Smith_EatingBehavior_Study

Running head: GREEK LIFE AND SOCIAL PRESSURE ON EATING 1
The Relationship Between Involvement in Greek Life and Social Pressure on Eating Behaviors
of College Students
Rachel Smith
University of Southern California

GREEK LIFE AND SOCIAL PRESSURE ON EATING 2
Abstract
Though previous research has found that being in Greek life and the eating behavior of college
students may be significantly related, it has not yet been fully understood why this is. For
instance, what exactly is it about being involved in Greek life that is associated with the choices
that college students make about their eating habits? This study aimed to assess the relationship
between involvement in a Greek organization, and the social pressures created by that, and the
eating behaviors of college students. Based on previous literature review, it was hypothesized
that involvement in Greek life would be significantly related to the eating behaviors of college
students, due to the social pressures that may come with being involved in Greek life. In other
words, it was predicted that social pressures would mediate the relationship between Greek life
involvement and eating behavior. The participants included a sample of 69 college
undergraduates. The participants were administered a survey that assessed their affiliation within
a Greek organization, their perceived amount of social pressure, and their habits and behaviors
regarding eating. A series of multiple regressions were executed to test the hypothesized
meditational model. The results suggested that Greek life is significantly related to the eating
habits of college of college students (B=.741, sig=.000); however, social pressures did not seem
to mediate that relationship (B=-.047, sig=.594). The results imply that there may be other
factors associated with being involved in Greek life that may mediate the relationship between
Greek life involvement and eating behavior.

The Relationship Between Involvement in Greek Life and Social Pressure on Eating Behaviors
of College Students
Disordered eating habits are a widely studied concept within the field of psychology.
Negative eating behaviors may be exhibited by people of all ages, but it has been suggested
through previous research that the prevalence of these disordered behaviors is higher among the
college population, and is a significant problem on college campuses. (Linder, Hughes & Fahy,
2008). This higher prevalence may be related to social pressures that students can be faced with.
For instance, one study suggests that students in college engage in constant social comparisons,
in which their peers directly affect students’ formations of identities (Linder, Hughes & Fahy,
2008). When the study was conducted, the results implied that the negative eating behaviors that
were exhibited by the participants were actually independent of the participants’ weights,
suggesting that the students may have had distorted perceptions of their own bodies (Linder,
Hughes & Fahy, 2008). This study aims to assess the relationship between the involvement in
Greek life, and the social pressures created by that involvement, on the eating behaviors and
habits of college students.
Social Pressure
The social comparison theory may play an important role in creating the societal
pressures felt by college students, thus helping to explain how these pressures influence the
eating behaviors of college students. This theory is used to explain how and why humans assess
and establish their own perceptions and abilities (Cresanti-Daknis, 1997). Humans are constantly
searching for targets to build comparisons on and often look to their surrounding environment.
The problem arises when there is a discrepancy between how a person views their self and how
they view others (Corning, Krumm & Smitham 2006). This is the foundational basis of the social

comparison theory. Social comparisons may be used to explain the prevalence in the “thin ideal”
perceptions of modern day college students. These perceptions may be key components in
determining what constitutes high levels of perceived social pressure, therefore possibly helping
to explain the factors that lead to disordered eating habits. Constant social comparisons within an
individual may create higher levels of social pressure, in which the individual feels the need to
change their thoughts or behavior. One way in which an individual may cope with these social
pressures is manifest in their eating behaviors.
Involvement in Greek Life
Additionally, involvement in a membership group, such as those within the collegiate
Greek affiliations, may be another factor in determining what influences college students’ eating
habits. Within the college environment, involvement in Greek life has been shown to generate
social norms and gender roles that may be used to explain the occurrence of negative eating
habits in college students. These social norms are created to establish what is appropriate
behavior for the members that identify with it (Crandall, 1988). Individuals adjust their behavior
to fit that of those around them, thus suggesting that this may have an influence on the eating
patterns exhibited by college students. In an interview with an undergraduate student in Greek
life, the participant noted that she often finds herself comparing herself to others and that she
often engages in dieting behaviors in an attempt to compete with the skinnier girls.
One previous study on sorority membership concluded that participants who were a part
of a sorority were at higher risk for development of eating disorders, had higher levels of
perceived social pressure and higher levels of body consciousness (Basow, Foran & Bookwala,
2007). By creating pressures to be thin and have the “ideal body”, sorority membership may be a
factor that contributes to negative eating habits. In another prior study, a direct correlation was

found between the eating habits of a participant and those of the participant’s friends (Crandall,
1988). These studies demonstrate the weight that being involved in Greek life may have on the
eating behaviors of college students.
Based on the previous literature reviews, I have constructed a meditational model,
consisting of four main hypotheses, for how Greek life and social pressure may be related to the
eating behavior of college students. My first hypothesis is that involvement in a Greek
organization will have a significant positive influence on social pressure. Second, I hypothesize
that social pressure will have a significant influence on the eating behaviors of college students.
My third hypothesis is that involvement in Greek life will significantly influence eating
behaviors. Lastly, I hypothesize that social pressure will act as a significant mediating variable
on the relationship between Greek affiliation and eating behaviors.
Methods
Participants
The participant pool consisted of 69 undergraduate college students. Participants were
recruited online via Facebook. Both Greek-affiliated and non Greek-affiliated undergraduates
were encouraged to participate in this study. The age of the participants was not asked for, but
given that the participants were undergraduates in college, the ages were between approximately
18-22. In light of the fact that gender was not a variable that was relevant in this study, both
males and females could have completed the survey; the gender of the participant was not asked
in the questionnaire.
Instruments
The study was executed through the use of a Qualtrics survey. The first part of the survey
consisted of a question establishing the participants’ involvement in Greek life or not. The next

