 1 2 4 5 6 77% 75% 64% 61% 61%
  • 17. 17 20th CEO Survey There are several reasons why organisations continue to need people. One is simply how long it takes to adopt new technologies, whether that’s because older technologies are still profitable, because there are other priorities or because the effort and resources required are too great. In our first CEO survey, for example, 20% of CEOs thought e-commerce would completely reshape competition in their industries. This may sound like a surprisingly small percentage, but they weren’t far off: 27% of the CEOs in our latest survey say technology has transformed the competitive environment in the last 20 years (see Figure 10). The regulatory environment can be a big factor, too. Some of the world’s largest manufacturing exporters, like Brazil and France, have been slow to adopt robotics, partly because of stringent labour regulations.15 Moreover, technology is currently nowhere near able to replicate every job or every aspect of a particular role. It’s routine, repetitive, standardised jobs and tasks that will be at risk – as well as non-routine activities, where there’s enough data for a machine to learn to spot anomalies. But, by and large, more variable activities will be much harder to replace. And even where jobs can be fully automated, some will remain in human hands simply because companies need people to understand what consumers want, including how they prefer to interact with technology and the products and services they desire. I think that the biggest change that I see happening in the next 20 years is that there is going to be big overlapping among the different industries. So, there is going to be fierce competition among the mature industries – for example, telecoms will fight with energy companies, energy companies will fight with the automotive companies, and so on. Francesco Venturini CEO of Enel Green Power, Italy 20% 27% 59% 33% Figure 10: Technology has had less of an impact than CEOs predicted Q (1998): To what extent do you think e-commerce will reshape competition in your industry? Q (2017): To what extent has technology changed competition in your industry over the past 20 years? Source: PwC, 1st Annual Global CEO Survey and 20th CEO Survey Base: All respondents (1998=377; 2017=1,379) n 1998 n 2017 Completely reshape industry Have significant impact Have moderate impact Have no impact 20% 30% 1% 8%
  • 18. PwC 18 Technology also creates new jobs: jobs for people who can design, monitor, maintain and fix technology; jobs for people in sectors that benefit indirectly from technology (such as the leisure sector, where new opportunities are emerging, as people’s time is freed up); and even new versions of ‘old- world’ jobs. Technology has, for instance, facilitated the rise of on-demand companies that match customers with independent contractors selling everything from taxi services to accommodation. Ultimately, however, it’s the ability to acquire new skills that’s kept people employed through past disruptions like the industrial revolution. Some jobs will vanish. Others will remain, but their nature will change. Computers far outstrip humans when it comes to analysing vast quantities of raw data, for example. But they lack the intuition, empathy and creativity required to make sense of that data. The intersection between man and machine can generate more value for business than either alone. It can also make many jobs more interesting and more purposeful. Creativity can’t be coded The challenge is getting to that point: 77% of CEOs are concerned that key skills shortages could impair their company’s growth. And they say it’s the soft skills they value most that are hardest to find (see Figure 9). Creative, innovative leaders with emotional intelligence are in very short supply. If anything, indeed, they’re even thinner on the ground than they were in 2008, when we asked a similar question, whereas people with technological skills are more plentiful than before. I’m a firm believer that our people and our culture are our only sustainable competitive advantages. Edward H. Bastian CEO of Delta Air Lines Inc., US ...while Artificial Intelligence will help with some things like sorting data and insights, the quality of thinking in decision making, in team-based interaction that creates value for people and corporations, is still going to be a key part of how we do business. Anthony Healy CEO of Bank of New Zealand, New Zealand
  • 19. 19 20th CEO Survey So how are CEOs addressing the skills crunch? They’re mainly trawling in wider waters. A significant number promote diversity and inclusiveness; seek the best people, no matter who or where they are; and move employees where they’re needed. Just over three quarters of CEOs have also changed their talent strategies to reflect the skills and employment structures their companies will require in the future (see Figure 11). The percentage of CEOs who agree that their company uses technology to hire, train and retain people, or who are exploring the future impact of technology on their people or on the HR function itself, is considerably smaller. But new strategies to find people and develop them will no longer be enough. The whole system within which people work will have to be considered. This includes reinforcing mechanisms like pay and reward and performance- enhancing mechanisms like coaching and feedback. But it will also be essential to help people manage the impact of turbulent environments, appoint executive teams that reflect the diversity of the employee pool and create a purpose and culture that inspire people. Organisations will also have to collaborate with government, educational and vocational institutes and employees to redesign the workforce. Retaining the human element in a more virtual world will be a prerequisite for future success. We promote talent diversity and inclusiveness We’ve changed our people strategy to reflect the skills and employment structures we need for the future We move talent to where we need it We seek out the best talent regardless of demographics or geography We’ve added digital training to our learning programmes We use technology to improve our people’s well-being We’re rethinking our HR function We’re exploring the benefits of humans and machines working together We use data analytics to find, develop and keep people We’re considering the impact of artificial intelligence on future skills needs We rely more on contractors, freelancers and outsourcing n Disagree strongly n Disagree n Agree n Agree strongly 621-35-11 11-22-8 28 11-17-3 39 16-7-1 47 21-12-3 44 31-9-1 43 26-6-1 51 28-4-1 50 43-2-1 45 16-16-6 36 -11-3 39 20 Figure 11: CEOs are looking more widely to find the skills they need Q: To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about your organisation’s talent activities? I used to say that up to the 19th century the most important people were those who had liquid resources, money. In the 20th century world, it was essentially the engineers, but in the 21st century, it is the ones who are able to manage talent. So talent is going to be the driver for the 21st century. Ignacio S. Galán Chairman of Iberdrola, Spain %
  • 20. Tough questions about managing man and machine: 1. What parts of your business model will benefit from further automation? 2. Is your HR function ready to adapt to managing man and machine? What’s missing from its capabilities and how will you fix it fast? 3. How are you going to find the rarer skills like leadership, creativity and adaptability required for your company to innovate and build brand differentiation? 4. Have you considered how artificial intelligence and automation will help you create competitive advantage in your key markets? 5. Have you redesigned your business processes so that your employees are best placed to work seamlessly with automation to create new value? PwC 20
