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Hymenolepis nana
- 1. HYMENOLEPIS NANA GREEK- hymen- membrane lepis- covering nanus- dwarf
- 2. INTRODUCTON • ALSO KNOWN AS DWARF TAPEWORM. (NANUS: DWARF) • DISCOVERY:- BILHARZ (1857) • SMALLEST AND THE MOST COMMON TAPEWORM FOUND IN THE HUMAN INTESTINE
- 3. TAXONOMY • KINGDOM: ANIMALIA • PHYLUM: PLATYHELMINTHES • CLASS: CESTODES • ORDER: CYCLOPHYLLIDEA • FAMILY: HYMENOLEPIDIDAE • GENUS: HYMENOLEPIS
- 4. HABITAT • PROXIMAL ILEUM OF MAN • MOST COMMONLY FOUND IN WARM THAN COLD PLACE -EGYPT -SPAIN -SOUTH AMERICA -INDIA
- 5. EPIDEMIOLOGY • MOST COMMON TAPEWORM THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. • 50 – 75 MILLION INFECTED WORLDWIDE. • MOST COMMONLY SEEN IN CHILDREN ALTHOUGH ADULTS ARE ALSO INFECTED.
- 6. MORPHOLOGY • ADULT WORM • LENGTH: 5-45mm • THICKNESS: <1mm • PARTS: 1.HEAD (SCOLEX) 2.NECK 3.TRUNK (STROBILA)
- 7. MORPHOLOGY- ADULT WORM 1. HEAD COMPONENTS- 4 SUCKERS -ROSTELLUM (A SINGLE ROW OF 20-30 HOOKS) 2. NECK STARTS IMMEDIATELY BEHIND THE HEAD GROWTH OF THE SEGMENTED BODY (PROGLOTTID) BEGINS
- 8. MORPHOLOGY 3. TRUNK -CHAIN OF SEGMENTED BODY(PROGLOTTIDS) -PROGLOTTIDS BEAR MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN (HERMAPHRODITE) -SURROUNDED BY TEGUMENT
- 9. MORPHOLOGY • EGG • SHAPE: SPHERICAL OR OVOID • SIZE: 30-40 µm • STRUCTURE: LAYERS OUTER MEMBRANE INNER MEMBRANE • NON BILE STAINED • IMMEDIATELY INFECTIVE WHEN THEY ARE SHED IN THE FECES • DON’T SURVIVE IN EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT FOR MORE THAN 10 MINUTES
- 10. LIFE CYCLE -TWO LIFE CYCLES 1).DIRECT LIFE CYCLE 2).INDIRECT LIFE CYCLE 1). DIRECT LIFE CYCLE • HOST: MAN • INFECTIVE FORM: EGGS • MODE OF TRANSMISSON: -FECO-ORAL ROUTE. -AUTOINFECTION
- 11. 2). INDIRECT LIFE CYCLE • HOSTS -DEFINITIVE HOST: RAT AND MICE (MAN RARELY) -INTERMEDIATE HOST: RAT FLEAS- Xenopsylla cheopis - Pulex irritans • MODE OF TRANSMISSION: -MEN ACQUIRE THE INFECTION RARELY BY ACCIDENTAL INGESTION OF INSECTS CONTAINING THE CYSTICERCOID LARVA.
- 12. CLINICAL FEATURES • USUALLY ASYMPTOMATIC • SYMPTOMS SEEN IN HEAVY INFECTION AND WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM • ANOREXIA • VOMITING • ABDOMINAL PAIN • DIARRHEA • IRRITABILITY • PRURITIS (DUE TO ALLERGIC RESPONSE) • EOSINOPHILIA
- 13. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 1. SPECIMEN: FECES SERUM 2. DIRECT MICROSCOPY: -EGGS WITH POLAR FI LAMENTS BETWEEN THE SHELL MEMBRANES -IT IS THE ONLY CESTODE EGG THAT IS NOT STAINED BY BILE WHEN PASSED THROUGH INTESTINE.
- 14. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS • SALINE MOUNT THREE PAIRS OF HOOKLETS SEEN CLEARLY • IDOINE MOUNT POLAR FILAMENTS SEEN CLEARLY
- 15. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 3. CONCENTRATION METHODS ZINC SULPHATE FLOATATION METHOD FORMALIN ETHER SEDIMINTATION METHOD 4. ELISA (FOR ANTIBODY DETECTION)
- 16. TREATMENT • NICLOSAMIDE (2 GMS ONCE FOR 7 DAYS). • PRAZIQUANTEL (25 MG/KG ONCE) IS THE TREATMENT OF CHOICE, SINCE IT ACTS AGAINST BOTH THE ADULT WORMS AND THE CYSTICERCOID LARVAE. • ALTERNATIVES NITAZOXANIDE (500 MG BD FOR 3 DAYS)
- 17. PROPHYLAXIS • MAINTENANCE OF GOOD PERSONAL HYGIENE AND SANITARY IMPROVEMENTS. • AVOIDING OF CONSUMPTION OF CONTAMINATED FOOD AND WATER. • RODENT CONTROL.
- 18. THANK YOU R A A F I U L B A S H E E R