portion of the survey assessed the presence of social pressures in the participants’ lives. These
questions came from the Self Monitoring Scale (Snyder, 1974). This scale is designed to assess
the extent to which a person engages in intentional impression management strategies when in
social situations (Snyder, 1974). Some examples of items in this scale are: “I find it hard to
imitate the behavior of other people” and “ Even if I am not enjoying myself, I often pretend to
be” (Snyder, 1974). The last part of the survey assessed the participants’ eating habits and
behaviors. These questions came from The Eating Attitudes Test (Garner et al., 1982). This is a
standardized self-report questionnaire that analyzes some of the socio-cultural factors that may
influence the development of negative eating habits, and is particularly useful in assessing the
risk of an individual developing a possible eating disorder. (Garner et al., 1982). Examples of
items included in this scale are: “I find myself preoccupied with food” and “I cut my food into
small pieces” (Garner et al., 1982).
Procedure
The participants for this study were recruited through the use of convenience sampling.
Uses of social media sites, such as Facebook, were used to distribute the Qualtrics survey. Each
participant who agreed to take the survey was provided the same exact survey which they took in
the convenience and privacy of their home. Possible deception in this study may have been the
fact that the participants did not know what the study was testing for. Once the data had been
collected, it was analyzed through a series of statistical tests. Given the design of the study, a
multiple regression test was run to analyze the data obtained from the Qualtrics survey. A
multiple regression was run to account for the meditational model, in which three different
regressions were run: First, eating behavior was regressed on the involvement in Greek life.
Second, social pressure was regressed on involvement in Greek life. Finally, eating behavior was

regressed on both Greek life involvement and social pressure. Furthermore, a Shapiro-Wilk test
was used to test the assumption that the residuals were evenly distributed. Given that the
Shapiro-Wilk test yielded insignificant results, it could be assumed that the residuals were evenly
distributed.
Results
To test the different hypotheses posed for this study, a series of multiple regressions were
executed. A separate regression was used to test the relationship between each of the following
hypothesized relationships: Greek life involvement (initial predictor) and eating behavior
(outcome), social pressure (mediating predictor) and Greek life involvement, and the relationship
between both Greek life involvement and social pressure on eating behavior.
Measurement Analysis
Assessing Involvement in Greek Life. The first criterion variable was involvement in
Greek life, therefore only needed one question to assess it. This was assessed in the questionnaire
through a simple yes/no question to see whether each participant was involved in Greek life or
not.
Reliability of the “Self Monitoring” scale. A pre-existing scale called the The Self-
Monitoring Scale (Snyder, 1974) was used to measure one of the criterion variables: social
pressure. 25 items were used to assess this construct. The scale yielded a lower Cronbach’s alpha
than desired, an alpha of .399, but the scale was still used in light of the fact that it is a verified,
pre-existing scale.
Reliability of the “East-26 Self-Test” scale. A pre-existing scale called the The Eat-26
Self-Test (Garner et al, 1982) was used to assess the eating habits of the participants. The scale
consisted of 26 items which all assessed the participants’ feelings and behaviors regarding food

and eating. This scale yielded a Chronbach’s alpha of .908, suggesting a high internal
consistency. Since the alpha level suggests that the items used to measure this construct are
closely related to each other, no items were discarded.
Factor Structure. Two factor analyses with varimax rotation were conducted to test
whether each scale was measuring just one construct. The first factor analysis was executed to
make sure the items were measuring social pressures. It was decided that a single factor solution,
Social Pressure, would work best to represent this data (see Table 1). The cumulative amount of
variance accounted for by this factor solution was 16.36%. The next factor analysis was executed
to establish that the intended items in the eating behavior scale were actually measuring eating
behavior. Once again, it was decided that a single factor solution, Eating Behavior, would be the
best solution for this data (see Table 2). The cumulative amount of variance accounted for by this
factor solution was 34.9%.
Multiple Regression Analyses
A set of three regression analyses was run to test the relationship between the outcome
variable (eating behaviors), the initial predictor variable (Greek life involvement) and the
mediating variable (social pressure). It was predicted that social pressure would act as a
mediating variable, but the results did not indicate a meditational relationship. To test this, a
number of steps were taken. First, the eating behavior variable was regressed on the initial
predictor, which was Greek life (B= .741, sig= .000). These results suggest that there is a
significantly positive relationship between being involved in Greek life and eating behaviors.
Next, social pressure was regressed on Greek life (.B=-.047, sig= .594), yielding insignificant
results. Finally, eating behaviors was regressed on both Greek life and social pressure. In this last
regression analysis, Greek life produced significant results (B= .721, sig= .000), while social

pressure produced insignificant results (B=-.183, sig= .558), indicating that social pressure does
not act as a mediator on the relationship between Greek life involvement and eating behaviors.
The results suggest that the amount of variance accounted for in the outcome variable by the
predictors was .264.
Discussion and Implications
This study posed four hypotheses. The first one was that involvement in Greek life would
significantly influence eating behaviors. Secondly, it was predicted that involvement in Greek
life would have a significant positive influence on social pressures. It also was hypothesized that
social pressures would have a significant influence on the eating behaviors of college students.
Lastly, it was hypothesized that social pressures would act a mediating variable on the
relationship between Greek life involvement and eating behaviors. In other words, being
involved in Greek life would create higher levels of social pressures, which would then in turn
affect eating behaviors. The results suggested that there is a significant relationship between
Greek life involvement and eating behaviors, supporting the initial hypothesis. However, no
significant results were found between social pressures and Greek life involvement, suggesting
that social pressure does not act a mediating variable on the relationship between Greek life
involvement and eating behavior.
Previous studies have suggested that involvement in Greek life may create social norms
that cause Greek-affiliated students to feel pressured to comply with those norms, possibly
influencing their eating habits. More specifically, a prior study found that members who were
part of a sorority were suggested to be at higher risks of developing eating disorders and had
higher levels of social pressures (Basow, Foran & Bookwala, 2007). This study did not support
previous findings in which social pressures in Greek life were associated with eating behavior.