  • 21. 21 20th CEO Survey Twenty years ago, trust wasn’t as high on the business radar as it is today. In fact, we didn’t survey CEOs about it until 2002, when the business community was reeling from accounting fraud scandals, the bursting of the dotcom bubble and the collapse of the equity markets. With hindsight, it seems hard to believe that only 12% of CEOs thought public trust in companies in their country had greatly declined, and only 29% thought the fallout from corporate misdeeds was a serious threat. Since then, the financial crisis has catapulted trust into the limelight, and the after-effects of stagnant economic growth and spiralling debt levels continue to fuel a climate of mistrust. The impact on CEOs has been significant: in 2013, 37% worried that lack of trust in business would harm their company’s growth. This year, the number has jumped to 58%. The breakdown in public trust now poses a potent risk to political, economic and social systems the world over. Every decision and action that business leaders take – whether it involves customers, employees, suppliers, partners, shareholders or the wider community – has a bearing on trust. In an increasingly transparent world companies need a clear moral compass. Stakeholders are keenly interested, not just in what businesses do but also in how and why they do it. To add to our research on the trust Gaining from connectivity without losing trust ...organisations will change dramatically. The arrival of artificial intelligence, the arrival of robotics, the arrival of big data, the arrival of the interrogation techniques that are now capable of being deployed on data, all give sort of a new challenge but also a new tool to businesses across the world. We have to embrace them. We have to recognise that they’re here to stay and it will only get worse. John Patrick Hourican CEO of Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus I always love one of the sayings from our founder, Henry Ford. He said, “A business that makes nothing but money is a poor business,” and so giving back is a very important part, and that’s how you build trust. Mark Fields CEO of Ford Motor Company, US
  • 22. PwC 22 agenda over the last decade, this year’s CEO survey homes in on how technology has exacerbated the challenge. The dark side of connectivity A sizeable number of CEOs are firmly convinced that, in an increasingly digitalised world, it’s harder for businesses to gain – and retain – people’s trust. They also think it’s become more important both to run their companies in a way that addresses wider shareholder expectations and to establish a strong corporate purpose that’s reflected in their organisation’s values, culture and behaviour (see Figure 12). So which risks arising from connectivity concern CEOs most? When ‘technology’ and ‘trust’ pop up in the same sentence, most of us automatically think of how reputations are made and lost overnight through mass communications. And, indeed, 87% of CEOs believe social media could have a negative impact on the level of stakeholder trust in their industry over the next five years. But as new technologies and new uses of existing technologies proliferate, they say new dangers are emerging – and old ones are getting worse (see Figure 13). Figure 12: In an increasingly digitised world, there is widespread recognition that a strong corporate purpose is vital – as well as an awareness that it’s harder to win trust Q: In the context of an increasingly digitised world, to what extent do you agree with the following statements? n Agree n Agree strongly How we manage people’s data will differentiate us 40% 24% It’s harder for business to gain and keep trust 46% 22% It’s more important to run our business in a way that accounts for wider stakeholder expectations 52% 33% It’s more important to have a strong corporate purpose, that’s reflected in our values, culture and behaviours 36% 56% In my view, technology brings transparency, and transparency is a good thing for our society because it allows us to shine a bright light onto the dark spots of our society. However, we will need to have a discussion about the Internet, because the Internet in my view is a reflection of the good, the bad and the evil of our society. Whilst most of the digital business models have been designed with the best intentions in mind, they’re now facing an ugly reality. Helene von Roeder CEO Germany, Austria and CEE of Credit Suisse, Germany
  • 23. 23 20th CEO Survey Data security and ethics Many companies already collect a vast amount of customer data, which they use to target specific customers and influence their behaviour, often in very subtle ways. As the Internet of Things (IoT) spreads to everything from wearables to consumables, cars, and every conceivable part of the home, what companies know about people will increase exponentially. This data is an incredible asset for companies and their customers. It enables businesses to deliver a better service, develop closer relationships with their customers and earn their trust. It enables customers to get more targeted offerings and engage with companies in more meaningful ways. But what happens if a company crosses the line between anticipating customers’ needs and intruding on their privacy, or if a government tries to access the data in an effort to control security risks? And what happens if the data gets lost or stolen and ends up in the hands of criminals? One study found that privacy and security concerns had stopped 45% of online US households from conducting transactions or expressing their views via the Internet.16 Even worse, people’s physical security could be compromised, as cars and homes become increasingly connected. Several US government agencies have already issued a warning about the security risks associated with smart cars.17 The growing use of data in the workplace also poses new trust issues. As HR departments slowly but surely increase their use of data analytics, talent management is turning from an inexact art into a science. But monitoring employees’ activities in – and out of – work can quickly turn sour. What are the limits of the information companies can gather? How transparent is the use of that data in making decisions about employee rewards or penalties? CEOs recognise the complexity of the situation. A full 91% say breaches of data privacy and ethics will have a negative impact on stakeholder trust in the next five years, and 89% are already on the case. However, CEOs in the largest companies are doing much more to address these areas than those in the smallest firms (see Figure 13). How people can ensure that they own their data, that it’s theirs and that how it’s used is appropriate, will become the key battleground over the next 20 years. Craig Donaldson CEO of Metro Bank PLC., UK Q: To what extent do you think the following areas will impact negatively on stakeholder trust levels in your industry in the next five years? Q: To what extent is your organisation addressing the following areas today? Cyber security breaches affecting business information or critical systems 38% 53% Breaches of data privacy and ethics 35% 55% IT outages and disruptions 43% 47% Artificial intelligence and automation (including blockchain) 47% 20% n To some extent n To a large extent All CEOs CEOs of companies with revenues $10bn CEOs of companies with revenues $100m Figure 13: CEOs worry about a variety of digital risks and their impact on trust 9% 52% 62% 38% 30% 40% 45% 53% 44% 69% 36% 22% 41% 55% 48% 64% 37% 30% 36% 38% 45% 56% 13% 10% 84%of people say breaches of data privacy and ethics causes them to lose trust in companies Source: PwC survey of 5,351 members of the public in 22 countries, 2016.
