Nanoelectronics

‫عليكم‬ ‫السالم‬
Assalamualaikum
(peace be upon you)
NAME: QAZI RAZA
BRANCH : ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS.
ROLL NUMBER: 05 ENROLLMENT NUMBER: 15/10
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY , HAZRATBAL, KASHMIR.

“QUANTUM
NANOELECTRONICS
TECHNOLOGY”

CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• WHAT IS NANOELECTRONICS?
• WHY NANOELECTRONICS?
• NANOWIRES
• NANOTUBES
• QUANTUM DOTS
• QUBITS
• MEMS
• APPLICATIONS

Introduction
• Nano:
From the Greek nanos - meaning “dwarf”.
10-9 or 1/1,000,000,000.
• Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the
manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale.
• Usually nanoparticles have large surface area to volume ratio.
• Properties like melting point,conductivity, magnetic
permeability,malleability etc change.
• At least one dimension sized from 1-100 nm.

• INTRODUCTION
• WHAT IS NANOELECTRONICS?
• WHY NANOELECTRONICS?
• NANOWIRES
• NANOTUBES
• QUANTUM DOTS
• QUBITS
• MEMS
• APPLICATIONS

What is Nanoelectronics?
• Use of nanotechnology on electronic components,
especially transistors .
• Atleast one dimension should be less than 100 nm of size.
• Inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical
properties play significant role.
• In future - significant cost advantages as well as
performance increases in speed, power consumption,
sensitivity, and device density.

Why Nanoelectronics?
• Performance improvements and cost reduction
– Better, faster, cheaper, smaller, mobile, lesser power
consumption
• Moore’s Law scalability: Si-based device fabrication challenges
passed 2010
– Physical limitations.
– Individal fabrication costs.
• Drive toward new classes of devices and functionality.
• New areas to scout for R&D as well as investment.

• Physically impossible to “write” or “etch” smaller features in
silicon.
• At extremely small sizes (less than 20 nm) silicon becomes
electrically “leaky” causing short circuits.
• Nanoelectronics holds some answers for how we might
increase the capabilities of electronics devices while we
reduce their weight and power consumption.

NANOWIRES
• A nanowire is a nanostructure, with the diameter of the order
of a nanometer (10−9 meters).
• At these scales, quantum mechanical effects are important —
which coined the term "quantum wires".
• Many different types of nanowires exist, including metallic
(e.g., Ni, Pt, Au), semiconducting (e.g., Si, InP, GaN, etc.), and
insulating (e.g., SiO2, TiO2).
• There are two basic approaches to synthesizing nanowires :
top-down and bottom-up.
– A ‘top-down approach’ reduces a large piece of material to
small pieces, by various means such as lithography.
– A ‘bottom-up approach’ synthesizes the nanowire by
combining constituent adatoms. An adatom is
an atom that lies on a crystal surface, and can be thought
of as the opposite of a surface vacancy.

• Most synthesis techniques use a bottom-up approach to
create a p-n junction, one of the simplest electronic
devices.
• Either to physically cross a p-type wire over an n-type
wire or chemically doping a single wire with different
dopants along the length.
• After p-n junctions were built with nanowires, the next
logical step was to build logic gates AND, OR, Adders
etc

Various nanostructures and inter-structure spaces

Carbon Nanotubes
• Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a recently discovered allotrope
of carbon.
• They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical
properties, and are efficient conductors of heat.
• There are two main types of nanotubes: single-walled
nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs).
• A nanotube is a member of the fullerene structural family,
which also includes buckyballs.They conduct electrons on
their surface and guide photons inside them.
• Whereas buckyballs are spherical in shape, a nanotube is
cylindrical.
• The diameter of a nanotube is on the order of a few
nanometers while they can be up to several millimeters in
length.

A Carbon nanotube model between source and drain acting as a variable
resistor depending on the gate voltage applied to its body through an
insulating SiO2.

Quantum dots
• A quantum dot is a semiconductor nanostructure that confines
the motion of conduction band electrons, valence band holes,
or excitons (bound pairs of conduction band electrons and
valence band holes) in all three spatial directions.
• A quantum dot has a discrete quantized energy spectrum.
• A quantum dot contains a small finite number (of the order of
1-100) of conduction band electrons, valence band holes, or
excitons.
• Many a times InGaAs is used for quantum dots.
• When two nanowires acting as photon waveguides cross each
other, their juncture acts as a quantum dot(vertical/horizontal
polarization).

• Quantum wires, which confine electrons or holes in two spatial
dimensions and allow free propagation in the third.
• Quantum wells, which confine electrons or holes in one
dimension and allow free propagation in two dimensions.
Single quantum dot and ordered arrays of quantum dots as active
optoelectronic device elements.They can be as small as 10-50 atoms per dot of
size 2 to 10 nm and as big as 100 to 100000 atoms within the quantum dot
volume.

Qubits
• In quantum computing, a qubit or quantum bit is a unit of
quantum information—the quantum analogue of the classical
bit.
• A qubit is a two-state quantum-mechanical system, such as
the polarization of a single photon: here the two states are
vertical polarization and horizontal polarization.
• In a classical system, a bit would have to be in one state or the
other, but quantum mechanics allows the qubit to be in a
superposition of both states at the same time.It can be 0, 1, or
a superposition of both unlike bits.

MEMS-Micro-ElectroMechanical System
• Combines computer with tiny mechanical devices such as
sensors ,gears, and actuators embedded in semiconductor
chips.
• Motes act as information seekers. Made up of thousands of
very minute sensors that can measure ambient light, heat,
movement, and sound.
• An office building might have a hundred or even thousand
light-and temperature-sensing motes, all of which would tie
into a central computer that regulates energy usage in the
building.

Applications
• In the field of electronics, artificial intelligence,
telecommunications, medical sciences and space exploration.
• Advanced sensors, trackers and detection apparatus like
MEMS(Micro ElectroMechanical Systems) and NEMS(Nano
ElectroMechanical Systems) are also the inventions of
nanoelectronics.
• Cadmium selenide nanocrystals deposited on plastic sheets
have been shown to form flexible electronic circuits.
• Transistors built in single atom thick graphene film to enable
very high speed transistors with very high packing density.

• Nano glue significantly increases the thermal conductance
between the computer chip and the heat sink.
• Using quantum dots to replace the fluorescent dots used in
current displays making them flexible as well as use less power.
• Using Nano electronic technologies in-
A) Quantum Computers:
• processors more powerful .
• use of nanomaterials in place of traditional CMOS components.
• Use of quantum dots and qubits.
B) Memory storage:
• Nantero has developed a carbon nanotube based crossbar
memory called Nano-RAM
• Hewlett-Packard which has proposed the use of memristor .

• C) Optoelectronic devices:
• have enormous bandwidth and capacity.
• They resemble a semiconductor, but for light
or photons instead of electrons.
• D) Energy production:
• The invention of more efficient solar energy .
• A bio-nano generator is a nanoscale electrochemical device,
like a fuel cell orgalvanic cell, but drawing power from blood
glucose in a living body, much the same as how the body
generates energy from food.

Companies to Watch
Molecular Electronics Corporation
29
These companies have raised a total of $91MM

Nanoelectronics

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