However, the results of this study did suggest a significant relationship between Greek-life
involvement and eating behavior, concurrent with other previous research. This suggests that, in
accordance with prior studies, being involved in Greek-life is significantly related to the eating
behaviors of college kids.
This study poses a few limitations, which should be considered. First, the sample size
was relatively small. In smaller sample sizes, it is harder to generalize the results to a larger
population. Second, the use of an online survey poses the threat of self-report biases. Participants
may have answered in a way that they perceive as more socially acceptable, reporting answers
dishonestly.
This study implies that while Greek life is significantly related to the eating habits of
college students, it may not be because of the social pressure that Greek life creates. Thus, the
study also implies the need for future research on this topic, in which other variables present in
Greek life should be studied to see which ones are significantly associated with eating behavior
in college students.

Table 1
“Social Pressure Scale” single factor exploratory solution.
Item F1
I find it hard to imitate the behavior of other people .520
My behavior is usually an expression of my true inner
feelings, attitudes, and beliefs.
At parties and social gatherings, I do not attempt to do or
say things that others will like.
-.402
I can only argue for ideas which I already believe.
I can make impromptu speeches even on topics about
which I have almost no information
-.589
I guess I put on a show to impress or entertain other
people.
When I am uncertain how to act in a social situation, I
look to the behavior of others for cues.
.481
I would probably make a good actor. -.393
I rarely seek the advice of my friends to choose movies,
books, or music.
I sometimes appear to others to be experiencing deeper
emotions than I actually am.
I laugh more when I watch a comedy with others than
when alone.
In groups of people, I am rarely the center of attention. .743
In different situations with different people, I often act
like very different persons.
I am not particularly good at making other people like
me.
.310
Even if I am not enjoying myself, I often pretend to be
having a good time.
I am not always the person I appear to be. .430
I would not change my opinion (or the way I do things)
in order to please someone else or win their favor.
-.324
I have considered being an entertainer. -.436
In order to get along and be liked, I tend to be what
people expect me to be rather than anything else.
.360
I have never been good at games like charades or
improvisational acting.
.542
I have trouble changing my behavior to suit different
people and different situations.
At a party, I let others keep the jokes and stories going. .664
I feel a bit awkward in company and do not show up .803

quite as well as I should.
I can look anyone in the eye and tell a lie with a straight
face.
I may deceive people by being friendly when I really
dislike them.
Table 2
“Eating Behavior Scale” single factor exploratory solution.
Item F1
I am terrified about being overweight. .688
I avoid eating when I am hungry. .836
I find myself preoccupied with food. .537
I have gone on eating binges where I feel that I may not be
able to stop.
.483
I cut my food into small pieces.
I am aware of the calorie content of foods that I eat. .533
I particularly avoid food with a high carbohydrate content
(i.e. bread, rice, potatoes, etc.)
.662
I feel that others would prefer if I ate more. .604
I vomit after I have eaten. .592
I feel extremely guilty after eating. .852
I am preoccupied with a desire to be thinner. .722
I think about burning up calories when I exercise. .663
I feel that other people think that I am too thin.
I am preoccupied with the thought of having fat on my
body.
.683
I take longer than others to eat my meals.
I avoid foods with sugar in them. .464
I eat diet foods. .693
I feel that food controls my life. .697
I display self-control around food.
I feel that others pressure me to eat. .477
I give too much time and thought to food. .788
I feel uncomfortable eating sweets. .626
I engage in dieting behavior. .621
I like my stomach to be empty. .688
I have impulses to vomit after meals. .620
I enjoy trying new rich foods.

References
Basow, S. A., Foran, K. A., & Bookwala, J. (2007). Body objectification, social pressure, and
disordered eating behavior in college women: The role of sorority
membership. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(4), 394-400
Corning, A.F., Krumm, A.J., & Smitham, L.A. (2006). Differential social comparison processes
in women with and without eating disorder symptoms. Journal of Counseling
Psychology, 53(3), 338-349.
Crandall, C. S. (1988). Social contagion of binge eating. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 55(4), 588-598.
Cresanti-Daknis, T. (1997). Social comparison theory: A revision and clarification. Available
from PsycINFO. (619259870; 1997-95021-161).
Garner et al., (1982). Psychological Medicine, 12, 871-878
Lindner, D., Hughes, A., & Fahy, R. (2008). Eating pathology and social comparison in college
females. North American Journal of Psychology, 10(3), 445-462.
Snyder, M. (1974). Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of personality and social
psychology, 30(4), 526.