  • 24. PwC 24 Digital technology is central to both our customer solutions and our operating practices. For example, we are implementing platforms that make it easier for our customers to access their information and monitor their consumption, and to optimise their buildings’ energy use. We also make significant use of digital technology to improve industrial performance, by implementing predictive maintenance at our plants, for example. Isabelle Kocher Directeur Général du Groupe (CEO) ENGIE of France Security breaches aren’t confined to customer data; cyber spying is now a major threat in some industries, for example. As Ian Bremmer, President of political risk consultancy Eurasia Group, whom we spoke to as part of our research, says, “Twenty years ago...the web was one of the least political areas of the market you could possibly imagine. Today, it is perhaps the most politicised sector after defence, and it increasingly is defence and national security.” Businesses in key areas like infrastructure, energy and banking are particularly prone to attacks. This explains why so many CEOs worry that breaches affecting business-critical information and systems could also impair public trust in their industry. The vast majority are already taking steps to try and forestall such problems – although, again, it’s the largest firms that are most active in this regard (see Figure 13). The companies that are most effective in addressing these issues will be those that are not only strengthening their IT security, risk and governance strategies, but also collaborating with government (for example, to create the right regulatory environment for public clouds, which can offer better end-to-end security and privacy management) and engaging with stakeholders. They will need to decide what levels of transparency stakeholders should be entitled to and how to balance competing interests, as well as educating people on how to manage their technology footprint. Employers will also have to consider how much information it is necessary or acceptable to gather on their people, and how open they should be about what they’re collecting, and why and how it will be used. IT outages and disruptions IT outages and disruptions are another source of concern. If the lights go out in a world that’s heavily reliant on technology, the consequences can be extremely disruptive. What happens if customers can’t access their money when they need it, or if their connected homes lock them out? Deeply inconvenient though such incidents are, they pale into insignificance next to the physical risks that will arise as we become more connected. Picture, for instance, the sort of accident that might occur as a result of a computer glitch in one or more smart cars. It’s no wonder so many CEOs fear that IT outages and disruptions could impact stakeholders’ trust and why so many are taking action. Again, it’s CEOs at the largest firms that are dealing most actively with the issue (see Figure 13). But addressing such risks is very difficult. The complexities and interdependencies of enterprise systems are a big problem. Automation, robotics and AI Behind automation, robots and smart machines lie algorithms. These may be nothing more than instructions for computers to achieve particular outcomes, but they shape lives to a much bigger extent than many people imagine. The way we navigate websites, how we interact with connected devices, how the growing gig economy works: all are influenced by code. This raises questions about what safeguards are needed to ensure that machines carry out human orders effectively, in the way they were intended. It also raises various ethical questions. To what extent, for instance, is it acceptable to influence human choices? And can the humans who write these codes – or the companies they work for – be trusted? 78%of people say IT outages and disruptions causes them to lose trust in companies Source: PwC survey of 5,351 members of the public in 22 countries, 2016.
