4. 4
Training (somewhat dependent)
Age (highly dependent)
The amount of accommodation
available depends upon
5. 5
Accommodation is mediated by
parasympathetic stimulation of
the ciliary body under the innervation
of the IIIrd cranial or oculomotor
nerve, arising in the midbrain.
Physiology of
Accommodation
10. 10
The resting state of accommodation
The amount of accommodation present in the
absence of a stimulus due to ciliary muscle
tone as a result of low degree of neural
activity
In youth this is about 1 to 2 D
reduces with age
Tonic accommodation
11. 11
amount of accommodation
stimulated by convergence
Convergence
Accommodation
12. 12
The reaction time for
convergence is about 0.2 s,
almost twice as fast as that for
accommodation
accommodation lags behind and
takes its cue from convergence.
Lag Time
13. Measurement of AC/A
Calculation method (Heterophoria
method)
AC/A = PD + n+ d / D
Where, D = testing distance
Gradient method
AC/A = n+ d / D
Where, D = Power of the lens
Graphical method
Normal Value: 4/1 to 6/1
14. 15
The amount of accommodation induced by
the subject's awareness of the proximity of
an object.
In instruments such as autorefractors, it
interferes with the objective measurement of
refractive error
Autorefractors tend to give readings
overcorrections for myopia
undercorrections for hyperopia.
Proximal accommodation
15. 16
The normal involuntary response
to blur which maintains a clear
image
Reflex accommodation
16. 18
When there is no visual input to stimulate
accommodation, accommodation does not
go to a zero level as one might expect, but
rather to an intermediate level
in dense fog or a clear blue sky
experienced by pilots at high altitudes
Between 1 D and 2 D of myopia develops
within ten seconds of viewing an empty
field – empty field or space myopia
Other types:
Empty Field Accommodation
17. 19
occurs in darkness
The dark focus of accommodation is
responsible for night myopia, in which
the eye tends to accommodate too
much for a given object distance when
lighting levels are low
One study found a mean dark focus of
1.52 D (SD = 0.77)
Other types:
Dark Focus of Accommodation
18. 20
A full clinical examination
includes assessment of accommodative
function in four parameters
amplitude of accommodation
lag of accommodation
accommodative facility
relative accommodation
Clinical Measurement of
Accommodation
19. 21
The maximum amount by which the eye
can change its power
The dioptric difference between the
punctum proximum and the punctum
remotum
e.g:
if the far point is 50 cm in front of the spectacle
plane and the punctum proximum is 8 cm in front of
it, the amplitude is:
Ans:
AA = (1/kpr
)-(1/kpp
) = (1/-0.5m)-(1/-0.08m)
= +10.5D
Amplitude of
Accommodation
20. 23
The amplitude of accommodation
declines throughout life until at about
50 or 60 years of age when it becomes
zero
Amplitude of
Accommodation
23. 26
Amplitude of
Accommodation vs. Age
Hofstetter formulas for expected
amplitude as a function of age
(using the data of Donders, Duane, and Kaufman):
Maximum amplitude = 25 - 0.4(age)
Probable amplitude = 18.5 - 0.3(age)
Minimum amplitude = 15 - 0.25(age)
Rule of 4’s
amplitude=4x4-(Age/4)
24. 27
Lag of accommodation can be assessed
clinically
Dynamic retinoscopy
near bichrome test
the near cross cylinder test
Normal Lag: +0.50 or +0.75 diopters
High Lag: +1.00 diopters or higher
Decreased Lag: +0.25 diopters or less
Lag of Accommodation
28. Accommodation
Insufficiency
Management:
Correct refractive error : small hyperopia/
astigmatism
Near add: NRA + PRA/ 2 or
accommodative lag value
Vision training
Lens rock with +/- flippers
Brock string (Jump vergence)
29. Accommodation Infacility
Slow or difficult accommodative response
to dioptric change in stimulus
Symptoms
Inability to change focus from near to distance & vice
versa
Asthenopia
Feature:
Fail miserably when trying to clear plus &
minus lenses (flippers) < 8 cycles per minute
31. Accommodative Fatigue
Inability of the eye to adequately
sustain sufficient accommodation
over an extended time period.
Symptoms:
Blurring of near vision after some
time, and inability to focus again
Asthenopia
Feature:
Difficulty to clear plus lenses
32. Accommodative Fatigue
Management
Spectacle correction
Near add:
Benefit with plus lens
Vision therapy:
Flippers
Brock string (Jump vergence)
33. Latent Hyperopia
Portion of total hyperopia compensated
by accommodation (tonicity of the
ciliary muscle
Symptoms:
Inability to do near work for long (focusing
problem)
Asthenopia
Need to do cyclorefraction
Correct refractive error : small hyperopia/
astigmatism
34. Accommodative Spasm
(Pseudomyopia)
Due to ciliary muscle spasm, inability of
the eye to relax accommodation
Results in pseudomyopia
Symptoms
Typical myopic complain (distance blur)
Frontal headache (asthenopia)
Poor response to all the tests which
need to relax accommodation (unable
to clear plus lens)
36. 44
The blur during near vision resulting
from the normal decrease in amplitude
of accommodation with age
sometimes quantitatively defined as
an amplitude of accommodation less
than 5 D, which is the point at which
many patients become symptomatic
This usually occurs at about 40 or 45
years of age
Presbyopia
37. 45
Presbyopia that has advanced to
the point that the ability to
accommodate is completely
absent is known as absolute
presbyopia
Absolute presbyopia is reached
between 50 and 60 years of age
Absolute Presbyopia
38. 46
The treatment for presbyopia is
the addition of plus power for use
when viewing near objects
This is usually in the form of
reading glasses, bifocal
spectacles, or multifocal
spectacle lenses.
Treatment for Presbyopia