Reliability
Notes
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Syntax RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=Q3 Q5 Q6
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Scale: ALL VARIABLES
Case Processing Summary
N %
Cases Valid 48 69.6
Excludeda
21 30.4
Total 69 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in
the procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha N of Items
.399 25

Item Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
I find it hard to
imitate the behavior
of other people.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
1.94 .998 48
My behavior is
usually an
expression of my
true inner feelings,
attitudes, and
beliefs. (1=Disagr...
3.92 .964 48
At parties and
social gatherings, I
do not attempt to do
or say things that
others will like.
(1=...
2.65 1.158 48
I can only argue for
ideas which I
already believe.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
2.83 1.310 48
I can make
impromptu
speeches even on
topics about which I
have almost no
information.
(1=Disagre...
3.15 1.304 48
I guess I put on a
show to impress or
entertain other
people.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
2.29 1.148 48

When I am
uncertain how to
act in a social
situation, I look to
the behavior of
others for cues ....
3.10 1.356 48
I would probably
make a good actor.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
2.98 1.360 48
I rarely seek the
advice of my friends
to choose movies,
books, or music.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
2.60 1.198 48
I sometimes appear
to others to be
experiencing
deeper emotions
than I actually am.
(1=Disagree,...
2.46 1.254 48
I laugh more when I
watch a comedy
with others than
when alone.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
2.81 1.299 48
In groups of people,
I am rarely the
center of attention.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
2.65 1.082 48
In different
situations with
different people, I
often act like very
different persons.
(1=Disagr...
2.56 1.165 48

I am not particularly
good at making
other people like
me. (1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
1.85 1.185 48
Even if I am not
enjoying myself, I
often pretend to be
having a good time.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
2.71 1.129 48
I am not always the
person I appear to
be. (1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
2.40 1.162 48
I would not change
my opinion (or the
way I do things) in
order to please
someone else or
win the...
3.38 1.265 48
I have considered
being an
entertainer.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
2.50 1.384 48
In order to get
along and be liked,
I tend to be what
people expect me
to be rather than
anything...
2.02 .863 48
I have never been
good at games like
charades or
improvisational
acting.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
2.33 1.260 48

I have trouble
changing my
behavior to suit
different people and
different situations.
(1=Disagre...
2.00 .945 48
At a party, I let
others keep the
jokes and stories
going. (1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
2.58 1.088 48
I feel a bit awkward
in company and do
not show up quite
as well as I should.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
2.02 1.246 48
I can look anyone in
the eye and tell a lie
with a straight face
(if for a right end).
(1=Disagre...
3.10 1.292 48
I may deceive
people by being
friendly when I
really dislike them.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
3.15 1.255 48
Item-Total Statistics
Scale Mean if
Item Deleted
Scale Variance
if Item Deleted
Corrected Item-
Total
Correlation
Cronbach's
Alpha if Item
Deleted
I find it hard to
of other people.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
64.04 54.509 .156 .380

My behavior is
usually an
expression of my
attitudes, and
62.06 57.464 -.040 .413
At parties and
do not attempt to
do or say things
that others will like.
(1=...
63.33 56.993 -.030 .415
ideas which I
already believe.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
63.15 55.276 .042 .403
I can make
impromptu
speeches even on
have almost no
information.
(1=Disagre...
62.83 61.589 -.268 .468
I guess I put on a
show to impress or
entertain other
people.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
63.69 52.219 .257 .357
When I am
uncertain how to
act in a social
situation, I look to
the behavior of
others for cues ....
62.88 52.665 .168 .373
I would probably
make a good actor.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
63.00 55.447 .025 .407

I rarely seek the
advice of my
friends to choose
movies, books, or
music.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
63.38 53.176 .183 .372
I sometimes appear
to others to be
experiencing
deeper emotions
than I actually am.
(1=Disagree,...
63.52 51.361 .271 .351
I laugh more when I
watch a comedy
with others than
when alone.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
63.17 55.504 .032 .405
I am rarely the
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
63.33 53.504 .198 .371
In different
situations with
different people, I
often act like very
different persons.
(1=Disagr...
63.42 50.801 .340 .339
good at making
other people like
me. (1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
64.13 51.090 .314 .344

Even if I am not
enjoying myself, I
often pretend to be
having a good time.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
63.27 52.883 .222 .365
I am not always the
person I appear to
be. (1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
63.58 54.631 .106 .388
I would not change
my opinion (or the
way I do things) in
order to please
someone else or
win the...
62.60 60.372 -.212 .455
I have considered
being an
entertainer.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
63.48 55.106 .038 .404
In order to get
along and be liked,
I tend to be what
people expect me
to be rather than
anything...
63.96 54.807 .177 .379
I have never been
good at games like
charades or
improvisational
acting.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
63.65 55.851 .020 .407
I have trouble
changing my
behavior to suit
(1=Disagre...
63.98 53.085 .278 .360

At a party, I let
others keep the
jokes and stories
going. (1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
63.40 51.989 .295 .351
in company and do
not show up quite
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
63.96 49.615 .378 .326
I can look anyone
in the eye and tell a
lie with a straight
face (if for a right
end). (1=Disagre...
62.88 60.367 -.211 .456
I may deceive
people by being
friendly when I
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
62.83 54.950 .069 .396
Scale Statistics
Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items
65.98 57.808 7.603 25
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Scale: ALL VARIABLES
N %
Cases Valid 46 66.7
Excludeda
23 33.3
Total 69 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in
the procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha N of Items
.908 26
Item Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
I am terrified about
being overweight.
3.57 1.734 46
I avoid eating when
I am hungry.
5.00 1.011 46
I find myself
preoccupied with
food.
3.98 1.498 46