  • 25. 25 20th CEO Survey Such issues explain why high-profile figures in Silicon Valley are increasingly focusing on how technology can benefit society.18 They also explain why 67% of CEOs say AI and automation will affect trust levels in future, and why 58% are already addressing the situation, with the CEOs of the largest companies being the most active (see Figure 13). It will be crucial to have robust risk and governance frameworks. It will also be important to better integrate human and machine collaborations to oversee algorithmic processes. But the companies that are successful in addressing these challenges will be those that also prioritise transparency. Without a clear idea of how rules are defined and implemented, for example, stakeholders may question a company’s fairness and honesty. A trust strategy for a digital age In some respects, digital connectivity has made us more trusting; in the sharing economy, for example, consider how many people let strangers stay in their homes or buy from businesses they’ve never heard of before. In other respects, digital connectivity has eroded trust by creating new threats and exposing organisations to far more scrutiny. The growing complexity of technology and the increasingly distributed way in which we work, with greater individual autonomy, have also made it much harder for companies to build trust – or rebuild it, once it’s been lost. And no firm gets it right every time, which is why effective crisis management is as crucial as robust risk management. But if forfeiting people’s trust is a sure-fire route to failure, earning their trust is the single biggest enabler of success. As an example, the take progression from assisted to augmented to autonomous intelligence heavily which depends on how much consumers and regulators trust machines to operate on their own. That, in turn, depends on whether those who create the machines have the right risk and governance structures in place, the means to verify and validate their claims independently and the mechanisms to engage effectively with stakeholders. In short, trust is an opportunity, not just a risk. Many CEOs recognise as much: 64% – rising to 75% of those who head companies with revenues of more than US$10bn – believe that how their firm manages data will be a differentiating factor in future. These CEOs understand that prioritising the human experience in an increasingly virtual world entails treating customers with integrity. Trust has been a core attribute of our company over its lifetime. Consumers do relate well to our brand from a trust perspective. So therefore we are called in to help people harden their cyber security, for instance, and to test it, to help them in disaster recovery situations and make their businesses more robust. So, again, that’s more a source of opportunity to us than it is a threat. Alex Arena Group Managing Director of HKT Ltd., Hong Kong, China
  • 26. Tough questions about gaining from connectivity without losing trust: 1. Does your CIO know the extent to which the technology you’re investing in today will affect how your stakeholders trust you tomorrow? 2. What are you doing to protect customer and employee data from theft, loss or misuse – and how robust are those strategies? 3. How can you build the right infrastructure for collecting, managing, governing and securing data? 4. As cybersecurity risks increase, have you got clear protocols in place for when systems go down and inconvenience your customers? 5. What can you do to measure and leverage trust in your brand as a competitive advantage? PwC 26
  • 27. 27 20th CEO Survey For the past 20 years CEOs have been largely positive about the impacts of globalisation on their businesses and markets. But, by 2007, they were beginning to express reservations about the short-term effects on society. CEOs are still ambivalent. Today the vast majority believe that globalisation has helped to free up flows of money, people, goods and information, facilitate universal connectivity and create a skilled workforce. Yet a significant number say it’s done nothing to mitigate climate change, promote the development of fairer tax systems or close the gap between rich and poor (see Figure 14). Making globalisation work for all​ ...globalisation may be maximally efficient, but maximum efficiency doesn’t really care about distribution, and so you’ve left a lot of people behind. Ian Bremmer President and Founder of Eurasia Group, US n Not at all n To some extent n To a large extent 60 62 37 34 21 15 14 13 -3 35 33 53 54 55 49 45 38 -4 -8 -10 -20 -28 -35 -44 Improving the ease of moving capital, people, goods and information Enabling universal connectivity Creating a skilled and educated labour force Facilitating universal access to infrastructure and basic services Providing full and meaningful employment Averting climate change and resource scarcity Enhancing the fairness and integrity of global tax systems Closing the gap between rich and poor Figure 14: CEOs recognise both the benefits and downsides of globalisation Q: To what extent has globalisation helped with the following areas? %%
  • 28. PwC 28 Nearly all CEOs believe it’s vital to address social challenges by focusing on purposeful growth. The question is – how. The political, economic, regulatory and social systems within which companies operate are coming under increasing strain; indeed, many people see them as part of the problem. In what ways and to what extent, then, should CEOs be expanding the scope of their leadership to help drive systemic change? Time for business leaders to step up We asked CEOs to tell us how they think the corporate community can work with others to stimulate change in areas where globalisation hasn’t produced desirable results. The majority of CEOs say the best way for business to help spread the benefits of globalisation more widely is to have more and better collaboration with government. But while they concede that companies need to work more closely with governments, some add that governments don’t listen very well. “Business and government need to find a non- adversarial way to interact,” one CEO observes, which means that executives will have to be flexible enough to find common ground without compromising their values. However, a small but noticeable minority of CEOs believe that their business is too small to engage effectively, or that there’s little business can do to effect change – despite evidence to the contrary. There are many instances of successful corporate collaboration with multilateral institutions to deliver social improvements. As an example, 9,000 companies work with the UN Global Compact to advance broader social objectives like the Sustainable Development Goals.19 Newer, smaller platforms for multi- stakeholder engagement have also sprung up, including some spearheaded by the private sector. And a number of CEOs point to a less immediately obvious source of change: trade associations and industry bodies. I think we face a very dislocated next 20 years. I think we’ll see a reversal of some of the globalisation that has occurred. I think we’ll see the emergence of nationalism, economic nationalism, in a much more fundamental way than we’ve seen over the last 20 years. But at the same time, we’ll see the creation of business models that are much more ubiquitous in the use of their data and their information, much more technologically core-driven. But actually, that’s going to change the nature of the type of jobs that are available in society, which I think will in the beginning increase the tension between business and society, policymakers and business people. So I think we have some dangerous waters ahead – which is why we need to be honest about them, and to engage in the dialogue so that we can all navigate them. John Patrick Hourican CEO of Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus New solutions to perennial problems In fact, companies can play a valuable part in the wider debate about the systems that govern business and society, including the effect of technology on these systems. The future of globalisation is clearly one topic for discussion. Some CEOs think business has a role to play in promoting the benefits of globalisation. Others favour localisation, seeing the retreat from globalisation as a chance to embed a ‘glocal’ approach that benefits their markets. Researcher, lecturer and international consultant Carlota Perez, whom we interviewed for this year’s survey, sees tax mechanisms as a way to balance global versus local sourcing, as well as minimising resource consumption: “One of the things that I have proposed is flipping VAT; instead of being a tax on value added, which is profits and labour, flip it – income neutrally – to materials, energy and transport, so that every product would be taxed on its material and energy content and on how far it has travelled. It would change the relative costs of producing away or producing near: some things would continue to be more competitive produced abroad; others can be produced locally. And there would be a proliferation of innovations in new materials and energy sources and in how to use less of them.” A second issue is whether the current focus on shareholder value should be qualified. Helene von Roeder, CEO Germany, Austria and Central Eastern Europe of financial services firm Credit Suisse, says: “If you ask me how business can address these challenges [of globalisation], I do believe that the German system of a stakeholder, rather than a shareholder, economy is a pretty good answer.” One organisation that’s already exploring this concept is the RSA Inclusive Growth Commission, an independent multi-stakeholder body in the UK set up to investigate practical ways of making local economies more inclusive and prosperous.20 We must realize that markets cannot, by themselves, solve the big social problems created by a technological revolution; government has to play a proactive role. Carlota Perez Researcher, lecturer and international consultant, UK 35%of people agree that businesses have increased their focus on operating in a way that takes them and community into account Source: PwC survey of 5,351 members of the public in 22 countries, 2016.
