Earthquake: the word itself feels disastrous. Though the earthquake has no direct effect on human being, but still it causes a plenty of life and property loss. The reason is earthquake tends to fail the various structures such as buildings, houses, bridges, roads etc. and this failure causes all losses. The following pictures shows some of the failure of structures due to earthquake. But please hold for a minute, in case of the following failed structures, it was possible to prevent the failure…… Because these structures are not failed only due to earthquake but because of failure of soil strata bellow the structure due to the earthquake. And if the soil was improved before construction the failure could be avoided. This phenomenon of failure of soil strata during earthquake is called as the “Soil Liquefaction”. Liquefaction is responsible for extreme property damage & loss of life due to several variations in failure potential. Still the liquefaction is not given that much importance. In India during Bhuj Earthquake lots of structures are collapsed due to liquefaction itself. And there are many liquefaction prone areas are present in zone IV in India. That’s why liquefaction is very much important. In this paper, the study of liquefaction is done with respect to its introduction, properties of soil in which the liquefaction may occurs, how exactly the liquefaction takes place, detailed Geotechnical Study of liquefaction which includes how to decide the liquefaction prone area, evaluation of liquefaction potential and the various old and recent remedial measures to avoid the liquefaction, along with software and Artificial Neural Network. So that one can become safe against Liquefaction.

1. A
Paper Presentation
BE SAFE AGAINST
“LIQUEFACTION”
A MAJOR CAUSE OF STRUCTURAL FAILUR
DURING EARTHQUA
R. RAGHAVENDRA P.HEMANTH
III B.Tech, Civil III B.Tech, Civil
yours.raghu113@gmail.com
hemanth.perusomula@yahoo.in
FROM
J.N.T.U College of Engg.,Anantapur.
For
P.V.K.K TECHNO FEST 2K11

2.  INTRODUCTION
 DEFINITION
 GROUND FAILURE RESULTING FROM SOIL LIQUEFACTION
 EXPLANATION OF LIQUEFACTION
 MODES OF LIQUEFACTION
 ANALYSING LIQUEFACTION SUSCEPTIBLE
 GEOTECHNICAL STUDY ON LIQUEFACTION
 ANALYSIS OF LIQUEFACTION
 HOW CAN THE RISK OF DAMAGE DUE TO SOIL LIQUEFACTION BE
REDUCED?
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES

4. INTRODUCTION
• What is liquefaction?
• Relation with earthquakes
• Quick sand?....
Castro & Polus

5.  "Liquefaction is a phenomenon where in a mass of
soil loses a large percentage of its shear resistance,
when subjected to monotonic, cyclic, or shock
loading, and flows in a manner resembling a liquid
until the shear stresses acting on the mass are as
low as the reduced shear resistance."

6. Ground Failure Resulting From Soil
Liquefaction:
• Sand boils • Flow failures of slopes
• Lateral spreads • Ground oscillation
• Loss of bearing capacity • Buoyant rise
• Ground settlement • Failure of retaining walls

7. Explanation of liquEfaction

8. CONTACT FORCES IN SOIL
SOIL BEFORE LIQUEFACTION SOIL AFTER LIQUEFACTION

9. MODES OF LIQUEFACTION
FLOW LIQUEFACTION
QUASI LIQUEFACTION
SAND BOILING
LIQUEFACTION BY ROBERTSON
A. FLOW LI QUEFACTI ON B. CYCLI C
SO FTENI NG
1) Cyclic liquefaction
2) Cyclic mobility

10. LIQUEFACTION
SUSCEPTIBLE

11. ANALYSING
LIQUEFACTION SUSCEPTIBLE
There are a number of different ways to evaluate the liquefaction
susceptibility of a soil deposit. Here they are organized as follows
(adopted from Kramer, 1996).
a) Historical criteria
b) Geo logical criteria
c) Compositional criteria
d) State criteria

12. STUDY ON LIQUEFACTION
BY
GEO TECHNICIANS
1) Flow Liquefaction
2) Limited liquefaction

13. GRAPHS RELATED TO
LIQUEFACTION

14. ANALYSIS
OF LIQUEFACTION
A. EmpiricAl corrElAtion
B. simplifiEd procEdurE
(By sEEd And idriss)

15. SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE
MSF= Magnitude of scaling factor
Ka = Over burden scaling factor
Kc = Correction factor for sloping grouting
amax= Peak horizontal acceleration in ground when earth quake came
g = Acceleration due to gravity
rd =stress reduction coefficient
σv o and σ’vo are the total and effective overburden stresses

16. PROGRESS IN
LIQUEFACTION
 FINES CONTENT
 MAGNITUED CORRELATED
DURATION WEIGHING FACTORS
 EFFECTIVE OVERBURDEN STRESS

17. finEs contEnt And plAsticity
indEX
Applicable for
 FC > 20% if PI>12%
 FC > 35% if PI<12%

18. WEIGHTING FACTORS

19.  SAFETY HOUSE FOR LIQUEFACTION

20. Properties

21. CONCLUSION
 We studied soil Liquefaction in Detail w.r.t. its importance,
properties of soil, details of Liquefaction, geotechnical study,
evaluation techniques and remedial measures and concluded that
liquefaction is very important phenomenon and it has not given
that much importance in India.
 The detailed study of liquefaction must be undertaken for Indian
earthquake regions and the preventive measures must be
conducted in liquefaction prone area so as to avoid the failure of
structures during earthquake. So as to be safe against
earthquake failure.

22. REFERENCES
1) www.ce.washington.edu
2)what is soil liquefaction
- Alisha Kaplan.
3)Soil Liquefaction in Earthquake.
- Alan F. Rauch.
4) Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering.
- B. C. Punmia.
5) Liquefaction potential assessment in Chandigarh city.
- R. Dharmaraju & Gayatri Devi.
6)laboratory evaluation of dynamic properties and
liquefaction potential of sands
- Prof. T. G. Sitharam

23. ?
RAGHAVENDRA & HEMANTH