I have gone on
eating binges
where I feel that I
may not be able to
stop.
4.96 1.115 46
I cut my food into
small pieces.
4.61 1.164 46
I am aware of the
calorie content of
foods that I eat.
3.59 1.668 46
I particularly avoid
food with a high
carbohydrate
content (i.e. bread,
rice, potatoes, etc.)
4.22 1.397 46
I feel that others
would prefer if I ate
more.
5.28 1.004 46
I vomit after I have
eaten.
5.76 .603 46
I feel extremely
guilty after eating.
4.61 1.308 46
I am preoccupied
with a desire to be
thinner.
3.93 1.638 46
I think about
burning up calories
when I exercise.
3.00 1.592 46
I feel that other
people think that I
am too thin.
5.37 .974 46
I am preoccupied
with the thought of
having fat on my
body.
3.87 1.572 46
I take longer than
others to eat my
meals.
4.70 1.280 46
I avoid foods with
sugar in them.
4.50 1.225 46

I eat diet foods. 4.65 1.337 46
I feel that food
controls my life.
4.67 1.399 46
I display self-control
around food.
3.80 1.088 46
I feel that others
pressure me to eat.
5.43 .860 46
I give too much
time and thought to
food.
4.26 1.639 46
I feel uncomfortable
eating sweets.
4.83 1.403 46
I engage in dieting
behavior.
4.33 1.536 46
I like my stomach to
be empty.
4.93 1.237 46
I have impulses to
vomit after meals.
5.74 .713 46
I enjoy trying new
rich foods.
4.48 1.295 46
Item-Total Statistics
Scale Mean if
Item Deleted
Scale Variance
if Item Deleted
Corrected Item-
Total
Correlation
Cronbach's
Alpha if Item
Deleted
being overweight.
114.50 312.211 .641 .902
I avoid eating when
I am hungry.
113.07 324.551 .794 .901
I find myself
preoccupied with
food.
114.09 327.948 .448 .906
I have gone on
eating binges
where I feel that I
may not be able to
stop.
113.11 336.055 .421 .906

I cut my food into
small pieces.
113.46 345.498 .177 .911
I am aware of the
calorie content of
foods that I eat.
114.48 322.300 .491 .906
food with a high
carbohydrate
113.85 321.910 .611 .903
I feel that others
more.
112.78 333.329 .550 .905
eaten.
112.30 341.950 .547 .906
I feel extremely
113.46 315.543 .802 .899
I am preoccupied
with a desire to be
thinner.
114.13 313.094 .668 .901
I think about
burning up calories
when I exercise.
115.07 316.062 .635 .902
I feel that other
people think that I
am too thin.
112.70 347.416 .169 .910
I am preoccupied
with the thought of
having fat on my
body.
114.20 316.072 .643 .902
I take longer than
others to eat my
meals.
113.37 343.705 .193 .911
I avoid foods with
sugar in them.
113.57 333.407 .438 .906
I eat diet foods. 113.41 320.826 .666 .902
I feel that food
controls my life.
113.39 320.555 .639 .902
around food.
114.26 351.797 .037 .912

I feel that others
pressure me to eat.
112.63 340.460 .419 .907
I give too much
time and thought to
food.
113.80 309.583 .732 .900
eating sweets.
113.24 323.075 .584 .903
I engage in dieting
behavior.
113.74 320.419 .577 .904
be empty.
113.13 325.805 .609 .903
I have impulses to
vomit after meals.
112.33 339.291 .560 .906
I enjoy trying new
rich foods.
113.59 350.159 .055 .913
Scale Statistics
Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items
118.07 354.507 18.828 26
Notes
Comments
/ORIGINAL.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in
Working Data File
69

Missing Value
Handling
values for dependent
variables are treated as
missing.
Cases Used Statistics are based on
cases with no missing
values for any dependent
variable or factor used.
Syntax EXAMINE
VARIABLES=ZRE_1
/PLOT BOXPLOT
STEMLEAF NPPLOT
/COMPARE GROUPS
/STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVES
/CINTERVAL 95
/MISSING LISTWISE
/NOTOTAL.
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Standardized
Residual
48 69.6% 21 30.4% 69 100.0%
Descriptives
Statistic Std. Error
Standardized
Residual
Mean .0000000 .14123317
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -.2841245
Upper Bound .2841245
5% Trimmed Mean .0220701
Median -.0520760

Variance .957
Std. Deviation .97849211
Minimum -2.81748
Maximum 2.01813
Range 4.83562
Interquartile Range 1.64637
Skewness -.381 .343
Kurtosis .090 .674
Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova
Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Standardized
Residual
.069 48 .200*
.978 48 .512
*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
Standardized Residual
Standardized Residual Stem-and-Leaf Plot
Frequency Stem & Leaf
1.00 -2 . 8
8.00 -1 . 01111345
16.00 -0 . 0011112233348888
16.00 0 . 0123345566689999
6.00 1 . 011234
1.00 2 . 0
Stem width: 1.00000
Each leaf: 1 case(s)

Factor Analysis
Notes
Comments
/ORIGINAL.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>

N of Rows in
Working Data File
69
Missing Value
Handling
Definition of Missing MISSING=EXCLUDE:
User-defined missing
missing.
Cases Used LISTWISE: Statistics are
based on cases with no
missing values for any
variable used.
Syntax FACTOR
/VARIABLES Q3 Q5 Q6
Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12
Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18
Q19 Q20 Q21 Q22 Q23
Q24 Q25 Q26 Q27 Q28
Q29
/MISSING LISTWISE
/ANALYSIS Q3 Q5 Q6 Q7
Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q14
Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 Q19
Q20 Q21 Q22 Q23 Q24
Q25 Q26 Q27 Q28 Q29
/PRINT INITIAL
EXTRACTION ROTATION
/FORMAT BLANK(.3)
/PLOT EIGEN
/CRITERIA FACTORS(1)
ITERATE(25)
/EXTRACTION PC
/CRITERIA ITERATE(50)
/ROTATION VARIMAX
/METHOD=CORRELATIO
N.
Maximum Memory
Required
74408 (72.664K) bytes