  • 29. 29 20th CEO Survey Income distribution is yet another theme to be explored, particularly given the impact of technology on human labour. “How do we distribute wealth so it is balanced and fair?” a CEO in Hong Kong asks. “Who are the future consumers and what do they consume and how do they earn a living to pay for it?” One solution put forward by economist Branko Milanovic is to spread the ownership of capital assets more widely: “Reducing concentration of income from capital would imply measures to redistribute ownership...through taxation relief to make the middle class more willing to hold financial assets...” Wherever the solutions may lie, if we don’t resolve inequality issues, one CEO in the UK cautions, “The whole [capitalist] system will be put under pressure from the working population [which] will no longer accept the wealth differential created today.” Leveraging technology for social benefit Discussion and collaboration will provide some of the answers to these challenges, but technology can also resolve certain issues, as some CEOs point out. And the business world is in an ideal position to help. Take healthcare. “[The] availability of basic and advanced care for all people is a key issue,” says a CEO in France. “Private public partnership on all levels should be developed to work on more effective, Among many other obligations, today’s CEO has to know how to address or manage polarity. The customer wants a quality product at an affordable cost, with transparency and a story that is consistent with the best values in society. Shareholders want the best, fastest return on a product, with better optimisation of capital. And these are the conflicts that create value and generate progress, and that are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Herein lies the value of management and the reason management is paid to provide this service. Sergio Rial CEO of Santander Bank, Brazil efficient and sustainable solutions, [for example] working on telemedicine and IT solutions to better connect patients and care givers or to make better use of expert systems.” Technology could help address another problem: access to continuing education. “Government and business can work well together to provide opportunities for workers displaced by globalisation,” one CEO in the US comments. “[Its] impacts need to be moderated with retraining and other initiatives in a much larger and better-designed way.” Some companies already collaborate with educational institutions to co-develop courses and sponsor degrees. But technology could ultimately transform the delivery and cost of education, as well as its effectiveness. Online training, AI and other tools could be used not only to raise basic standards but also to foster skills like creativity and adaptability, which are hard to teach in more traditional ways. Safeguarding the future Addressing the dangers of globalisation and technology while capitalising on the opportunities they present is a delicate balancing act. Many CEOs freely admit that they struggle with this, both because they’re uncertain about the extent of their company’s social obligations and because greater emphasis on shareholder value has made it far more difficult to prioritise long- over short-term performance.21 I think there’s two trends, one that will impede in the shorter term is the rise of populism, which I worry about, the rise of people closing their borders to some degree. And then the second is the rise of disruptive technologies, which generally are a good thing for the world, but they can have an impact on employment in particular, as the technologies work through industries. Mark Machin President CEO of Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPPIB), Canada 75%of people believe that globalisation has helped to create a skilled and educated workforce (of which 29% believed to a large extent) Source: PwC survey of 5,351 members of the public in 22 countries, 2016. 54%of people don’t think growth matters much, if at all, for their well-being Source: PwC survey of 5,351 members of the public in 22 countries, 2016.
  • 30. PwC 30 But the events of the past year have shown us just how interconnected the interests of shareholders and other stakeholders really are. Businesses that ignore the power of the people will jeopardise the growth they seek. Conversely, businesses that respond effectively – by articulating their purpose, anticipating risks and adhering to the values they profess – will thrive. And what about the CEO’s personal role in all of this? CEOs will certainly require different skills. When we spoke to 216 young business leaders last year, 44% thought one of the core attributes that would be needed by future CEOs was the ability to give and receive feedback.22 Tomorrow’s business leaders will also have to be able to collaborate widely and embrace more decentralised decision-making. The expanding C-suite is evidence of this trend. Over the past 20 years, it’s doubled in size and changed beyond recognition. The next 20 years may bring further expansion, with additional roles such as that of Chief Privacy Officer or Chief Relationship Officer, and more diversity in the boardroom.23 In 1998, we concluded that these were ‘great times in which to be a global CEO’. The corporation was ‘ascendant around the globe’ – and this, we thought, was the ‘mortar of a better and more harmonious and less divided planet than in the past’. Our statement clearly needs updating. While we believe these can still be great times in which to be a global CEO, we also think a paradigm shift in the role of business is required to produce that better, more harmonious, less divided planet. The ascendancy of corporations around the globe has contributed to prosperity; it’s created jobs, raised living standards and delivered innovative products and services that have bettered lives. But that’s no longer enough. In the headlong rush to reap the benefits of technology and globalisation, the human factor has been lost. It’s time for CEOs to step forward and help safeguard the future by ensuring the benefits of business go to everyone. I think looking forward over the next 20 years is always hard. Nobody has a crystal ball. But with what we’ve seen around globalisation and technology globalisation, I think it will continue – whether or not there is a backlash against it. Craig Donaldson CEO of Metro Bank PLC., UK With the changes happening right now, I think I’m privileged to live under these circumstances because so much will happen in the coming 10 years. It’s a privilege to live in this time period, and the opportunities it creates are massive. But there are going to be a lot of winners and a lot of losers, of that I’m certain. Hopefully we’re amongst the winners. Thomas von Koch Managing Partner of EQT, Sweden 64%of people believe globalisation has helped create full and meaningful employment Source: PwC survey of 5,351 members of the public in 22 countries, 2016.
  • 31. Tough questions about making globalisation open for all: 31 20th CEO Survey 1. Have you assessed the impact current sentiment about globalisation will have on your organisation’s ability to compete globally? 2. Are you making the most of your reporting to ensure all your stakeholders are aware of your initiatives to support workforce, communities and social initiatives? 3. Have you evaluated your global tax strategies recently to consider the impacts of public and government views on tax obligations to support public services? 4. How do your investments in innovation align to the important problems at the core of your purpose? 5. How can businesses and governments work together to help those who’ve been disenfranchised by globalisation?
  • 32. 32 20th CEO Survey Looking for more data? n 2017 n 2016 Base: All respondents (2017=1,379; 152; 294; 493; 163; 147; 50; 80; 2016=1,409, 146, 314, 476, 169, 170, 47, 87) n To a large extent n To some extent n Not at all Base: Respondents who stated ‘decrease’ at Q7a (224) Respondents who answered very confident Figure B: Organic growth and cost reduction are the top two activities CEOs are planning in order to drive corporate growth or profitability Q: Which of the following activities, if any, are you planning in the coming 12 months in order to drive corporate growth or profitability? Figure C: Of the CEOs who plan to decrease headcount over 80% indicated it could be a result of automation and other technologies Q: Which of the following activities, if any, are you planning in the coming 12 months in order to drive corporate growth or profitability? Figure A: Short-term confidence has risen most in North America Latin America Q: How confident are you about your company’s prospects for revenue growth over the next 12 months? Cost reduction New strategic alliance or joint venture New MA Collaborate with entrepreneurs or start-ups Outsourcing Sell a business or exit a market None of the above Organic growth 79% 38% 39% 40% 37% 40% 38% 38% 29% 35% 32% 36% 36% 30% 37% 34% 38% 62% 48% 41% 28% 17% 15% 1% Global North America Western Europe Asia Pacific Latin America CEE Middle East Africa 25% 19% 55%
  • 33. PwC 33 Figure D: Uncertain economic growth has displaced over-regulation as the top threat Q: How concerned are you about the following economic, policy, social, environmental and business threats to your organisation’s growth prospects? Uncertain economic growth Over-regulation Availability of key skills Geopolitical uncertainty Speed of technological change Exchange rate volatility Increasing tax burden Social instability Changing consumer behaviour Cyber threats Protectionism Readiness to respond to a crisis New market entrants Lack of trust in business Future of the Eurozone Volatile commodity prices Terrorism Inadequate basic infrastructure Climate change and environmental damage Supply chain disruption Volatile energy costs Unemployment Access to affordable capital n Not concerned at all n Not very concerned n Somewhat concerned n Extremely concerned 15 15 20 20 20 16 16 16 34 31 31 31 29 29 24 24 26 42 19 19 15 16 17 49 37 45 43 42 38 39 44 40 40 40 35 35 35 32 33 30 27 34 43 42 39 38 -2 -3 -3 -4 -6 -6 -6 -7 -7 -8 -10 -6 -10 -9 -12 -12 -12 -14 -13 -12 -15 -24 -13 -15 -16 -20 -21 -23 -23 -25 -25 -27 -30 -29 -34 -31 -32 -31 -31 -31 -32 -33 -34 -38 -38 -39 Figure F: CEOs display varying degrees of digital literacy and adoption Q: To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about your personal use of technology? n Disagree strongly n Disagree n Agree n Agree strongly I consume digital media more than print media I have strong digital skills I use home automation systems I’m active on social media I personally make most of my purchases online I use robotics in my home (e.g. vacuum, mower) I am an active gamer -11-2 -2 -12 -23 -25 -26 -27 -33 9 24 31 34 35 42 40 29 13 11 9 9 8 1-38 -23 -6 -10 -7 % Figure E: The top three threats to trust are likely to be cyber security data privacy breaches and IT disruptions Q: To what extent do you think the following areas will impact negatively on stakeholder trust levels in your industry in the next five years? n To a large extent IT outages and disruptions Risks from use of social media Confusion around who owns digital assets Artificial intelligence and automation (including blockchain) Uncertainty about how tax laws apply to digital assets Gene technologies Cyber security breaches affecting business information or critical systems 53 Breaches in data privacy and ethics 55 47 38 20 20 17 13 % %
  • 34. Francesco Venturini CEO Enel Green Power, Italy Helene von Roeder CEO Germany, Austria and CEE Credit Suisse, Germany Ignacio S. Galán Chairman Iberdrola, Spain Isabelle Kocher Directeur Général du Groupe (CEO) ENGIE, France Brian Conroy President Fidelity International, UK Dr. Charles Zhang Chairman of the Board CEO Sohu.com Inc., China Craig Donaldson CEO Metro Bank PLC., UK Edward H. Bastian CEO Delta Air Lines Inc., US Alex Arena Group Managing Director HKT Ltd., Hong Kong, China Alexey Marey Member of the Board of Directors and CEO Alfa-Bank, Russia Ângelo Paupério CEO Sonae SGPS, Portugal Anthony Healy CEO Bank of New Zealand, New Zealand 34 20th CEO Survey Meet the CEOs We met with 20 CEOs and 3 thought leaders from around the world face to face to discuss their views on the issues explored in this report.