Communalities
Initial Extraction
I find it hard to
of other people.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
1.000 .271
My behavior is
usually an
expression of my
attitudes, and
1.000 .064
At parties and
do not attempt to do
or say things that
others will like.
(1=...
1.000 .161
ideas which I
already believe.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
1.000 .000
I can make
impromptu
speeches even on
have almost no
information.
(1=Disagre...
1.000 .346
I guess I put on a
show to impress or
entertain other
people.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
1.000 .023

When I am
uncertain how to act
in a social situation,
I look to the
behavior of others
for cues ....
1.000 .231
I would probably
make a good actor.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
1.000 .154
I rarely seek the
to choose movies,
books, or music.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
1.000 .004
I sometimes appear
to others to be
experiencing
deeper emotions
than I actually am.
(1=Disagree,...
1.000 .067
I laugh more when I
watch a comedy
with others than
when alone.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
1.000 .004
I am rarely the
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
1.000 .553
In different
situations with
different people, I
often act like very
different persons.
(1=Disagr...
1.000 .030

good at making
other people like
me. (1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
1.000 .096
Even if I am not
enjoying myself, I
often pretend to be
having a good time.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
1.000 .045
I am not always the
person I appear to
be. (1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
1.000 .185
I would not change
my opinion (or the
way I do things) in
order to please
someone else or
win the...
1.000 .105
I have considered
being an
entertainer.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
1.000 .190
In order to get along
and be liked, I tend
to be what people
expect me to be
rather than
anything...
1.000 .130
I have never been
good at games like
charades or
improvisational
acting.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
1.000 .293

I have trouble
changing my
behavior to suit
(1=Disagre...
1.000 .037
At a party, I let
others keep the
jokes and stories
going. (1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
1.000 .440
in company and do
not show up quite
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
1.000 .644
(1=Disagre...
1.000 .002
I may deceive
people by being
friendly when I
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
1.000 .013

Extraction Method: Principal Component
Analysis.
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Total Variance Explained
Component
Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings
Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative %
1 4.089 16.356 16.356 4.089 16.356 16.356
2 2.608 10.433 26.789
3 2.455 9.819 36.608
4 2.329 9.317 45.925
5 1.878 7.512 53.437
6 1.509 6.035 59.472
7 1.224 4.897 64.369
8 1.155 4.620 68.989
9 1.079 4.318 73.307
10 .950 3.801 77.108
11 .819 3.278 80.386
12 .810 3.240 83.626
13 .685 2.738 86.364
14 .582 2.327 88.691
15 .557 2.227 90.917
16 .422 1.687 92.605
17 .347 1.388 93.993
18 .306 1.224 95.217
19 .271 1.084 96.302
20 .240 .961 97.263
21 .200 .802 98.064
22 .167 .668 98.732
23 .138 .553 99.285
24 .104 .416 99.701
25 .075 .299 100.000

Component Matrixa
Component
1
I find it hard to
of other people.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
.520
My behavior is
usually an
expression of my
attitudes, and

At parties and social
gatherings, I do not
attempt to do or say
things that others
will like. (1=...
-.402
ideas which I
already believe.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
I can make
impromptu
speeches even on
have almost no
information.
(1=Disagre...
-.589
I guess I put on a
show to impress or
entertain other
people.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
When I am
uncertain how to act
in a social situation,
I look to the
behavior of others
for cues ....
.481
I would probably
make a good actor.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
-.393
I rarely seek the
to choose movies,
books, or music.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)

I sometimes appear
to others to be
experiencing
deeper emotions
than I actually am.
(1=Disagree,...
I laugh more when I
watch a comedy
with others than
when alone.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
I am rarely the
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
.743
In different
situations with
different people, I
often act like very
different persons.
(1=Disagr...
good at making
other people like
me. (1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
.310
Even if I am not
enjoying myself, I
often pretend to be
having a good time.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
I am not always the
person I appear to
be. (1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
.430

I would not change
my opinion (or the
way I do things) in
order to please
someone else or
win the...
-.324
I have considered
being an
entertainer.
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
-.436
In order to get along
and be liked, I tend
to be what people
expect me to be
rather than
anything...
.360
I have never been
good at games like
charades or
improvisational
acting. (1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
.542
I have trouble
changing my
behavior to suit
(1=Disagre...
At a party, I let
others keep the
jokes and stories
going. (1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
.664
in company and do
not show up quite
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
.803

(1=Disagre...
I may deceive
people by being
friendly when I
(1=Disagree,
5=Agree)
Extraction Method: Principal
Component Analysis.a
a. 1 components extracted.
Rotated
Component
Matrixa
a. Only one
component was
extracted. The
solution cannot
be rotated.
FACTOR
/VARIABLES Q30 Q31 Q32 Q33 Q34 Q35 Q36 Q37 Q38 Q39 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q44
Q45 Q46 Q47 Q48 Q49 Q50 Q51 Q52 Q53 Q54 Q55
/MISSING LISTWISE
/ANALYSIS Q30 Q31 Q32 Q33 Q34 Q35 Q36 Q37 Q38 Q39 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q44
Q45 Q46 Q47 Q48 Q49 Q50 Q51 Q52 Q53 Q54 Q55
/PRINT INITIAL EXTRACTION ROTATION
/FORMAT BLANK(.3)
/PLOT EIGEN
/CRITERIA FACTORS(1) ITERATE(25)
/EXTRACTION PC

/ROTATION VARIMAX
/METHOD=CORRELATION.
Factor Analysis
Notes
Comments
/ORIGINAL.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in
Working Data File
69
Missing Value
Handling
Definition of Missing MISSING=EXCLUDE:
User-defined missing
missing.
Cases Used LISTWISE: Statistics are
based on cases with no
missing values for any
variable used.