  • 35. Thomas von Koch Managing Partner EQT, Sweden Peter Harrison Group Chief Executive Schroders plc., UK Rainer Seele CEO OMV AG, Austria Sergio Rial CEO Santander Bank, Brazil John Patrick Hourican CEO Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus Jorge Mario Velásquez Jaramillo CEO Grupo Argos S.A., Colombia Mark Fields CEO Ford Motor Company, US Mark Machin President CEO Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPPIB), Canada PwC 35 Meet the thought leaders Branko Milanovic Visiting Presidential Professor and LIS Senior Scholar, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, US Carlota Perez Researcher, lecturer and international consultant, UK Ian Bremmer President and Founder Eurasia Group, US
  • 36. 36 20th CEO Survey Research methodology and contacts The lower threshold for all companies included in the top ten countries (by GDP) was 500 employees or revenues of more than US $50 million. The threshold for companies included in the next 20 countries was companies with more than 100 employees or revenues of more than $10 million. • 36% of companies had revenues of $1 billion or more • 38% of companies had revenues of over $100 million up to $1 billion • 21% of companies had revenues of up to $100 million • 57% of companies were privately owned Notes: • Not all figures add up to 100%, due to rounding of percentages and exclusion of ‘neither/ nor’ and ‘don’t know’ responses. • The base for figures is 1,379 (all respondents) unless otherwise stated. We also conducted face-to-face in-depth interviews with 20 CEOs from five continents over the fourth quarter of 2016. Their interviews are quoted in this report, and more extensive extracts can be found on our website at ceosurvey.pwc where you can explore responses by sector and location. In addition, we surveyed 5,351 members of the public from 22 countries. The interviews were conducted in December 2016 using an online survey community of global consumers. We’ve conducted 1,379 interviews with CEOs in 79 countries. Our sample is weighted by national GDP, to ensure CEOs’ views are fairly represented across all major countries. The interviews were also spread across a range of industries. Further details, by region and industry, are available on request. Twenty-eight percent of the interviews were conducted by telephone, 63% online and 9% by post or face-to-face. All quantitative interviews were conducted on a confidential basis. For further information on the survey content, please contact: Suzanne Snowden Director, Global Thought Leadership +44 20 7212 5481 suzanne.snowden@pwc.com For media-related enquiries, please contact: Mike Davies Director, Global Communications +44 20 7804 2378 mike.davies@pwc.com North America 152 interviews (11%) Latin America 163 interviews (12%) Asia Pacific 493 interviews (36%) Middle East and Africa 130 interviews (9%) Western Europe 29 interviews (21%) Central and Eastern Europe 147 interviews (11%) 1,379interviews completed in 2016 across 79countries between 26 Sept and 5 Dec 2016 2,900members of the PwC’s Global CEO Panel were invited to participate via the online survey, contributing to the total online responses
  • 37. PwC 37 Acknowledgements and thanks We’d also like to thank the following PwC individuals for their insights Alan Morrison, Anand Rao, Bhushan Sethi, Bill Cobourn, Blair Sheppard, Bob Moritz, Carol Stubbings, Colm Kelly, Dave Burg, Dennis Chesley, Frank Lyn, Gary Neilson, Grant Waterfall, Henrique Luz, John Hawksworth, John Sviokla, Jon Williams, Kevin Burrowes, Kevin Ellis, Leo Johnson, Miles Everson, Norbert Schwieters, Norbert Winkeljohann, Per-Ola Karlsson, Raymund Chao, Reggie Walker, Richard Oldfield, Richard Sexton, Scott Olsen, Stephanie Hyde, Tim Ryan Editorial board Suzanne Snowden (Programme Director) Natasha Cambell (Industry Management) Poh-Khim Cheah (Editorial Lead) Emily Church Emily Litz Jade Hopkins Jenna Rogers Justine Brown Jill Peacock Katrina Kersey Kieran McCann Laurie A Schive Nick Jones Nidhi Sinha Olesya Hatop Oriana Pound Rebecca Pratley Rowena Mearley Sanjukta Mukherjee Scott Gillespie Spencer Herbst Programme management, in-depth interviews and territory engagement Angela Lang (Programme and Territory Management) Penny Rich Valentina Hovhannisyan Communications, online and multimedia Charlotte Kuhn (Communications Lead) Lesley Hornung (Online Multimedia Management) Ashley Hislop Lynette Ho Paren Bhatt Prudence Wolfeld Research and data analysis PwC UK’s Research to Insight (r2i) unit, Belfast, Northern Ireland
  • 38. 38 20th CEO Survey Endnotes 1 Growth in world merchandise exports between 1995 and 2014 in World Trade Organisation, International Trade Statistics 2015 (2015): 14; Growth in internet traffic data (including both internet and non-internet IP traffic) between 1992 and 2015 in Cisco Visual Networking Index [or VNI], The Zettabyte Era: Trends and Analysis (July 2016): 7. 2 Esteban Ortiz-Ospina and Max Roser, “World Poverty,” OurWorldInData.org (2016), accessed December 15, 2016, https://ourworldindata.org/world-poverty/; Jos Verbeek, “Increasingly, inequality within, not across, countries is rising,” The World Bank (October 2, 2015), accessed December 15, 2016, http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/ increasingly-inequality-within-not-across-countries-rising. 3 The Economist, “Towards the end of poverty” (June 1, 2013), accessed December 9, 2016, http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21578665-nearly-1-billion-people-have-been- taken-out-extreme-poverty-20-years-world-should-aim. 4 Manufacturing jobs data from European Commission’s Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs, Annual macro-economic database (2016), accessed December 20, 2016, http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/db_indicators/ameco/index_en.htm; income inequality data from Global Consumption and Income Project, accessed December 20, 2016, http://gcip.info/. 