Syntax FACTOR
/VARIABLES Q30 Q31
Q32 Q33 Q34 Q35 Q36
Q37 Q38 Q39 Q40 Q41
Q42 Q43 Q44 Q45 Q46
Q47 Q48 Q49 Q50 Q51
Q52 Q53 Q54 Q55
/MISSING LISTWISE
/ANALYSIS Q30 Q31 Q32
Q33 Q34 Q35 Q36 Q37
Q38 Q39 Q40 Q41 Q42
Q43 Q44 Q45 Q46 Q47
Q48 Q49 Q50 Q51 Q52
Q53 Q54 Q55
/PRINT INITIAL
EXTRACTION ROTATION
/FORMAT BLANK(.3)
/PLOT EIGEN
/CRITERIA FACTORS(1)
ITERATE(25)
/EXTRACTION PC
/ROTATION VARIMAX
/METHOD=CORRELATIO
N.
Maximum Memory
Required
80184 (78.305K) bytes
Communalities
Initial Extraction
being overweight.
1.000 .473
I avoid eating when
I am hungry.
1.000 .699

I find myself
preoccupied with
food.
1.000 .289
I have gone on
eating binges where
I feel that I may not
be able to stop.
1.000 .233
I cut my food into
small pieces.
1.000 .033
I am aware of the
calorie content of
foods that I eat.
1.000 .284
food with a high
carbohydrate
1.000 .438
I feel that others
more.
1.000 .365
eaten.
1.000 .350
I feel extremely
1.000 .725
I am preoccupied
with a desire to be
thinner.
1.000 .521
I think about
burning up calories
when I exercise.
1.000 .439
I feel that other
people think that I
am too thin.
1.000 .049
I am preoccupied
with the thought of
having fat on my
body.
1.000 .467

I take longer than
others to eat my
meals.
1.000 .037
I avoid foods with
sugar in them.
1.000 .215
I eat diet foods. 1.000 .480
I feel that food
controls my life.
1.000 .486
around food.
1.000 .001
I feel that others
pressure me to eat.
1.000 .228
I give too much time
and thought to food.
1.000 .621
eating sweets.
1.000 .392
I engage in dieting
behavior.
1.000 .385
be empty.
1.000 .474
I have impulses to
vomit after meals.
1.000 .384
I enjoy trying new
rich foods.
1.000 .004

Extraction Method: Principal Component
Analysis.
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Total Variance Explained
Component
Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings
Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative %
1 9.072 34.894 34.894 9.072 34.894 34.894
2 3.234 12.437 47.331
3 2.032 7.814 55.144
4 1.658 6.378 61.523
5 1.416 5.446 66.969
6 1.232 4.740 71.709
7 .993 3.821 75.530
8 .919 3.534 79.064
9 .780 2.998 82.062
10 .664 2.554 84.616
11 .550 2.114 86.730
12 .542 2.086 88.817
13 .498 1.916 90.732
14 .458 1.762 92.494
15 .368 1.414 93.908
16 .284 1.092 95.001
17 .274 1.055 96.056
18 .233 .897 96.953
19 .202 .777 97.730
20 .158 .606 98.336
21 .115 .444 98.780
22 .094 .360 99.140
23 .079 .302 99.442
24 .054 .207 99.649
25 .052 .200 99.849
26 .039 .151 100.000

Component Matrixa
Component
1
being overweight.
.688
I avoid eating when
I am hungry.
.836
I find myself
preoccupied with
food.
.537
I have gone on
eating binges where
I feel that I may not
be able to stop.
.483

I cut my food into
small pieces.
I am aware of the
calorie content of
foods that I eat.
.533
food with a high
carbohydrate
.662
I feel that others
more.
.604
eaten.
.592
I feel extremely
.852
I am preoccupied
with a desire to be
thinner.
.722
I think about
burning up calories
when I exercise.
.663
I feel that other
people think that I
am too thin.
I am preoccupied
with the thought of
having fat on my
body.
.683
I take longer than
others to eat my
meals.
I avoid foods with
sugar in them.
.464
I eat diet foods. .693
I feel that food
controls my life.
.697
around food.

I feel that others
pressure me to eat.
.477
I give too much time
and thought to food.
.788
eating sweets.
.626
I engage in dieting
behavior.
.621
be empty.
.688
I have impulses to
vomit after meals.
.620
I enjoy trying new
rich foods.
Extraction Method: Principal
Component Analysis.a
a. 1 components extracted.
Rotated
Component
Matrixa
a. Only one
component was
extracted. The
solution cannot
be rotated.
FACTOR
/VARIABLES Q30 Q31 Q32 Q33 Q34 Q35 Q36 Q37 Q38 Q39 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q44
Q45 Q46 Q47 Q48 Q49 Q50 Q51 Q52 Q53 Q54 Q55
/MISSING LISTWISE
/ANALYSIS Q30 Q31 Q32 Q33 Q34 Q35 Q36 Q37 Q38 Q39 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q44
Q45 Q46 Q47 Q48 Q49 Q50 Q51 Q52 Q53 Q54 Q55
/PRINT INITIAL EXTRACTION ROTATION
/FORMAT BLANK(.3)
/PLOT EIGEN

/CRITERIA FACTORS(1) ITERATE(50)
/EXTRACTION PC
/ROTATION VARIMAX
/METHOD=CORRELATION.
Regression
Notes
Comments
/ORIGINAL.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in
Working Data File
69
Missing Value
Handling
missing.
values for any variable
used.

Syntax REGRESSION
/MISSING LISTWISE
/STATISTICS COEFF
OUTS R ANOVA COLLIN
TOL
/CRITERIA=PIN(.05)
POUT(.10)
/NOORIGIN
/DEPENDENT EatingBeh
/METHOD=ENTER Q1
/SAVE ZRESID.
Memory Required 4528 bytes
Additional Memory
Required for
Residual Plots
0 bytes
Variables Created
or Modified
ZRE_2
Variables Entered/Removeda
Model
Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed Method
1 Are you
involved in a
Greek-affiliated
organization?b
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: EatingBeh
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summaryb
Model R R Square
Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
1 .508a
.258 .242 .64118

a. Predictors: (Constant), Are you involved in a Greek-affiliated
organization?
b. Dependent Variable: EatingBeh
ANOVAa
Model
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 6.582 1 6.582 16.010 .000b
Residual 18.911 46 .411
Total 25.493 47
b. Predictors: (Constant), Are you involved in a Greek-affiliated organization?
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardize
d
Coefficients
t Sig.
Collinearity
Statistics
B Std. Error Beta Tolerance VIF
1 (Constant) 3.388 .297 11.424 .000
Are you
involved in a
Greek-affiliated
organization?
.741 .185 .508 4.001 .000 1.000 1.000
Collinearity Diagnosticsa
Model Dimension Eigenvalue Condition Index
Variance Proportions
(Constant)
Are you
involved in a
Greek-affiliated
organization?
1 1 1.950 1.000 .02 .02

2 .050 6.249 .98 .98
Residuals Statisticsa
Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation N
Predicted Value 4.1290 4.8703 4.5151 .37422 48
Residual -1.82134 1.29405 .00000 .63432 48
Std. Predicted
Value
-1.032 .949 .000 1.000 48
Std. Residual -2.841 2.018 .000 .989 48
REGRESSION
/MISSING LISTWISE
/STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA COLLIN TOL
/CRITERIA=PIN(.05) POUT(.10)
/NOORIGIN
/METHOD=ENTER SocialPressure
/SAVE ZRESID.
Regression
Model
Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed Method
1 Are you
involved in a
Greek-affiliated
organization?b
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: SocialPressure

Model Summaryb
Model R R Square
Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
1 .071a
.005 -.012 .33831
organization?
b. Dependent Variable: SocialPressure
ANOVAa
Model
Sum of
1 Regression .033 1 .033 .287 .594b
Residual 6.524 57 .114
Total 6.557 58
b. Predictors: (Constant), Are you involved in a Greek-affiliated organization?
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardize
d
Coefficients
t Sig.
Collinearity
Statistics
1 (Constant) 2.749 .140 19.632 .000
Are you
involved in a
Greek-affiliated
organization?
-.047 .088 -.071 -.535 .594 1.000 1.000

(Constant)
Are you
involved in a
Greek-affiliated
organization?
1 1 1.949 1.000 .03 .03
2 .051 6.196 .97 .97
Predicted Value 2.6543 2.7015 2.6775 .02378 59
Residual -.58150 1.34567 .00000 .33538 59
Std. Predicted
Value
-.975 1.008 .000 1.000 59
Std. Residual -1.719 3.978 .000 .991 59

Regression
Notes
Comments
/ORIGINAL.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>

Split File <none>
N of Rows in
Working Data File
69
Missing Value
Handling
missing.
values for any variable
used.
Syntax REGRESSION
/MISSING LISTWISE
/STATISTICS COEFF
OUTS R ANOVA COLLIN
TOL
/CRITERIA=PIN(.05)
POUT(.10)
/NOORIGIN
/METHOD=ENTER
SocialPressure Q1
/RESIDUALS
NORMPROB(ZRESID)
/SAVE ZRESID.
Memory Required 5072 bytes
Additional Memory
Required for
Residual Plots
280 bytes
Variables Created
or Modified
ZRE_4
Model
Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed Method

1 Are you
involved in a
Greek-affiliated
organization?,
SocialPressure
b
. Enter
Model Summaryb
Model R R Square
Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
1 .514a
.264 .231 .64577
organization?, SocialPressure
b. Dependent Variable: EatingBeh
ANOVAa
Model
Sum of
1 Regression 6.727 2 3.364 8.066 .001b
Residual 18.766 45 .417
Total 25.493 47

b. Predictors: (Constant), Are you involved in a Greek-affiliated organization?,
SocialPressure
(Constant) SocialPressure
Are you
involved in a
Greek-affiliated
organization?
1 1 2.921 1.000 .00 .00 .01
2 .073 6.305 .01 .04 .85
3 .006 22.554 .98 .96 .14
Predicted Value 4.0392 4.9654 4.5151 .37832 48
Residual -1.81945 1.30326 .00000 .63188 48
Std. Predicted
Value
-1.258 1.190 .000 1.000 48
Std. Residual -2.817 2.018 .000 .978 48
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardize
d
Coefficients
t Sig.
Collinearity
Statistics
1 (Constant) 3.904 .925 4.221 .000
SocialPressure -.183 .310 -.077 -.590 .558 .967 1.034
Are you
involved in a
Greek-affiliated
organization?
.721 .190 .494 3.801 .000 .967 1.034

Charts

Smith_EatingBehavior_Study

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