5 Branko Milanovic, Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization (Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: Harvard University Press, 2016): 11, 19, 21 22. 6 Verbeek, op. cit. 7 BBC News, “Trump says US to quit TPP on first day in office” (November 22, 2016), accessed December 9, 2016, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38059623. 8 PwC’s latest “World in 2050” report, to be published in February 2017, will give an update on our views on long-term global growth in the major advanced and emerging economies. For our earlier views, see the 2015 edition here: http://www.pwc.com/world2050. 9 International Federation of Robotics press release, “World Robotics Report 2016” (September 29, 2016), accessed December 10, 2016, http://www.ifr.org/news/ifr-press- release/world-robotics-report-2016-832/. 10 UN Industrial Development Organisation, Industrial Development Report 2016 (2015): 13 190. 11 Eric Newcomer and Alex Webb, “Uber Self-Driving Truck Packed With Budweiser Makes First Delivery in Colorado,” Bloomberg Technology (October 25, 2016), accessed December 15, 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-25/uber-self-driving- truck-packed-with-budweiser-makes-first-delivery-in-colorado; Rupert Neate, “Amazon Go store lets shoppers pick up goods and walk out,” The Guardian (December 5, 2016), accessed December 15, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/dec/05/ amazon-go-store-seattle-checkouts-account. 12 PwC, “CEO20 Public Survey” (2016). 13 Clive Cookson, “AI and robots threaten to unleash mass unemployment, scientists warn,” Financial Times Ltd. (February 14, 2016), accessed December 10, 2016, https://www. ft.com/content/063c1176-d29a-11e5-969e-9d801cf5e15b; Phoenix Kwong, “Artificial intelligence won’t replace humans anytime soon, say China’s tech leaders,” South China Morning Post (November 18, 2016), accessed December 10, 2016, http://www.scmp. com/business/companies/article/2047281/artificial-intelligence-wont-replace-humans- anytime-soon-say.
  • 39. PwC 39 14 Melanie Arntz, Terry Gregory and Ulrich Zierahn, “The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries: A Comparative Analysis,” OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 189 (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2016); Citi GPS and Oxford Martin School, Technology at Work v2.0: The Future Is Not What It Used To Be (January 2016): 7. 15 Hal Sirkin, “It May Surprise You Which Countries Are Replacing Workers With Robots the Fastest,” The Huffington Post (May 21, 2016), accessed December 10, 2016, http://www. huffingtonpost.com/hal-sirkin/robots-workers-countries_b_9992960.html?1463577708. 16 Dan Munro, “New Survey Highlights Startling Erosion Of Online Trust,” Forbes (May 15 2016), accessed December 15, 2016, http://www.forbes.com/sites/ danmunro/2016/05/15/new-survey-highlights-startling-erosion-of-online- trust/#5fa2dda75e67. 17 Andy Greenberg, “The FBI Warns That Car Hacking Is a Real Risk,” Wired (March 17, 2016), accessed December 15, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/03/fbi-warns-car- hacking-real-risk/. 18 Juliette Powell, “An Advocate of Deep Learning,” strategy+business (June 28, 2016), accessed December 29, 2016, http://www.strategy-business.com/article/An-Advocate- of-Deep-Learning?gko=2d725; Peter Dockrill, “Elon Musk launches US$1 billion AI company to ‘benefit humanity’ and avoid robot wars,” Science Alert (December 14, 2015), accessed December 29, 2016, http://www.sciencealert.com/elon-musk-launches-us-1- billion-ai-company-to-benefit-humanity-and-avoid-robot-wars. 19 United Nations Global Compact, “Our Mission,” accessed December 15, 2016, https:// www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/mission. 20 Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, “Inclusive Growth Commission,” accessed December 15, 2016, https://www.thersa.org/action- and-research/rsa-projects/public-services-and-communities-folder/inclusive-growth- commission. 21 In our 19th Annual Global CEO Survey, for example, 67% of CEOs said that their purpose centred on creating value for wider stakeholders, but 45% thought that costs were a barrier in responding to stakeholders’ expectations. 22 PwC, “Tomorrow’s leaders today” (2016), accessed December 15, 2016, http://www.pwc. com/gx/en/ceo-agenda/ceosurvey/2016/aiesec.html. 23 PwC, “Who’s at the table? The C-suite and 20 years of change” (2016), accessed December 15, 2016, http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/ceo-agenda/ceosurvey/20th- anniversary/the-evolution-of-the-c-suite.html.
  • 40. ceosurvey.pwc At PwC, our purpose is to build trust in society and solve important problems. We’re a network of firms in 157 countries with more than 223,000 people who are committed to delivering quality in assurance, advisory and tax services. Find out more and tell us what matters to you by visiting us at www.pwc.com. This publication has been prepared for general guidance on matters of interest only, and does not constitute professional advice. You should not act upon the information contained in this publication without obtaining specific professional advice. No representation or warranty (express or implied) is given as to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this publication, and, to the extent permitted by law, PwC does not accept or assume any liability, responsibility or duty of care for any consequences of you or anyone else acting, or refraining to act, in reliance on the information contained in this publication or for any decision based on it. PwC refers to the PwC network and/or one or more of its member firms, each of which is a separate legal entity. Please see www.pwc.com/structure for further details. ©2017 PwC. All rights reserved.